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Rangel-Sosa MM, Mann F, Chauvet S. Pancreatic Schwann cell reprogramming supports cancer-associated neuronal remodeling. Glia 2024; 72:1840-1861. [PMID: 38961612 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system is a key regulator of cancer progression. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system inhibits cancer development. This inhibition is associated with extensive sympathetic nerve sprouting in early pancreatic cancer precursor lesions. However, the underlying mechanisms behind this process remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the roles of pancreatic Schwann cells in the structural plasticity of sympathetic neurons. We examined the changes in the number and distribution of Schwann cells in a transgenic mouse model of PDAC and in a model of metaplastic pancreatic lesions induced by chronic inflammation. Schwann cells proliferated and expanded simultaneously with new sympathetic nerve sprouts in metaplastic/neoplastic pancreatic lesions. Sparse genetic labeling showed that individual Schwann cells in these lesions had a more elongated and branched structure than those under physiological conditions. Schwann cells overexpressed neurotrophic factors, including glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Sympathetic neurons upregulated the GDNF receptors and exhibited enhanced neurite growth in response to GDNF in vitro. Selective genetic deletion of Gdnf in Schwann cells completely blocked sympathetic nerve sprouting in metaplastic pancreatic lesions in vivo. This study demonstrated that pancreatic Schwann cells underwent adaptive reprogramming during early cancer development, supporting a protective antitumor neuronal response. These finding could help to develop new strategies to modulate cancer associated neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanny Mann
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
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2
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Bjørnstad OV, Carrasco M, Finne K, Ardawatia V, Winge I, Askeland C, Arnes JB, Knutsvik G, Kleftogiannis D, Paulo JA, Akslen LA, Vethe H. Global and single-cell proteomics view of the co-evolution between neural progenitors and breast cancer cells in a co-culture model. EBioMedicine 2024; 108:105325. [PMID: 39232464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presence of nerves in tumours, by axonogenesis and neurogenesis, is gaining increased attention for its impact on cancer initiation and development, and the new field of cancer neuroscience is emerging. A recent study in prostate cancer suggested that the tumour microenvironment may influence cancer progression by recruitment of Doublecortin (DCX)-expressing neural progenitor cells (NPCs). However, the presence of such cells in human breast tumours has not been comprehensively explored. METHODS Here, we investigate the presence of DCX-expressing cells in breast cancer stromal tissue from patients using Imaging Mass Cytometry. Single-cell analysis of 372,468 cells across histopathological images of 107 breast cancers enabled spatial resolution of neural elements in the stromal compartment in correlation with clinicopathological features of these tumours. In parallel, we established a 3D in vitro model mimicking breast cancer neural progenitor-innervation and examined the two cell types as they co-evolved in co-culture by using mass spectrometry-based global proteomics. FINDINGS Stromal presence of DCX + cells is associated with tumours of higher histological grade, a basal-like phenotype, and shorter patient survival in tumour tissue from patients with breast cancer. Global proteomics analysis revealed significant changes in the proteomic landscape of both breast cancer cells and neural progenitors in co-culture. INTERPRETATION These results support that neural involvement plays an active role in breast cancer and warrants further studies on the relevance of nerve elements for tumour progression. FUNDING This work was supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centre of Excellence funding scheme, project number 223250 (to L.A.A), the Norwegian Cancer Society (to L.A.A. and H.V.), the Regional Health Trust Western Norway (Helse Vest) (to L.A.A.), the Meltzer Research Fund (to H.V.) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/NIGMS grant R01 GM132129 (to J.A.P.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Vidhammer Bjørnstad
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Manuel Carrasco
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Kenneth Finne
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Vandana Ardawatia
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Ingeborg Winge
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Cecilie Askeland
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Jarle B Arnes
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Gøril Knutsvik
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Dimitrios Kleftogiannis
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway; Computational Biology Unit (CBU), Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Computational Biology Unit (CBU), Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lars A Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Heidrun Vethe
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway.
