1
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Yim CM, Allan M, Pang CL, Thornton G. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Visualization of Polaron Charge Trapping by Hydroxyls on TiO 2(110). THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:14100-14106. [PMID: 39193256 PMCID: PMC11345827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c03751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we investigate the spatial distribution of the bridging hydroxyl (OHb) bound excess electrons on the rutile TiO2(110) surface and its temperature dependence. By performing simultaneously recorded empty and filled state imaging on single OHbs at different temperatures in STM, we determine that the spatial distribution of the OHb bound excess electrons retains a symmetric four-lobe structure around the OHb at both 78 and 7 K. This indicates that OHbs are much weaker charge traps compared to bridging O vacancies (Ob-vac). In addition, by sequentially removing the capping H of each OHb using voltage pulses, we find that the annihilation of each OHb is accompanied by the disappearance of some lobes in the filled state STM, thus verifying the direct correlation between OHbs and their excess electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Yim
- Department
of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
- Tsung
Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1 Lisuo Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Michael Allan
- Department
of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Chi Lun Pang
- Department
of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Geoff Thornton
- Department
of Chemistry and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
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2
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Chen J, Sun MY, Wang ZH, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Wang S, Zhang Y, Wu X, Ren TL, Liu H, Han L. Performance Limits and Advancements in Single 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Transistor. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:264. [PMID: 39120835 PMCID: PMC11315877 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) allow for atomic-scale manipulation, challenging the conventional limitations of semiconductor materials. This capability may overcome the short-channel effect, sparking significant advancements in electronic devices that utilize 2D TMDs. Exploring the dimension and performance limits of transistors based on 2D TMDs has gained substantial importance. This review provides a comprehensive investigation into these limits of the single 2D-TMD transistor. It delves into the impacts of miniaturization, including the reduction of channel length, gate length, source/drain contact length, and dielectric thickness on transistor operation and performance. In addition, this review provides a detailed analysis of performance parameters such as source/drain contact resistance, subthreshold swing, hysteresis loop, carrier mobility, on/off ratio, and the development of p-type and single logic transistors. This review details the two logical expressions of the single 2D-TMD logic transistor, including current and voltage. It also emphasizes the role of 2D TMD-based transistors as memory devices, focusing on enhancing memory operation speed, endurance, data retention, and extinction ratio, as well as reducing energy consumption in memory devices functioning as artificial synapses. This review demonstrates the two calculating methods for dynamic energy consumption of 2D synaptic devices. This review not only summarizes the current state of the art in this field but also highlights potential future research directions and applications. It underscores the anticipated challenges, opportunities, and potential solutions in navigating the dimension and performance boundaries of 2D transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yuan Sun
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhang ZH, Wu L, Miao MP, Qin HJ, Chen G, Cai M, Liu L, Zhu LF, Zhang W, Zhai T, Ji W, Fu YS. Discovery and Manipulation of van der Waals Polarons in Sb 2O 3 Ultrathin Molecular Crystal. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18556-18564. [PMID: 38943576 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Manipulating single electrons at the atomic scale is vital for mastering complex surface processes governed by the transfer of individual electrons. Polarons, composed of electrons stabilized by electron-phonon coupling, offer a pivotal medium for such manipulation. Here, using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we report the identification and manipulation of a new type of polaron, dubbed van der Waals (vdW) polaron, within mono- to trilayer ultrathin films composed of Sb2O3 molecules that are bonded via vdW attractions. The Sb2O3 films were grown on a graphene-covered SiC(0001) substrate via molecular beam epitaxy. Unlike prior molecular polarons, STM imaging observed polarons at the interstitial sites of the molecular film, presenting unique electronic states and localized band bending. DFT calculations revealed the lowest conduction band as an intermolecular bonding state, capable of ensnaring an extra electron through locally diminished intermolecular distances, thereby forming an intermolecular vdW polaron. We also demonstrated the ability to generate, move, and erase such vdW polarons using an STM tip. Our work uncovers a new type of polaron stabilized by coupling with intermolecular vibrations where vdW interactions dominate, paving the way for designing atomic-scale electron transfer processes and enabling precise tailoring of electron-related properties and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Zhang
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Linlu Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Mao-Peng Miao
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao-Jun Qin
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Min Cai
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lan-Fang Zhu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Department of Physics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education), Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Ying-Shuang Fu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
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4
