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Farshadfar K, Laasonen K. DFT Mechanistic Investigation into Ni(II)-Catalyzed Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol by H 2O 2. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5509-5519. [PMID: 38471975 PMCID: PMC11186014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Introduction of oxygen into aromatic C-H bonds is intriguing from both fundamental and practical perspectives. Although the 3d metal-catalyzed hydroxylation of arenes by H2O2 has been developed by several prominent researchers, a definitive mechanism for these crucial transformations remains elusive. Herein, density functional theory calculations were used to shed light on the mechanism of the established hydroxylation reaction of benzene with H2O2, catalyzed by [NiII(tepa)]2+ (tepa = tris[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]amine). Dinickel(III) bis(μ-oxo) species have been proposed as the key intermediate responsible for the benzene hydroxylation reaction. Our findings indicate that while the dinickel dioxygen species can be generated as a stable structure, it cannot serve as an active catalyst in this transformation. The calculations allowed us to unveil an unprecedented mechanism composed of six main steps as follows: (i) deprotonation of coordinated H2O2, (ii) oxidative addition, (iii) water elimination, (iv) benzene addition, (v) ketone generation, and (vi) tautomerization and regeneration of the active catalyst. Addition of benzene to oxygen, which occurs via a radical mechanism, turns out to be the rate-determining step in the overall reaction. This study demonstrates the critical role of Ni-oxyl species in such transformations, highlighting how the unpaired spin density value on oxygen and positive charges on the Ni-O• complex affect the activation barrier for benzene addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry and
Material Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kari Laasonen
- Department of Chemistry and
Material Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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Zhou H, Chen F, Liu D, Qin X, Jing Y, Zhong C, Shi R, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang J. Boosting Reactive Oxygen Species Formation Over Pd and VO δ Co-Modified TiO 2 for Methane Oxidation into Valuable Oxygenates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311355. [PMID: 38363051 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Direct photocatalytic methane oxidation into value-added products provides a promising strategy for methane utilization. However, the inefficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) partly limits the activation of CH4 . Herein, it is reported that Pd and VOδ co-modified TiO2 enables direct and selective methane oxidation into liquid oxygenates in the presence of O2 and H2 . Due to the extra ROS production from the in situ formed H2 O2 , a highly improved yield rate of 5014 µmol g-1 h-1 for liquid oxygenates with a selectivity of 89.3% is achieved over the optimized Pd0.5 V0.2 -TiO2 catalyst at ambient temperature, which is much better than those (2682 µmol g-1 h-1 , 77.8%) without H2 . Detailed investigations also demonstrate the synergistic effect between Pd and VOδ species for enhancing the charge carrier separation and transfer, as well as improving the catalytic activity for O2 reduction and H2 O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Fan Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xin Qin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yangchi Jing
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chenyu Zhong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Rui Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yana Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jiguang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Teng Z, Zhang Z, Yang H, Zhang Q, Ohno T, Su C. Atomically isolated Sb(CN) 3 on sp 2-c-COFs with balanced hydrophilic and oleophilic sites for photocatalytic C-H activation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl5432. [PMID: 38295163 PMCID: PMC10830113 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl5432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Activation of carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds is of utmost importance for the synthesis of vital molecules. Toward achieving efficient photocatalytic C-H activation, our investigation revealed that incorporating hydrophilic C≡N-Sb(CN)3 sites into hydrophobic sp2 carbon-conjugated covalent organic frameworks (sp2-c-COFs) had a dual effect: It simultaneously enhanced charge separation and improved generation of polar reactive oxygen species. Detailed spectroscopy measurements and simulations showed that C≡N-Sb(CN)3 primarily functioned as water capture sites, which were not directly involved in photocatalysis. However, the potent interaction between water molecules and the Sb(CN)3-modified framework notably enhanced charge dynamics in hydrophobic sp2-c-COFs. The reactive species ·O2- and ·OH (ad) subsequently combined with benzyl radical, leading to the formation of benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, and lastly benzyl benzoate. Notably, the Sb(CN)3-modified sp2-c-COFs exhibited a 54-fold improvement in reaction rate as compared to pristine sp2-c-COFs, which achieved a remarkable 68% conversion rate for toluene and an 80% selectivity for benzyl benzoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 804-8550, Japan
| | - Zhenzong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Institute for Materials Science and Devices, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Qitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Teruhisa Ohno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu 804-8550, Japan
| | - Chenliang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Mukherjee S, Mondal S, Ghosh P. O 2 Activation by a Coordinated -NH- Function: Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Aromatic Ring Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21147-21155. [PMID: 38047920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a unique method of oxidation of a 1,4-naphthoquinone ring in air. We report that (1,4-naphthoquinone)-NH-N=C(OH)Ph (H3L) coordinated to octahedral ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) ions activates an 3O2 molecule spontaneously. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the -NH- function of H3L to 3O2 and subsequent (2e + 2H+) oxidation forming (1,3,4-trioxonaphthalen)=N-N=C(OH)Ph (HLOX) have been established. The H3L → HLOX transformation occurs via (3-hydroperoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone)=N-N=C(O-)Ph (HLOOH-) as an intermediate. The primary step is HAT generating H2L•- and hydroperoxide (OOH•) radicals. H2L•- is delocalized over the aromatic ring and incites coupling reactions via ortho carbon and produces coordinated HLOOH-. In solution, the homolytic cleavage of the peroxo bond leads to aromatic ring oxidation, affording LOX-. Ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) complexes of the types [MII(H2L-)(PPh3)2X], [MII(HLOOH-)(PPh3)2X], and trans-[MII(LOX-)(PPh3)2X] were successfully isolated in good yields. Notably, the cyclic voltammograms of all of the complexes exhibit reversible anodic waves due to MIII/MII redox couples. The rate constants of the [MII(H2L-)(PPh3)2X] → [MII(HLOOH-)(PPh3)2X] conversions determined by time-driven UV-vis spectroscopy in dry CH2Cl2, wet CH2Cl2, and D2O wet CH2Cl2 in air at 298 K follow the order k CH 2 Cl 2 -H 2 O > k CH 2 Cl 2 -D 2 O > k CH 2 Cl 2 . It is established that the rate constants are dependent on the 3O2 content of the solution but not on the concentration of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Residential College (Autonomous), Narendrapur, Kolkata 700 103, India
| | - Sandip Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling 734101, WB, India
| | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Residential College (Autonomous), Narendrapur, Kolkata 700 103, India
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Meng Y, Zare RN, Gnanamani E. One-Step, Catalyst-Free Formation of Phenol from Benzoic Acid Using Water Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19202-19206. [PMID: 37624585 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid dissolved in water is electrosprayed (-4 kV) by using nitrogen gas at a pressure of 120 psi to form ∼10 μm diameter microdroplets. Analysis with mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) of the resulting microdroplets shows the direct formation of phenol via decarboxylation without any catalyst or added reagents. This process represents an ecofriendly, environmentally benign method for producing phenol and related aromatic alcohols from their corresponding aromatic acids. The mechanism of this transformation was unambiguously characterized using mass spectrometry, radical trapping, and 18O labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elumalai Gnanamani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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