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3
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He K, Wang H, Huo R, Jiang SH, Xue J. Schwann cells and enteric glial cells: Emerging stars in colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189160. [PMID: 39059672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer neuroscience, a promising field dedicated to exploring interactions between cancer and the nervous system, has attracted growing attention. The gastrointestinal tracts exhibit extensive innervation, notably characterized by intrinsic innervation. The gut harbors a substantial population of glial cells, including Schwann cells wrapping axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system and enteric glial cells intricately associated with intrinsic innervation. Glial cells play a crucial role in maintaining the physiological functions of the intestine, encompassing nutrient absorption, barrier integrity, and immune modulation. Nevertheless, it has only been in recent times that the significance of glial cells within colorectal cancer (CRC) has begun to receive considerable attention. Emerging data suggests that glial cells in the gut contribute to the progression and metastasis of CRC, by interacting with cancer cells, influencing inflammation, and modulating the tumor microenvironment. Here, we summarize the significant roles of glial cells in the development and progression of CRC and discuss the latest technologies that can be integrated into this field for in-depth exploration, as well as potential specific targeted strategies for future exploration to benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Ruixue Huo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Junli Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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4
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Li H, Liu D, Li K, Wang Y, Zhang G, Qi L, Xie K. Pancreatic stellate cells and the interleukin family: Linking fibrosis and immunity to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 30:159. [PMID: 38994764 PMCID: PMC11258612 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely aggressive form of cancer with a low survival rate. A successful treatment strategy should not be limited to targeting cancer cells alone, but should adopt a more comprehensive approach, taking into account other influential factors. These include the extracellular matrix (ECM) and immune microenvironment, both of which are integral components of the tumor microenvironment. The present review describes the roles of pancreatic stellate cells, differentiated cancer‑associated fibroblasts and the interleukin family, either independently or in combination, in the progression of precursor lesions in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and PDAC. These elements contribute to ECM deposition and immunosuppression in PDAC. Therapeutic strategies that integrate interleukin and/or stromal blockade for PDAC immunomodulation and fibrogenesis have yielded inconsistent results. A deeper comprehension of the intricate interplay between fibrosis, and immune responses could pave the way for more effective treatment targets, by elucidating the mechanisms and causes of ECM fibrosis during PDAC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Donglian Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Kaishu Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Gengqiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qi
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Keping Xie
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
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Xu Y, Wang S, Feng Q, Xia J, Li Y, Li HD, Wang J. scCAD: Cluster decomposition-based anomaly detection for rare cell identification in single-cell expression data. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7561. [PMID: 39215003 PMCID: PMC11364754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have become essential tools for characterizing cellular landscapes within complex tissues. Large-scale single-cell transcriptomics holds great potential for identifying rare cell types critical to the pathogenesis of diseases and biological processes. Existing methods for identifying rare cell types often rely on one-time clustering using partial or global gene expression. However, these rare cell types may be overlooked during the clustering phase, posing challenges for their accurate identification. In this paper, we propose a Cluster decomposition-based Anomaly Detection method (scCAD), which iteratively decomposes clusters based on the most differential signals in each cluster to effectively separate rare cell types and achieve accurate identification. We benchmark scCAD on 25 real-world scRNA-seq datasets, demonstrating its superior performance compared to 10 state-of-the-art methods. In-depth case studies across diverse datasets, including mouse airway, brain, intestine, human pancreas, immunology data, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma, showcase scCAD's efficiency in identifying rare cell types in complex biological scenarios. Furthermore, scCAD can correct the annotation of rare cell types and identify immune cell subtypes associated with disease, thereby offering valuable insights into disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpei Xu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangjiang Laboratory, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaokai Wang
- David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Qilong Feng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangjiang Laboratory, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiazhi Xia
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaohang Li
- Department of Computer Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Hong-Dong Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Xiangjiang Laboratory, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Jianxin Wang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Xiangjiang Laboratory, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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6