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Aguirre A, Pinar Solé A, Soler Polo D, González-Orellana C, Thakur A, Ortuzar J, Stesovych O, Kumar M, Peña-Díaz M, Weber A, Tallarida M, Dai J, Dreiser J, Muntwiler M, Rogero C, Pascual JI, Jelínek P, Ilyn M, Corso M. Ferromagnetic Order in 2D Layers of Transition Metal Dichlorides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402723. [PMID: 38665115 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Magnetism in two dimensions is traditionally considered an exotic phase mediated by spin fluctuations, but far from collinearly ordered in the ground state. Recently, 2D magnetic states have been discovered in layered van der Waals compounds. Their robust and tunable magnetic state by material composition, combined with reduced dimensionality, foresee a strong potential as a key element in magnetic devices. Here, a class of 2D magnets based on metallic chlorides is presented. The magnetic order survives on top of a metallic substrate, even down to the monolayer limit, and can be switched from perpendicular to in-plane by substituting the metal ion from iron to nickel. Using functionalized STM tips as magnetic sensors, local exchange fields are identified, even in the absence of an external magnetic field. Since the compounds are processable by molecular beam epitaxy techniques, they provide a platform with large potential for incorporation into current device technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aguirre
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Andrés Pinar Solé
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Diego Soler Polo
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague, 16200, Czech Republic
| | | | - Amitayush Thakur
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Jon Ortuzar
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Oleksandr Stesovych
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Manish Kumar
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Peña-Díaz
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Andrew Weber
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | | | - Ji Dai
- ALBA, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08290, Spain
| | - Jan Dreiser
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Muntwiler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Celia Rogero
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Pascual
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague, 16200, Czech Republic
| | - Maxim Ilyn
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Martina Corso
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
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5
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Zhang Q, Shao X, Li W, Mi W, Pavanello M, Akimov AV. Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics with subsystem density functional theory: application to crystalline pentacene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:385901. [PMID: 38866023 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad577d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report the development and assessment of the nonadiabatic molecular dynamics approach with the electronic structure calculations based on the linearly scaling subsystem density functional method. The approach is implemented in an open-source embedded Quantum Espresso/Libra software specially designed for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations in extended systems. As proof of the applicability of this method to large condensed-matter systems, we examine the dynamics of nonradiative relaxation of excess excitation energy in pentacene crystals with the simulation supercells containing more than 600 atoms. We find that increased structural disorder observed in larger supercell models induces larger nonadiabatic couplings of electronic states and accelerates the relaxation dynamics of excited states. We conduct a comparative analysis of several quantum-classical trajectory surface hopping schemes, including two new methods proposed in this work (revised decoherence-induced surface hopping and instantaneous decoherence at frustrated hops). Most of the tested schemes suggest fast energy relaxation occurring with the timescales in the 0.7-2.0 ps range, but they significantly overestimate the ground state recovery rates. Only the modified simplified decay of mixing approach yields a notably slower relaxation timescales of 8-14 ps, with a significantly inhibited ground state recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Xuecheng Shao
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, United States of America
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Mi
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Michele Pavanello
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, United States of America
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
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6
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Zoppellaro G, Medveď M, Hrubý V, Zbořil R, Otyepka M, Lazar P. Solvent Controlled Generation of Spin Active Polarons in Two-Dimensional Material under UV Light Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15010-15018. [PMID: 38696712 PMCID: PMC11157526 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Polarons belong to a class of extensively studied quasiparticles that have found applications spanning diverse fields, including charge transport, colossal magnetoresistance, thermoelectricity, (multi)ferroism, optoelectronics, and photovoltaics. It is notable, though, that their interaction with the local environment has been overlooked so far. We report an unexpected phenomenon of the solvent-induced generation of polaronic spin active states in a two-dimensional (2D) material fluorographene under UV light. Furthermore, we present compelling evidence of the solvent-specific nature of this phenomenon. The generation of spin-active states is robust in acetone, moderate in benzene, and absent in cyclohexane. Continuous wave X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy experiments revealed a massive increase in the EPR signal for fluorographene dispersed in acetone under UV-light irradiation, while the system did not show any significant signal under dark conditions and without the solvent. The patterns appeared due to the generation of transient magnetic photoexcited states of polaronic character, which encompassed the net 1/2 spin moment detectable by EPR. Advanced ab initio calculations disclosed that polarons are plausibly formed at radical sites in fluorographene which interact strongly with acetone molecules in their vicinity. Additionally, we present a comprehensive scenario for multiplication of polaronic spin active species, highlighting the pivotal role of the photoinduced charge transfer from the solvent to the electrophilic radical centers in fluorographene. We believe that the solvent-tunable polaron formation with the use of UV light and an easily accessible 2D nanomaterial opens up a wide range of future applications, ranging from molecular sensing to magneto-optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zoppellaro
