1
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Caffrey DF, Gorai T, Rawson B, Martínez‐Calvo M, Kitchen JA, Murray NS, Kotova O, Comby S, Peacock RD, Stachelek P, Pal R, Gunnlaugsson T. Ligand Chirality Transfer from Solution State to the Crystalline Self-Assemblies in Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Active Lanthanide Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307448. [PMID: 38447160 PMCID: PMC11095229 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a family of chiral and enantiomerically pure pyridyl-diamide (pda) ligands that upon complexation with europium [Eu(CF3SO3)3] result in chiral complexes with metal centered luminescence is reported; the sets of enantiomers giving rise to both circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signatures. The solid-state structures of these chiral metallosupramolecular systems are determined using X-ray diffraction showing that the ligand chirality is transferred from solution to the solid state. This optically favorable helical packing arrangement is confirmed by recording the CPL spectra from the crystalline assembly by using steady state and enantioselective differential chiral contrast (EDCC) CPL Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (CPL-LSCM) where the two enantiomers can be clearly distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Caffrey
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Tumpa Gorai
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- Present address:
Department of Polymers and Functional MaterialsCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007India
| | - Bláithín Rawson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Miguel Martínez‐Calvo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de QuímicaCampus VidaUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela15782Spain
| | - Jonathan A. Kitchen
- Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Mathematical SciencesMassey UniversityAuckland0632New Zealand
| | - Niamh S. Murray
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Oxana Kotova
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- AMBER (Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research) CentreTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Steve Comby
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | | | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversityDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- AMBER (Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research) CentreTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
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2
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Ham SH, Han MJ, Kim M. Chiral Materials for Optics and Electronics: Ready to Rise? MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:528. [PMID: 38675339 PMCID: PMC11052036 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Chiral materials have gained burgeoning interest in optics and electronics, beyond their classical application field of drug synthesis. In this review, we summarize the diverse chiral materials developed to date and how they have been effectively applied to optics and electronics to get an understanding and vision for the further development of chiral materials for advanced optics and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hyeon Ham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea;
| | - Moon Jong Han
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea;
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3
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Penty S, Orton GRF, Black DJ, Pal R, Zwijnenburg MA, Barendt TA. A Chirally Locked Bis-perylene Diimide Macrocycle: Consequences for Chiral Self-Assembly and Circularly Polarized Luminescence. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5470-5479. [PMID: 38355475 PMCID: PMC10910538 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Macrocycles containing chiral organic dyes are highly valuable for the development of supramolecular circularly polarized luminescent (CPL) materials, where a preorganized chiral framework is conducive to directing π-π self-assembly and delivering a strong and persistent CPL signal. Here, perylene diimides (PDIs) are an excellent choice for the organic dye component because, alongside their tunable photophysical and self-assembly properties, functionalization of the PDI's core yields a twisted, chiral π-system, capable of CPL. However, configurationally stable PDI-based macrocycles are rare, and those that are also capable of π-π self-assembly beyond dimers are unprecedented, both of which are advantageous for robust self-assembled chiroptical materials. In this work, we report the first bay-connected bis-PDI macrocycle that is configurationally stable (ΔG⧧ > 155 kJ mol-1). We use this chirally locked macrocycle to uncover new knowledge of chiral PDI self-assembly and to perform new quantitative CPL imaging of the resulting single-crystal materials. As such, we discover that the chirality of a 1,7-disubstituted PDI provides a rational route to designing H-, J- and concomitant H- and J-type self-assembled materials, important arrangements for optimizing (chir)optical and charge/energy transport properties. Indeed, we reveal that CPL is amplified in the single crystals of our chiral macrocycle by quantifying the degree of emitted light circular polarization from such materials for the first time using CPL-Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
E. Penty
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Georgia R. F. Orton
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Dominic J. Black
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Robert Pal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Martijn A. Zwijnenburg
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Timothy A. Barendt
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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4
