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Tao Q, Liu XW, Zhang ZD, Ma N, Lu XR, Ge WB, Li JY, Yang YJ. Protective Effect and Mechanism of Aspirin Eugenol Ester on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17434. [PMID: 38139262 PMCID: PMC10743450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is a complex and recurrent inflammatory disease. Pharmacological and pharmacodynamic experiments showed that aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) has good anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects. However, the role of AEE in regulating intestinal inflammation has not been explored. This study aimed to investigate whether AEE could have a protective effect on LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and thus help to alleviate the damage to the intestinal barrier. This was assessed with an inflammation model in Caco-2 cells and in rats induced with LPS. The expression of inflammatory mediators, intestinal epithelial barrier-related proteins, and redox-related signals was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and RT-qPCR. Intestinal damage was assessed by histopathological examination. Changes in rat gut microbiota and their functions were detected by the gut microbial metagenome. AEE significantly reduced LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (p < 0.05) and oxidative stress levels in Caco-2 cells and rats. Compared with the LPS group, AEE could increase the relative expression of Occludin, Claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and decrease the relative expression of kappa-B (NF-κB) and matrix metalloproteinase-9. AEE could significantly improve weight loss, diarrhea, reduced intestinal muscle thickness, and intestinal villi damage in rats. Metagenome results showed that AEE could regulate the homeostasis of the gut flora and alter the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Flora enrichment analysis indicated that the regulation of gut flora with AEE may be related to the regulation of glucose metabolism and energy metabolism. AEE could have positive effects on intestinal inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tao
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.T.); (X.-W.L.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-R.L.); (W.-B.G.)
| | - Xi-Wang Liu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.T.); (X.-W.L.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-R.L.); (W.-B.G.)
| | - Zhen-Dong Zhang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.T.); (X.-W.L.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-R.L.); (W.-B.G.)
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Xiao-Rong Lu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.T.); (X.-W.L.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-R.L.); (W.-B.G.)
| | - Wen-Bo Ge
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.T.); (X.-W.L.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-R.L.); (W.-B.G.)
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.T.); (X.-W.L.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-R.L.); (W.-B.G.)
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Q.T.); (X.-W.L.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-R.L.); (W.-B.G.)
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Han M, Liao W, Dong Y, Fei T, Gai Z. Sustained ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA85 on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. J Food Sci 2023; 88:3893-3904. [PMID: 37548631 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease associated with immune system dysfunction caused by gut dysbiosis. This study aimed to investigate the alleviating effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA85 on colitis and its underlying mechanism using mouse models of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC. The UC mouse models were established by treating C57BL/6J male mice with 2.5% (w/v) DSS in drinking water for 7 days. These mice received supplementation with either L. acidophilus LA85 (1 × 109 colony-forming units/day) or 200 µL of sterile water once daily (LA85-treated and UC model mice, respectively). The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, and histological changes in the colons of mice were then analyzed at Day 21, and the effects of L. acidophilus LA85 on the gut microbiota and serum inflammatory cytokines were also investigated. Compared with the UC model mice, L. acidophilus LA85-treated UC mice showed significant reductions in a variety of colitis symptoms, including weight loss, the DAI score, colon shortening, and colon tissue damage. Lactobacillus acidophilus LA85 supplementation also significantly decreased the serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 while increasing the serum concentration of IL-10. Furthermore, LA85 supplementation improved the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, both of which had been decreased by DSS. In particular, L. acidophilus LA85-treated UC mice showed higher relative abundances of Akkermansia and Romboutsia than the UC model mice. These results demonstrate that L. acidophilus LA85 can alleviate inflammatory diseases of the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, by regulating immune responses and restoring the gut microbiota. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease caused by imbalance of gut microbiota. This study showed that L. acidophilus LA85 can alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice through regulation of inflammatory cytokines, protection of intestinal barrier, and regulation of specific gut microbiota. L. acidophilus LA85 is a promising probiotic candidate for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Shanghai Business School, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Technology Center Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Dong
- Department of Research and Development, Wecare Probiotics Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Teng Fei
- Department of Research and Development, Wecare Probiotics Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Zhonghui Gai
- Department of Research and Development, Wecare Probiotics Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
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3