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Chen Y, Zhang W, Zeng Y, Yang P, Li Y, Liang X, Liu K, Lin H, Dai Y, Zhou J, Hou B, Ma Z, Lin Y, Pang W, Zeng L. GDNF-induced phosphorylation of MUC21 promotes pancreatic cancer perineural invasion and metastasis by activating RAC2 GTPase. Oncogene 2024; 43:2564-2577. [PMID: 39020072 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is an adverse prognostic feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the understanding of the interactions between tumors and neural signaling within the tumor microenvironment is limited. In the present study, we found that MUC21 servers as an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in PDAC. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MUC21 promoted the metastasis and PNI of PDAC cells by activating JNK and inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, secreted by Schwann cells, phosphorylates the intracellular domain S543 of MUC21 via CDK1 in PDAC cells, facilitating the interaction between MUC21 and RAC2. This interaction leads to membrane anchoring and activation of RAC2, which in turn activates the JNK/ZEB1/EMT axis, ultimately enhancing the metastasis and PNI of PDAC cells. Our results present a novel mechanism of PNI, suggesting that MUC21 is a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Chen
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Center for Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Department of Pathology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaning Li
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kecheng Liu
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yalan Dai
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiancong Zhou
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bingqi Hou
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhenting Ma
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yujing Lin
- Department of Pathology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenzheng Pang
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Linjuan Zeng
- Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
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7
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Zheng S, Hu C, Lin Q, Li T, Li G, Tian Q, Zhang X, Huang T, Ye Y, He R, Chen C, Zhou Y, Chen R. Extracellular vesicle-packaged PIAT from cancer-associated fibroblasts drives neural remodeling by mediating m5C modification in pancreatic cancer mouse models. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi0178. [PMID: 39018369 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is a biological characteristic commonly observed in pancreatic cancer. Although PNI plays a key role in pancreatic cancer metastasis, recurrence, and poor postoperative survival, its mechanism is largely unclarified. Clinical sample analysis and endoscopic ultrasonographic elasticity scoring indicated that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were closely related to the occurrence of PNI. Furthermore, CAF-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were involved in PNI in dorsal root ganglion coculture and mouse sciatic nerve models. Next, we demonstrated that CAFs promoted PNI through extracellular vesicle transmission of PNI-associated transcript (PIAT). Mechanistically, PIAT specifically bound to YBX1 and blocked the YBX1-Nedd4l interaction to inhibit YBX1 ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, PIAT enhanced the binding of YBX1 and PNI-associated mRNAs in a 5-methylcytosine (m5C)-dependent manner. Mutation of m5C recognition motifs in YBX1 or m5C sites in downstream target genes reversed PIAT-mediated PNI. Consistent with these findings, analyses using a KPC mouse model demonstrated that the PIAT/YBX1 axis enhanced PNI through m5C modification. Clinical data suggested that the PIAT expression in the serum EVs of patients with pancreatic cancer was associated with the degree of neural invasion and prognosis. Our study revealed the important role of the PIAT/YBX1 signaling axis in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in promoting tumor cell PNI and provided a new target for precise interference with CAFs and RNA methylation in the TME to suppress PNI in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyou Zheng
- Department of Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonghui Hu
- Department of Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Li
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Splenic Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Tian
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Huang
- Department of Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuancheng Ye
- Department of Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Rihua He
- Department of Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhao Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufu Chen
- Department of Pancreas Center, Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Splenic Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
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8
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Wang L, Ge J, Han H, Jia Y, Qin Y. Crosstalk between the nervous system and tumor microenvironment: Functional aspects and potential therapeutic strategies. Cancer Lett 2024; 594:216986. [PMID: 38797233 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) have highlighted the critical role of the nervous system in cancer progression. This review comprehensively examines how the nervous system influences various aspects of tumorigenesis, including growth, motility, immune response, angiogenesis, and the behavior of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We delineate the neurodevelopmental mechanisms associated with cancer, such as the secretion of neurotrophins and exosomes by cancer cells. Furthermore, we explore the emerging therapeutic strategy of targeting nerves associated with tumors. Evidence supporting this approach includes studies demonstrating direct tumor growth inhibition, enhanced efficacy of immunotherapy when combined with nervous system-modulating drugs, and the suppression of tumor blood vessel formation through nerve targeting. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in this field and emphasize the need for further exploration within cancer neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Jingjing Ge
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Huiqiong Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Yongxu Jia