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Jiang J, Ma F, Dong R, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Tan H, Cai X, Qiu Z, Xiong Y, Han W, Zhao Z, Tang BZ. Aqueous Circularly Polarized Luminescence Induced by Homopolypeptide Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27282-27294. [PMID: 38063341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable advances have been achieved in solution self-assembly of polypeptides from the perspective of nanostructures, mechanisms, and applications. Despite the intrinsic chirality of polypeptides, the promising generation of aqueous circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) based on their self-assembly has been rarely reported due to the weak fluorescence of most polypeptides and the indeterminate self-assembly mechanism. Here, we propose a facile strategy for achieving aqueous CPL based on the self-assembly of simple homopolypeptides modified with a terminal group featuring both twisted intramolecular charge transfer and aggregation-induced emission properties. A morphology-dependent CPL can be observed under different self-assembly conditions by altering the solvents. A nanotoroid-dispersed aqueous solution with detectable CPL can be obtained by using tetrahydrofuran as a good solvent for the self-assembly, which is attributed to the involvement of the terminal group in the chiral environment formed by the homopolypeptide chains. However, such a chiral packing mode cannot be realized in nanorods self-assembled from dioxane, resulting in an inactive CPL phenomenon. Furthermore, CPL signals can be greatly amplified by co-assembly of homopolypeptides with the achiral small molecule derived from the terminal group. This work not only provides a pathway to construct aqueous CPL-active homopolypeptide nanomaterials but also reveals a potential mechanism in the self-assembly for chiral production, transfer, and amplification in polypeptide-based nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Jiang
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Fulong Ma
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Ruihua Dong
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Zicong Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Haozhe Tan
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Xumin Cai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zijie Qiu
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
- HKUST-Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen) Research Institute, South Area Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518057, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
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5
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De Rosa DF, Starck M, Parker D, Pal R. Unlocking same-sign CPL: solvent effects on spectral form and racemisation kinetics in nine-coordinate chiral europium(III) complexes. Chemistry 2023:e202303227. [PMID: 38078726 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that shape the circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) emission profiles of europium(III)-based CPL emitters to have specific sign properties, e. g. monosignate individual CPL transitions, is key to design novel complexes for applications ranging from advanced security inks to bio-probes for live cell imaging. In order to correlate structure and spectral characteristics, a photophysical and kinetic investigation has been conducted on a series of coordinatively saturated nine-coordinate europium(III) systems based on 1,4,7-triazacyclononane. We highlight that lanthanide emission is sensitive to changes in the ligand field by showing the linear dependence of total emission intensity ratios as a function of solvent polarity, for europium(III) complexes displaying an internal charge transfer (ICT) excited state. This sensitivity increases by a factor of 20 when studying changes in CPL spectra, rendering these complexes accurate probes of local polarity. Solvent polarity, solvent-specific effects, and the nature of the chromophores' coordinating donor atoms strongly influence the kinetic stability of europium(III) complexes with respect to enantiomer interconversion. Notably, we show that the choice of donor groups to coordinating to europium(III) and the nature and polarity of the solvent affects the rate of racemisation, leading to systems with very long half-lives at room temperature in non-polar media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide F De Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Matthieu Starck
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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6
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Willis O, Petri F, De Rosa DF, Mandoli A, Pal R, Zinna F, Di Bari L. Two-Photon Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Chiral Eu Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25170-25176. [PMID: 37937987 PMCID: PMC10683000 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of chiral lanthanide complexes with extended π conjugation for efficient circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) via two-photon excitation (2PE). The pyridine bis-oxazoline (PyBox) core provides the chiral Ln3+ environment, while the extension of the conjugated backbone through the pyridine 4-position with a phenylacetylene unit increases the two-photon absorption cross section. This work presents an important step toward the development of chiral systems displaying enhanced nonlinear optical properties, with potential applications in imaging and sensing, as well as in photodynamic therapy due to the selective excitation of molecules within a specific focal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver
G. Willis
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Petri
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide F. De Rosa
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Alessandro Mandoli
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Robert Pal