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology
Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET), VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Medveď
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, Banská Bystrica 974 01, Slovak
Republic
| | - Vítězslav Hrubý
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology
Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET), VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB − Technical
University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Lazar
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
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7
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Akimov AV. Energy-Conserving and Thermally Corrected Neglect of Back-Reaction Approximation Method for Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11673-11683. [PMID: 38109379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the energy-conserving and thermally corrected neglect of the back-reaction approximation approach for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics in extended atomistic systems is developed. The new approach introduces three key corrections to the original method: (1) it enforces the total energy conservation, (2) it introduces an explicit coupling of the system to its environment, and (3) it introduces a renormalization of nonadiabatic couplings to account for a difference between the instantaneous nuclear kinetic energy and the kinetic energy of guiding trajectories. In the new approach, an auxiliary kinetic energy variable is introduced as an independent dynamical variable. The new approach produces nonzero equilibrium populations, whereas the original neglect of the back-reaction approximation method does not. It yields population relaxation time scales that are favorably comparable to the reference values, and it introduces an explicit and controllable way of dissipating energy into a bath without an assumption of the bath being at equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260 United States
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8
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Ren Z, Shi Z, Feng H, Xu Z, Hao W. Recent Progresses of Polarons: Fundamentals and Roles in Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2305139. [PMID: 37949811 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis are promising ways in the utilization of solar energy. To address the low efficiency of photocatalysts and photoelectrodes, in-depth understanding of their catalytic mechanism is in urgent need. Recently, polaron is considered as an influential factor in catalysis, which brings researchers a new approach to modify photocatalysts and photoelectrodes. In this review, brief introduction of polaron is given first, followed by which models and recent experimentally observations of polarons are reviewed. Studies about roles of polarons in photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis are listed in order to provide some inspiration in exploring the mechanism and improving the efficiency of photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhen Ren
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhijian Shi
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haifeng Feng
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhongfei Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Weichang Hao
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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9
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Cai M, Miao MP, Liang Y, Jiang Z, Liu ZY, Zhang WH, Liao X, Zhu LF, West D, Zhang S, Fu YS. Manipulating single excess electrons in monolayer transition metal dihalide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3691. [PMID: 37344472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarons are entities of excess electrons dressed with local response of lattices, whose atomic-scale characterization is essential for understanding the many body physics arising from the electron-lattice entanglement, yet difficult to achieve. Here, using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), we show the visualization and manipulation of single polarons in monolayer CoCl2, that are grown on HOPG substrate via molecular beam epitaxy. Two types of polarons are identified, both inducing upward local band bending, but exhibiting distinct appearances, lattice occupations and polaronic states. First principles calculations unveil origin of polarons that are stabilized by cooperative electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions. Both types of polarons can be created, moved, erased, and moreover interconverted individually by the STM tip, as driven by tip electric field and inelastic electron tunneling effect. This finding identifies the rich category of polarons in CoCl2 and their feasibility of precise control unprecedently, which can be generalized to other transition metal halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cai
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Mao-Peng Miao
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfan Liang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Zeyu Jiang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Zhen-Yu Liu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liao
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan-Fang Zhu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Damien West
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Shengbai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ying-Shuang Fu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, 430206, Wuhan, China.
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