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Yanru Qin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
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9
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Argentiero A, Andriano A, Caradonna IC, de Martino G, Desantis V. Decoding the Intricate Landscape of Pancreatic Cancer: Insights into Tumor Biology, Microenvironment, and Therapeutic Interventions. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2438. [PMID: 39001498 PMCID: PMC11240778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents significant oncological challenges due to its aggressive nature and poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in progression and treatment resistance. Non-neoplastic cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), contribute to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. Although immune cells infiltrate TME, tumor cells evade immune responses by secreting chemokines and expressing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Vascular components, like endothelial cells and pericytes, stimulate angiogenesis to support tumor growth, while adipocytes secrete factors that promote cell growth, invasion, and treatment resistance. Additionally, perineural invasion, a characteristic feature of PDAC, contributes to local recurrence and poor prognosis. Moreover, key signaling pathways including Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), Notch, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and Wnt/β-catenin drive tumor progression and resistance. Targeting the TME is crucial for developing effective therapies, including strategies like inhibiting CAFs, modulating immune response, disrupting angiogenesis, and blocking neural cell interactions. A recent multi-omic approach has identified signature genes associated with anoikis resistance, which could serve as prognostic biomarkers and targets for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Andriano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ingrid Catalina Caradonna
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia de Martino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Desantis
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
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10
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Zhang Z, Lv ZG, Lu M, Li H, Zhou J. Nerve-tumor crosstalk in tumor microenvironment: From tumor initiation and progression to clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189121. [PMID: 38796026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The autonomic nerve system (ANS) innervates organs and tissues throughout the body and maintains functional balance among various systems. Further investigations have shown that excessive activation of ANS not only causes disruption of homeostasis, but also may promote tumor formation. In addition, the dynamic interaction between nerve and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment also regulate tumor progression. On the one hand, nerves are passively invaded by tumor cells, that is, perineural invasion (PNI). On the other hand, compared with normal tissues, tumor tissues are subject to more abundant innervation, and nerves can influence tumor progression through regulating tumor proliferation, metastasis and drug resistance. A large number of studies have shown that nerve-tumor crosstalk, including PNI and innervation, is closely related to the prognosis of patients, and contributes to the formation of cancer pain, which significantly deteriorates the quality of life for patients. These findings suggest that nerve-tumor crosstalk represents a potential target for anti-tumor therapies and the management of cancer pain in the future. In this review, we systematically describe the mechanism by which nerve-tumor crosstalk regulates tumorigenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen Gang Lv
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Miao Lu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiahua Zhou
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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11
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Li Y, Du Y, Li R, Zhong W, Zou X, Li L, Xu L, Wu L, Che X. Spatial transcriptomics in pancreatic cancer: Advances, prospects and challenges. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 203:104430. [PMID: 38942220 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest malignancies with an overall 5-year survival rate of 13 %. This dismal fact can be partly attributed to currently limited understanding of tumor heterogeneity and immune microenvironment. Traditional bulk-sequencing techniques overlook the diversity of tumor cells, while single-cell sequencing disorganizes the position localizing of cells in tumor microenvironment. The advent of spatial transcriptomics (ST) presents a novel solution by integrating location and whole transcript expression information. This technology allows for detailed observation of spatio-temporal changes across various cell subtypes within the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, providing insights into their potential functions. This review offers an overview of recent studies implementing ST in pancreatic cancer research, highlighting its instrumental role in investigating the heterogeneity and functions of tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune cells. On the basis, we also prospected and summarized the clinical application scenarios, technical limitations and challenges of ST technology in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongxing Du
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Rui Li
- BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China; Institute of Intelligent Medical Research (IIMR), BGI Genomics, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Wenhui Zhong
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zou
- BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI Research, Chongqing 401329, China; BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Liji Li
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Liang Wu
- BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI Research, Chongqing 401329, China; BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Xu Che
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518172, China.