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Wen X, Du S, Zhang L, Liu M. Chiral Deep Eutectic Solvents Enable Full-Color and White Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Achiral Luminophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311816. [PMID: 37743623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, chiral deep eutectic solvents (DES) are prepared by lauric acid as hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and chiral menthol as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA). When achiral fluorescent molecules are dopedin the menthol-based chiral DES, they emit circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with handedness controlled by the molecular chirality (l or d) of menthol. Remarkably, the strategy is universal and a series of achiral fluorescent molecules can be endowed with CPL activity, showing a full-color and white CPL upon appropriate mixing, which paves the way to prepare white CPL materials. Interestingly, CPL appears only in a certain temperature range in the DES. Variable-temperature spectra and other characterization methods reveal that the H-bond network in the chiral DES plays an important role in inducing CPL. This work unveils how the interior structure as well as the hydrogen-bond network of a chiral DES can transfer its chirality to achiral luminophores for the first time and realizes a full-color and white CPL in a DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Sifan Du
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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8
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Taddeucci A, Zinna F, Siligardi G, Di Bari L. Circularly Polarized Microscopy of Thin Films of Chiral Organic Dyes. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:471-478. [PMID: 37655166 PMCID: PMC10467535 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an optical microscopy technique, circularly polarized microscopy or CPM, able to afford spatially resolved electronic circular dichroism (ECD) of thin films of chiral organic semiconductors through a commercial microscope equipped with a camera and inexpensive optics. Provided the dichroic ratio is sufficiently large, the spatial resolution is on the order of the μm and is only limited by the magnification optics integrated in the microscope. We apply CPM to thin films of small chiral π-conjugated molecules, which gave rise to ordered aggregates in the thin layer. Primarily, conventional ECD can reveal and characterize chiral supramolecular structures and possible interferences between anisotropic properties of solid samples; however, it cannot generally account for the spatial distribution of such properties. CPM offers a characterization of supramolecular chirality and of commingling polarization anisotropies of the material, describing their local distribution. To validate CPM, we demonstrated that it can be adopted to quantify the local ECD of samples characterized by intense signals, virtually on any standard optical microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Taddeucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Chilton, Didcot OX11 0DE, United
Kingdom
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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9
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Ruggieri S, Mizzoni S, Nardon C, Cavalli E, Sissa C, Anselmi M, Cozzi PG, Gualandi A, Sanadar M, Melchior A, Zinna F, Willis OG, Di Bari L, Piccinelli F. Circularly Polarized Luminescence from New Heteroleptic Eu(III) and Tb(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37262334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The complexes [Eu(bpcd)(tta)], [Eu(bpcd)(Coum)], and [Tb(bpcd)(Coum)] [tta = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetyl-acetonate, Coum = 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-coumarin, and bpcd = N,N'-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N'-diacetate] have been synthesized and characterized from photophysical and thermodynamic points of view. The optical and chiroptical properties of these complexes, such as the total luminescence, decay curves of the Ln(III) luminescence, electronic circular dichroism, and circularly polarized luminescence, have been investigated. Interestingly, the number of coordinated solvent (methanol) molecules is sensitive to the nature of the metal ion. This number, estimated by spectroscopy, is >1 for Eu(III)-based complexes and <1 for Tb(III)-based complexes. A possible explanation for this behavior is provided via the study of the minimum energy structure obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the model complexes of the diamagnetic Y(III) and La(III) counterparts [Y(bpcd)(tta)], [Y(bpcd)(Coum)], and [La(bpcd)(Coum)]. By time-dependent DFT calculations, estimation of donor-acceptor (D-A) distances and of the energy position of the S1 and T1 ligand excited states involved in the antenna effect was possible. These data are useful for rationalizing the different sensitization efficiencies (ηsens) of the antennae toward Eu(III) and Tb(III). The tta ligand is an optimal antenna for sensitizing Eu(III) luminescence, while the Coum ligand sensitizes better Tb(III) luminescence {ϕovl = 55%; ηsens ≥ 55% for the [Tb(bpcd)(Coum)] complex}. Finally, for the [Eu(bpcd)(tta)] complex, a sizable value of glum (0.26) and a good quantum yield (26%) were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ruggieri
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Mizzoni
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Nardon
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Cavalli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parma University, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Sissa
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parma University, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Anselmi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Sanadar
- Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Laboratorio di Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Melchior
- Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Laboratorio di Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Oliver G Willis
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Piccinelli
- Luminescent Materials Laboratory, DB, University of Verona, and INSTM, UdR Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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