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Wang S, Kang X, Alenius H, Wong SH, Karisola P, El-Nezami H. Oral exposure to Ag or TiO 2 nanoparticles perturbed gut transcriptome and microbiota in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 169:113368. [PMID: 36087619 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Silver (nAg) and titanium dioxide (nTiO2) nanoparticles improve texture, flavour or anti-microbial properties of various food products and packaging materials. Despite their increased oral exposure, their potential toxicities in the dysfunctional intestine are unclear. Here, the effects of ingested nAg or nTiO2 on inflamed colon were revealed in a mouse model of chemical-induced acute ulcerative colitis. Mice (eight/group) were exposed to nAg or nTiO2 by oral gavage for 10 consecutive days. We characterized disease phenotypes, histology, and alterations in colonic transcriptome (RNA sequencing) and gut microbiome (16S sequencing). Oral exposure to nAg caused only minor changes in phenotypic hallmarks of colitic mice but induced extensive responses in gene expression enriching processes of apoptotic cell death and RNA metabolism. Instead, ingested nTiO2 yielded shorter colon, aggravated epithelial hyperplasia and deeper infiltration of inflammatory cells. Both nanoparticles significantly changed the gut microbiota composition, resulting in loss of diversity and increase of potential pathobionts. They also increased colonic mucus and abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila. Overall, nAg and nTiO2 induce dissimilar immunotoxicological changes at the molecular and microbiome level in the context of colon inflammation. The results provide valuable information for evaluation of utilizing metallic nanoparticles in food products for the vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Xing Kang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Harri Alenius
- Human Microbiome Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Piia Karisola
- Human Microbiome Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Nutrition and Health, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Merana GR, Dwyer LR, Dhariwala MO, Weckel A, Gonzalez JR, Okoro JN, Cohen JN, Tamaki CM, Han J, Tasoff P, Palacios-Calderon Y, Ha CWY, Lynch SV, Segre JA, Kong HH, Kattah MG, Ma A, Scharschmidt TC. Intestinal inflammation alters the antigen-specific immune response to a skin commensal. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110891. [PMID: 35649365 PMCID: PMC9248974 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident microbes in skin and gut predominantly impact local immune cell function during homeostasis. However, colitis-associated neutrophilic skin disorders suggest possible breakdown of this compartmentalization with disease. Using a model wherein neonatal skin colonization by Staphylococcus epidermidis facilitates generation of commensal-specific tolerance and CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), we ask whether this response is perturbed by gut inflammation. Chemically induced colitis is accompanied by intestinal expansion of S. epidermidis and reduces gut-draining lymph node (dLN) commensal-specific Tregs. It also results in reduced commensal-specific Tregs in skin and skin-dLNs and increased skin neutrophils. Increased CD4+ circulation between gut and skin dLN suggests that the altered cutaneous response is initiated in the colon, and resistance to colitis-induced effects in Cd4creIl1r1fl/fl mice implicate interleukin (IL)-1 in mediating the altered commensal-specific response. These findings provide mechanistic insight into observed connections between inflammatory skin and intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geil R Merana
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laura R Dwyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Miqdad O Dhariwala
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antonin Weckel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeanmarie R Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joy N Okoro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jarish N Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Courtney M Tamaki
- Parnassus Flow Cytometry CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Jungmin Han
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Preston Tasoff
- Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Connie W Y Ha
- Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julia A Segre
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heidi H Kong
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael G Kattah
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Yen S, Johnson J, Ilott NE. Streamlined processing and analysis of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data with OCMS_16S and OCMSlooksy. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17632.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
16S rRNA gene sequencing is a cost-effective method for profiling the bacterial component of a microbiome. Nevertheless, processing and analysis of the resulting sequencing data is often constrained by the availability of dedicated bioinformaticians - creating a bottleneck for biological interpretation. Multiple visualisation and analysis tools now exist for downstream analysis of 16S rRNA data. These tools are designed with biological scientists in mind and therefore consist of a graphical user interface that interacts with taxonomic counts tables to perform tasks such as alpha- and beta-diversity analysis and differential abundance. However, generating the input to these applications still relies on bioinformatics experience, creating a disconnect between data processing and data analysis. We aimed to bridge the gap between data processing and data analysis. To do this we have created two tools - OCMS_16S and OCMSlooksy - that perform data processing and data visualisation/analysis, respectively. OCMS_16S is a cgat-core based pipeline that wraps DADA2 functionality in order to facilitate processing of raw sequence reads into tables of amplicon sequence variant (ASV) counts using a simple command line interface. OCMSlooksy is an RShiny application that takes an OCMS_16S-generated SQLite database as input to facilitate data exploration and analysis. Combining these tools provides a simple, user-friendly workflow to facilitate 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data analysis from raw reads to results.