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12
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Jin Y, Zuo Y, Li G, Liu W, Pan Y, Fan T, Fu X, Yao X, Peng Y. Advances in spatial transcriptomics and its applications in cancer research. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:129. [PMID: 38902727 PMCID: PMC11188176 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors have increasing morbidity and high mortality, and their occurrence and development is a complicate process. The development of sequencing technologies enabled us to gain a better understanding of the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms in tumors. In recent years, the spatial transcriptomics sequencing technologies have been developed rapidly and allow the quantification and illustration of gene expression in the spatial context of tissues. Compared with the traditional transcriptomics technologies, spatial transcriptomics technologies not only detect gene expression levels in cells, but also inform the spatial location of genes within tissues, cell composition of biological tissues, and interaction between cells. Here we summarize the development of spatial transcriptomics technologies, spatial transcriptomics tools and its application in cancer research. We also discuss the limitations and challenges of current spatial transcriptomics approaches, as well as future development and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanli Zuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610061, China
| | - Wenrong Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yitong Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ting Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, 610061, China.
| | - Yong Peng
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, China.
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13
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Khorani K, Burkart S, Weusthof C, Han R, Liang S, Stögbauer F, Hess J. Context-Dependent Regulation of Peripheral Nerve Abundance by the PI3K Pathway in the Tumor Microenvironment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cells 2024; 13:1033. [PMID: 38920662 PMCID: PMC11202044 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted neurons and their associated Schwann cells (SCs) as key regulators of cancer development. However, the mode of their interaction with tumor cells or other components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains elusive. We established an SC-related 43-gene set as a surrogate for peripheral nerves in the TME. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were classified into low, intermediate and high SC score groups based on the expression of this gene set. Perineural invasion (PNI) and TGF-β signaling were hallmarks of SChigh tumors, whereas SClow tumors were enriched for HPV16-positive OPSCC and higher PI3K-MTOR activity. The latter activity was partially explained by a higher frequency of PTEN mutation and PIK3CA copy number gain. The inverse association between PI3K-MTOR activity and peripheral nerve abundance was context-dependent and influenced by the TP53 mutation status. An in silico drug screening approach highlighted the potential vulnerabilities of HNSCC with variable SC scores and predicted a higher sensitivity of SClow tumors to DNA topoisomerase inhibitors. In conclusion, we have established a tool for assessing peripheral nerve abundance in the TME and provided new clinical and biological insights into their regulation. This knowledge may pave the way for new therapeutic strategies and impart proof of concept in appropriate preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Khorani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.B.); (C.W.); (R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Sebastian Burkart
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.B.); (C.W.); (R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Christopher Weusthof
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.B.); (C.W.); (R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.B.); (C.W.); (R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Siyuan Liang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.B.); (C.W.); (R.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Fabian Stögbauer
- Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Germany and Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.B.); (C.W.); (R.H.); (S.L.)
