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Xiao X, Yin J, Xu J, Tat T, Chen J. Advances in Machine Learning for Wearable Sensors. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22734-22751. [PMID: 39145724 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed tremendous advances in machine learning techniques for wearable sensors and bioelectronics, which play an essential role in real-time sensing data analysis to provide clinical-grade information for personalized healthcare. To this end, supervised learning and unsupervised learning algorithms have emerged as powerful tools, allowing for the detection of complex patterns and relationships in large, high-dimensional data sets. In this Review, we aim to delineate the latest advancements in machine learning for wearable sensors, focusing on key developments in algorithmic techniques, applications, and the challenges intrinsic to this evolving landscape. Additionally, we highlight the potential of machine-learning approaches to enhance the accuracy, reliability, and interpretability of wearable sensor data and discuss the opportunities and limitations of this emerging field. Ultimately, our work aims to provide a roadmap for future research endeavors in this exciting and rapidly evolving area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Trinny Tat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Vetrichelvi G, Gowtham P, Balaji D, Rajeshkumar L. Functional metamaterials for wireless antenna applications - A review abetted with patent landscape analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34022. [PMID: 39055806 PMCID: PMC11269876 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The communication network made the globe a single entity and easily acessible by everyone at any time. Growth in communication networks is unimaginable and advanced nowadays. It is growing every day by means of medium or components used in communication. There are various significant components that are generally used in the communication networks. Specifically, wireless communication (WC) is the dominant in today's communication world. It is supported by the transmitting and receiving nodes at each end of communication. The common components in communication antennas are the transmitters and receivers. It has been unalterable for many decades but their capabilities have been improved through various methods including their manufacturing by the use of alternative materials. This article focuses on metamaterial (MM) based wireless antennas. The growth of metamaterials utilization in the fabrication of microstrip antennas has been discussed comprehensively and its future scope has been envisaged through patent landscape analysis. It is done meticulously using the patent database and in addition, the growth of some of the metamaterials was also predicted using the landscape analysis. Some significant technologies related with metamaterials in WC that were patented have been discussed comprehensively along with the reference to recently published articles. This articles serves as a guide to the researchers working in the communication field to envisage the future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Vetrichelvi
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641659, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Gowtham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641402, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D. Balaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - L. Rajeshkumar
- Center for Research, Alliance University, Anekal - Chandapura Road, Bengaluru 562106, Karnataka, India
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Yao X, Li M, He S, Jing L, Li C, Tao J, Hui X, Gao F, Song J, Chen H, Wang Z. Kirigami-Triggered Spoof Plasmonic Interconnects for Radiofrequency Elastronics. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0367. [PMID: 38694204 PMCID: PMC11062506 DOI: 10.34133/research.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The flexible and conformal interconnects for electronic systems as a potential signal transmission device have great prospects in body-worn or wearable applications. High-efficiency wave propagation and conformal structure deformation around human body at radio communication are still confronted with huge challenges due to the lack of methods to control the wave propagation and achieve the deformable structure simultaneously. Here, inspired by the kirigami technology, a new paradigm to construct spoof plasmonic interconnects (SPIs) that support radiofrequency (RF) surface plasmonic transmission is proposed, together with high elasticity, strong robustness, and multifunction performance. Leveraging the strong field-confinement characteristic of spoof surface plasmons polaritons, the Type-I SPI opens its high-efficiency transmission band after stretching from a simply connected metallic surface. Meanwhile, the broadband transmission of the kirigami-based SPI exhibits strong robustness and excellent stability undergoing complex deformations, i.e., bending, twisting, and stretching. In addition, the prepared Type-II SPI consisting of 2 different subunit cells can achieve band-stop transmission characteristics, with its center frequency dynamically tunable by stretching the buckled structure. Experimental measurements verify the on-off switching performance in kirigami interconnects triggered by stretching. Overcoming the mechanical limitation of rigid structure with kirigami technology, the designer SPIs exhibit high stretchability through out-of-plane structure deformation. Such kirigami-based interconnects can improve the elastic functionality of wearable RF electronics and offer high compatibility to large body motion in future body network systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University,
Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University,
Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Shuchang He
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liqiao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chenming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University,
Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Xiaonan Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University,
Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Jizhou Song
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University,
Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Zuojia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University,
Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
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Alam F, Ashfaq Ahmed M, Jalal AH, Siddiquee I, Adury RZ, Hossain GMM, Pala N. Recent Progress and Challenges of Implantable Biodegradable Biosensors. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:475. [PMID: 38675286 PMCID: PMC11051912 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Implantable biosensors have evolved to the cutting-edge technology of personalized health care and provide promise for future directions in precision medicine. This is the reason why these devices stand to revolutionize our approach to health and disease management and offer insights into our bodily functions in ways that have never been possible before. This review article tries to delve into the important developments, new materials, and multifarious applications of these biosensors, along with a frank discussion on the challenges that the devices will face in their clinical deployment. In addition, techniques that have been employed for the improvement of the sensitivity and specificity of the biosensors alike are focused on in this article, like new biomarkers and advanced computational and data communicational models. A significant challenge of miniaturized in situ implants is that they need to be removed after serving their purpose. Surgical expulsion provokes discomfort to patients, potentially leading to post-operative complications. Therefore, the biodegradability of implants is an alternative method for removal through natural biological processes. This includes biocompatible materials to develop sensors that remain in the body over longer periods with a much-reduced immune response and better device longevity. However, the biodegradability of implantable sensors is still in its infancy compared to conventional non-biodegradable ones. Sensor design, morphology, fabrication, power, electronics, and data transmission all play a pivotal role in developing medically approved implantable biodegradable biosensors. Advanced material science and nanotechnology extended the capacity of different research groups to implement novel courses of action to design implantable and biodegradable sensor components. But the actualization of such potential for the transformative nature of the health sector, in the first place, will have to surmount the challenges related to biofouling, managing power, guaranteeing data security, and meeting today's rules and regulations. Solving these problems will, therefore, not only enhance the performance and reliability of implantable biodegradable biosensors but also facilitate the translation of laboratory development into clinics, serving patients worldwide in their better disease management and personalized therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (A.H.J.); (G.M.M.H.)
| | | | - Ahmed Hasnain Jalal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (A.H.J.); (G.M.M.H.)
| | - Ishrak Siddiquee
- Institute of Microsystems Technology, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, 3184 Vestfold, Norway;
| | - Rabeya Zinnat Adury
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - G M Mehedi Hossain
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (A.H.J.); (G.M.M.H.)
| | - Nezih Pala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA;
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Mahmud S, Nezaratizadeh A, Satriya AB, Yoon YK, Ho JS, Khalifa A. Harnessing metamaterials for efficient wireless power transfer for implantable medical devices. Bioelectron Med 2024; 10:7. [PMID: 38444001 PMCID: PMC10916182 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-023-00136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) within the human body can enable long-lasting medical devices but poses notable challenges, including absorption by biological tissues and weak coupling between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). In pursuit of more robust and efficient wireless power, various innovative strategies have emerged to optimize power transfer efficiency (PTE). One such groundbreaking approach stems from the incorporation of metamaterials, which have shown the potential to enhance the capabilities of conventional WPT systems. In this review, we delve into recent studies focusing on WPT systems that leverage metamaterials to achieve increased efficiency for implantable medical devices (IMDs) in the electromagnetic paradigm. Alongside a comparative analysis, we also outline current challenges and envision potential avenues for future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Mahmud
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ali Nezaratizadeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alfredo Bayu Satriya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yong-Kyu Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - John S Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam Khalifa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Narayanan RP, Khaleghi A, Veletić M, Balasingham I. Multiphysics simulation of magnetoelectric micro core-shells for wireless cellular stimulation therapy via magnetic temporal interference. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297114. [PMID: 38271467 PMCID: PMC10834063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an innovative approach to wireless cellular stimulation therapy through the design of a magnetoelectric (ME) microdevice. Traditional electrophysiological stimulation techniques for neural and deep brain stimulation face limitations due to their reliance on electronics, electrode arrays, or the complexity of magnetic induction. In contrast, the proposed ME microdevice offers a self-contained, controllable, battery-free, and electronics-free alternative, holding promise for targeted precise stimulation of biological cells and tissues. The designed microdevice integrates core shell ME materials with remote coils which applies magnetic temporal interference (MTI) signals, leading to the generation of a bipolar local electric stimulation current operating at low frequencies which is suitable for precise stimulation. The nonlinear property of the magnetostrictive core enables the demodulation of remotely applied high-frequency electromagnetic fields, resulting in a localized, tunable, and manipulatable electric potential on the piezoelectric shell surface. This potential, triggers electrical spikes in neural cells, facilitating stimulation. Rigorous computational simulations support this concept, highlighting a significantly high ME coupling factor generation of 550 V/m·Oe. The high ME coupling is primarily attributed to the operation of the device in its mechanical resonance modes. This achievement is the result of a carefully designed core shell structure operating at the MTI resonance frequencies, coupled with an optimal magnetic bias, and predetermined piezo shell thickness. These findings underscore the potential of the engineered ME core shell as a candidate for wireless and minimally invasive cellular stimulation therapy, characterized by high resolution and precision. These results open new avenues for injectable material structures capable of delivering effective cellular stimulation therapy, carrying implications across neuroscience medical devices, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasadh Narayanan
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mladen Veletić
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ilangko Balasingham
- Institute of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Intervention Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Nguyen DT, Zeng Q, Tian X, Chia P, Wu C, Liu Y, Ho JS. Ambient health sensing on passive surfaces using metamaterials. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj6613. [PMID: 38181071 PMCID: PMC10776016 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Ambient sensors can continuously and unobtrusively monitor a person's health and well-being in everyday settings. Among various sensing modalities, wireless radio-frequency sensors offer exceptional sensitivity, immunity to lighting conditions, and privacy advantages. However, existing wireless sensors are susceptible to environmental interference and unable to capture detailed information from multiple body sites. Here, we present a technique to transform passive surfaces in the environment into highly sensitive and localized health sensors using metamaterials. Leveraging textiles' ubiquity, we engineer metamaterial textiles that mediate near-field interactions between wireless signals and the body for contactless and interference-free sensing. We demonstrate that passive surfaces functionalized by these metamaterials can provide hours-long cardiopulmonary monitoring with accuracy comparable to gold standards. We also show the potential of distributed sensors and machine learning for continuous blood pressure monitoring. Our approach enables passive environmental surfaces to be harnessed for ambient sensing and digital health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat T. Nguyen
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Qihang Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Xi Tian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- SIA-NUS Digital Aviation Corporate Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Patrick Chia
- SIA-NUS Digital Aviation Corporate Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- SIA-NUS Digital Aviation Corporate Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117602, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- SIA-NUS Digital Aviation Corporate Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117602, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - John S. Ho
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- SIA-NUS Digital Aviation Corporate Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117602, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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Kaushal JB, Raut P, Kumar S. Organic Electronics in Biosensing: A Promising Frontier for Medical and Environmental Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:976. [PMID: 37998151 PMCID: PMC10669243 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The promising field of organic electronics has ushered in a new era of biosensing technology, thus offering a promising frontier for applications in both medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of organic electronics' remarkable progress and potential in biosensing applications. It explores the multifaceted aspects of organic materials and devices, thereby highlighting their unique advantages, such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and low-cost fabrication. The paper delves into the diverse range of biosensors enabled by organic electronics, including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal sensors, thus showcasing their versatility in detecting biomolecules, pathogens, and environmental pollutants. Furthermore, integrating organic biosensors into wearable devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is discussed, wherein they offer real-time, remote, and personalized monitoring solutions. The review also addresses the current challenges and future prospects of organic biosensing, thus emphasizing the potential for breakthroughs in personalized medicine, environmental sustainability, and the advancement of human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bala Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.B.K.); (P.R.)
| | - Pratima Raut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.B.K.); (P.R.)
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, Scott Campus, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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