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Yamashita T, Tai S, Tsukahara T, Inoue R. Fusobacterium nucleatum impedes remission of colitis in a mouse model. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1235-1242. [PMID: 33674867 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of Fusobacterium nucleatum, often associated with intestinal diseases, in the remission of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis was investigated. Female mice were divided into groups DC (DSS control) and DF (DSS + F. nucleatum). F. nucleatum (1.0 × 1010 cfu/mouse/day) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was orally given to DF, while DC had PBS only. All mice had DSS in drinking water. In Experiment 1, mice underwent 2 inflammation phases, an in-between recovery phase and had their disease activity indices (DAI) calculated. Experiment 2 was similarly conducted, except that mice were dissected 3 days postrecovery, and had blood and colonic mucosal samples collected. In Experiment 1, DF had significantly (P < .05) higher DAI than DC, during the recovery and 2nd inflammation phases. In Experiment 2, genus Bacteroides was significantly (P < .05) higher and family Lachnospiraceae significantly lower in cecal mucosa-associated microbiota of DF than in that of DC. We concluded that F. nucleatum can impede colitis remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Yamashita
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoya Tai
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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Park H, Yeo S, Kang S, Huh CS. Longitudinal Microbiome Analysis in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Mouse Model. Microorganisms 2021; 9:370. [PMID: 33673349 PMCID: PMC7917662 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been in focus for decades. Although metagenomic observations in patients/animal colitis models have been attempted, the microbiome results were still indefinite and broad taxonomic presumptions were made due to the cross-sectional studies. Herein, we conducted a longitudinal microbiome analysis in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model with a two-factor design based on serial DSS dose (0, 1, 2, and 3%) and duration for 12 days, and four mice from each group were sacrificed at two-day intervals. During the colitis development, a transition of the cecal microbial diversity from the normal state to dysbiosis and dynamic changes of the populations were observed. We identified genera that significantly induced or depleted depending on DSS exposure, and confirmed the correlations of the individual taxa to the colitis severity indicated by inflammatory biomarkers (intestinal bleeding and neutrophil-derived indicators). Of note, each taxonomic population showed its own susceptibility to the changing colitis status. Our findings suggest that an understanding of the individual susceptibility to colitis conditions may contribute to identifying the role of the gut microbes in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoon Park
- Research Institute of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon 25354, Korea;
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Institute, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea
| | - Soyoung Yeo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Seokwon Kang
- Department of Life Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea;
| | - Chul Sung Huh
- Research Institute of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon 25354, Korea;
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon 25354, Korea
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Babbar A, Hitch TCA, Pabst O, Clavel T, Hübel J, Eswaran S, Wagner N, Schippers A. The Compromised Mucosal Immune System of β7 Integrin-Deficient Mice Has Only Minor Effects on the Fecal Microbiota in Homeostasis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2284. [PMID: 31636620 PMCID: PMC6787405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is an ideal habitat for diverse bacterial species that reside in a homeostatic balance with local tissue and significantly contribute to host health. Negative shifts in gut microbiota profiles, also known as dysbiosis, may be implicated in the development of chronic disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Adhesion molecule-dependent recruitment of immune cells to the gut is an important step in IBD pathogenesis. The adhesion molecule β7 integrin contributes to the development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), intestinal immune cell homing, and immune responses and is known to promote intestinal inflammation. Although many studies underlined the role of the gut microbiota in shaping the mucosal immune system, studies on the influence of the host immune system on the microbiota are rare, especially in homeostasis. We addressed this question via comparative 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis of fecal microbial communities from wild-type and β7 integrin-deficient mice, the latter being characterized by a compromised GALT. Besides subtle changes in relative abundances of Muribaculaceae spp. and unknown members of the families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, there was altogether no major difference in microbiota profiles in β7 integrin-deficient mice vs. wild-type littermates. This indicates that, in conditions of homeostasis, there is only a minor influence of the host immune system on the fecal microbiota in our mouse model, stressing the potential importance of pathological factors for dysbiosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Babbar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas C A Hitch
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Hübel
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sreepradha Eswaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angela Schippers
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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