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14
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Farhangnia P, Khorramdelazad H, Nickho H, Delbandi AA. Current and future immunotherapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer treatment. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:40. [PMID: 38835055 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death, but despondently, the outlook and prognosis for this resistant type of tumor have remained grim for a long time. Currently, it is extremely challenging to prevent or detect it early enough for effective treatment because patients rarely exhibit symptoms and there are no reliable indicators for detection. Most patients have advanced or spreading cancer that is difficult to treat, and treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy can only slightly prolong their life by a few months. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of pancreatic cancer, yet its effectiveness is limited by the tumor's immunosuppressive and hard-to-reach microenvironment. First, this article explains the immunosuppressive microenvironment of pancreatic cancer and highlights a wide range of immunotherapy options, including therapies involving oncolytic viruses, modified T cells (T-cell receptor [TCR]-engineered and chimeric antigen receptor [CAR] T-cell therapy), CAR natural killer cell therapy, cytokine-induced killer cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators, cancer vaccines, and strategies targeting myeloid cells in the context of contemporary knowledge and future trends. Lastly, it discusses the main challenges ahead of pancreatic cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Farhangnia
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamid Nickho
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Musiu C, Lupo F, Agostini A, Lionetto G, Bevere M, Paiella S, Carbone C, Corbo V, Ugel S, De Sanctis F. Cellular collusion: cracking the code of immunosuppression and chemo resistance in PDAC. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1341079. [PMID: 38817612 PMCID: PMC11137177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the efforts, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still highly lethal. Therapeutic challenges reside in late diagnosis and establishment of peculiar tumor microenvironment (TME) supporting tumor outgrowth. This stromal landscape is highly heterogeneous between patients and even in the same patient. The organization of functional sub-TME with different cellular compositions provides evolutive advantages and sustains therapeutic resistance. Tumor progressively establishes a TME that can suit its own needs, including proliferation, stemness and invasion. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells, the main non-neoplastic cellular TME components, follow soluble factors-mediated neoplastic instructions and synergize to promote chemoresistance and immune surveillance destruction. Unveiling heterotypic stromal-neoplastic interactions is thus pivotal to breaking this synergism and promoting the reprogramming of the TME toward an anti-tumor milieu, improving thus the efficacy of conventional and immune-based therapies. We underscore recent advances in the characterization of immune and fibroblast stromal components supporting or dampening pancreatic cancer progression, as well as novel multi-omic technologies improving the current knowledge of PDAC biology. Finally, we put into context how the clinic will translate the acquired knowledge to design new-generation clinical trials with the final aim of improving the outcome of PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Musiu
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Lupo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Agostini
- Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lionetto
- General and Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Bevere
- ARC-Net Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Paiella
- General and Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carmine Carbone
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Ugel
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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16
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Cai Z, Yao H, Chen J, Ahmed AA, Li C, Hu X, Tang X, Jiang C. Schwann cells in pancreatic cancer: Unraveling their multifaceted roles in tumorigenesis and neural interactions. Cancer Lett 2024; 587:216689. [PMID: 38367898 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), characterized by heightened neural density, presents a challenging prognosis primarily due to perineural invasion. Recognized for their crucial roles in neural support and myelination, Schwann cells (SCs) significantly influence the process of tumorigenesis. This review succinctly outlines the interplay between PDAC and neural systems, positioning SCs as a nexus in the tumor-neural interface. Subsequently, it delves into the cellular origin and influencers of SCs within the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, emphasizing their multifaceted roles in tumor initiation, progression, and modulation of the neural and immune microenvironment. The discussion encompasses potential therapeutic interventions targeting SCs. Lastly, the review underscores pressing issues, advocating for sustained exploration into the diverse contributions of SCs within the intricate landscape of PDAC, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of their involvement in this complex malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatobiliary Surgery Center, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Hongfei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatobiliary Surgery Center, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatobiliary Surgery Center, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Abousalam Abdoulkader Ahmed
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatobiliary Surgery Center, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Chunjing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatobiliary Surgery Center, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatobiliary Surgery Center, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatobiliary Surgery Center, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Chongyi Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatobiliary Surgery Center, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China.
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17
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Ávila-Fernández P, Etayo-Escanilla M, Sánchez-Porras D, Blanco-Elices C, Campos F, Carriel V, García-García ÓD, Chato-Astrain J. A Novel In Vitro Pathological Model for Studying Neural Invasion in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer. Gels 2024; 10:252. [PMID: 38667671 PMCID: PMC11049316 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural Invasion (NI) is a key pathological feature of cancer in the colonization of distant tissues, and its underlying biological mechanisms are still scarcely known. The complex interactions between nerve and tumor cells, along with the stroma, make it difficult to reproduce this pathology in effective study models, which in turn has limited the understanding of NI pathogenesis. In this study, we have designed a three-dimensional model of NI squamous cell carcinoma combining human epidermoid carcinoma cells (hECCs) with a complete peripheral nerve segment encapsulated in a fibrine-agarose hydrogel. We recreated two vital processes of NI: a pre-invasive NI model in which hECCs were seeded on the top of the nerve-enriched stroma, and an invasive NI model in which cancer cells were immersed with the nerve in the hydrogel. Histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to validate the model. Results showed that the integration of fibrin-agarose advanced hydrogel with a complete nerve structure and hECCs successfully generated an environment in which tumor cells and nerve components coexisted. Moreover, this model correctly preserved components of the neural extracellular matrix as well as allowing the proliferation and migration of cells embedded in hydrogel. All these results suggest the suitability of the model for the study of the mechanisms underlaying NI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ávila-Fernández
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.Á.-F.); (M.E.-E.); (D.S.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (F.C.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Biomedicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Etayo-Escanilla
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.Á.-F.); (M.E.-E.); (D.S.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (F.C.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Porras
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.Á.-F.); (M.E.-E.); (D.S.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (F.C.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Blanco-Elices
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.Á.-F.); (M.E.-E.); (D.S.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (F.C.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.Á.-F.); (M.E.-E.); (D.S.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (F.C.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.Á.-F.); (M.E.-E.); (D.S.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (F.C.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar Darío García-García
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.Á.-F.); (M.E.-E.); (D.S.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (F.C.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Chato-Astrain
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.Á.-F.); (M.E.-E.); (D.S.-P.); (C.B.-E.); (F.C.); (J.C.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
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18
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Shurin MR, Wheeler SE, Shurin GV, Zhong H, Zhou Y. Schwann cells in the normal and pathological lung microenvironment. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1365760. [PMID: 38638689 PMCID: PMC11024312 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1365760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The lungs are a key organ in the respiratory system. They are regulated by a complex network of nerves that control their development, structure, function, and response to various pathological stimuli. Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of a neural mechanism in different pathophysiological conditions in the lungs and the development and progression of common respiratory diseases. Lung diseases are the chief source of death globally. For instance, lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy, after prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women, and is the most lethal cancer worldwide. However, although airway nerves are accepted as a mechanistically and therapeutically important feature that demands appropriate emphasizing in the context of many respiratory diseases, significantly less is known about the role of the neuroglial cells in lung physiology and pathophysiology, including lung cancer. New data have uncovered some cellular and molecular mechanisms of how Schwann cells, as fundamental components of the peripheral nervous system, may regulate lung cancer cells' survival, spreading, and invasiveness in vitro and in vivo. Schwann cells control the formation and maintenance of the lung cancer microenvironment and support metastasis formation. It was also reported that the number of lung cancer-associated Schwann cells correlates with patients' survival. Different factors secreted by Schwann cells, including microRNA, are known to sharpen the lung cancer environment by regulating the tumor-neuro-immune axis. Further clinical and experimental studies are required to elucidate the detailed role of Schwann cells in creating and maintaining pulmonary tumor-neuro-immune axis, which will advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of lung cancer and may inform therapeutic hypotheses aiming neoplasms and metastases in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sarah E. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Szczepanski JM, Rudolf MA, Shi J. Clinical Evaluation of the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment: Opportunities and Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:794. [PMID: 38398185 PMCID: PMC10887250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and its tumor microenvironment (TME) have the potential to transform treatment for the hundreds of thousands of patients who are diagnosed each year. Whereas the clinical assessment of cancer cell genetics has grown increasingly sophisticated and personalized, current protocols to evaluate the TME have lagged, despite evidence that the TME can be heterogeneous within and between patients. Here, we outline current protocols for PDAC diagnosis and management, review novel biomarkers, and highlight potential opportunities and challenges when evaluating the PDAC TME as we prepare to translate emerging TME-directed therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Labs, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.M.S.); (M.A.R.)
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Liu Y, Wei C, Wang S, Ding S, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang D, Zhu G, Meng Z. Role of prognostic gene DKK1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:52. [PMID: 38268623 PMCID: PMC10806357 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. The morbidity and mortality rates of OSCC have increased in recent years. However, the pathogenesis of this disease remains unknown. The present study aimed to identify predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for OSCC. Bioinformatics screening of differentially expressed genes in OSCC was performed based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (DKK1) was identified to be associated with survival, tumor immunity and DNA repair in OSCC. Furthermore, the effects of DKK1 were evaluated by the knockdown of DKK1 in two OSCC cell lines. The proliferation, clonogenicity, migration and invasion of the cells were assessed in vitro using Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively, and were found to be inhibited by DKK1 knockdown. The present study suggests that DKK1 may be used in the prognosis of patients with OSCC and that targeting DKK1 is a potential strategy for OSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
- Department of Stomatology & Precision Biomedical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Wei
- Department of Stomatology & Precision Biomedical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Stomatology & Precision Biomedical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Shuxin Ding
- School of Stomatology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Li
- Biomedical Laboratory, Medical School of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Yongguo Li
- Department of Stomatology & Precision Biomedical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Dongping Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
- Department of Stomatology & Precision Biomedical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Guoxiong Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
- Department of Stomatology, PLA 960th Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Department of Stomatology & Precision Biomedical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
- Biomedical Laboratory, Medical School of Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
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Han L, Jiang Y, Shi M, Gan L, Wu Z, Xue M, Zhu Y, Xiong C, Wang T, Lin X, Shen B, Jiang L, Chen H. LIPH contributes to glycolytic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by activating LPA/LPAR axis and maintaining ALDOA stability. J Transl Med 2023; 21:838. [PMID: 37990271 PMCID: PMC10664664 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LIPH, a membrane-associated phosphatidic acid-selective phospholipase A1a, can produce LPA (Lysophosphatidic acid) from PA (Phosphatidic acid) on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. It is well known that LIPH dysfunction contributes to lipid metabolism disorder. Previous study shows that LIPH was found to be a potential gene related to poor prognosis with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the biological functions of LIPH in PDAC remain unclear. METHODS Cell viability assays were used to evaluate whether LIPH affected cell proliferation. RNA sequencing and immunoprecipitation showed that LIPH participates in tumor glycolysis by stimulating LPA/LPAR axis and maintaining aldolase A (ALDOA) stability in the cytosol. Subcutaneous, orthotopic xenograft models and patient-derived xenograft PDAC model were used to evaluate a newly developed Gemcitabine-based therapy. RESULTS LIPH was significantly upregulated in PDAC and was related to later pathological stage and poor prognosis. LIPH downregulation in PDAC cells inhibited colony formation and proliferation. Mechanistically, LIPH triggered PI3K/AKT/HIF1A signaling via LPA/LPAR axis. LIPH also promoted glycolysis and de novo synthesis of glycerolipids by maintaining ALDOA stability in the cytosol. Xenograft models show that PDAC with high LIPH expression levels was sensitive to gemcitabine/ki16425/aldometanib therapy without causing discernible side effects. CONCLUSION LIPH directly bridges PDAC cells and tumor microenvironment to facilitate aberrant aerobic glycolysis via activating LPA/LPAR axis and maintaining ALDOA stability, which provides an actionable gemcitabine-based combination therapy with limited side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Han
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Minmin Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Gan
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Meilin Xue
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Youwei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhu Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Baiyong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lingxi Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2Nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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