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Butenko S, Nagalla RR, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Palomba F, David LM, Nguyen RQ, Gay D, Almet AA, Digman MA, Nie Q, Scumpia PO, Plikus MV, Liu WF. Hydrogel crosslinking modulates macrophages, fibroblasts, and their communication, during wound healing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6820. [PMID: 39122702 PMCID: PMC11315930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial wound dressings, such as hydrogels, interact with host cells to regulate tissue repair. This study investigates how crosslinking of gelatin-based hydrogels influences immune and stromal cell behavior and wound healing in female mice. We observe that softer, lightly crosslinked hydrogels promote greater cellular infiltration and result in smaller scars compared to stiffer, heavily crosslinked hydrogels. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we further show that heavily crosslinked hydrogels increase inflammation and lead to the formation of a distinct macrophage subpopulation exhibiting signs of oxidative activity and cell fusion. Conversely, lightly crosslinked hydrogels are more readily taken up by macrophages and integrated within the tissue. The physical properties differentially affect macrophage and fibroblast interactions, with heavily crosslinked hydrogels promoting pro-fibrotic fibroblast activity that drives macrophage fusion through RANKL signaling. These findings suggest that tuning the physical properties of hydrogels can guide cellular responses and improve healing, offering insights for designing better biomaterials for wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Butenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Raji R Nagalla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Francesco Palomba
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Li-Mor David
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Q Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Denise Gay
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Axel A Almet
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michelle A Digman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Fluorescence Dynamics, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wendy F Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- UCI Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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2
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Ahn TH, Lee JS, Kim SY, Lee SB, Kim W, Kruglik I, Yi KH. Application of dual-frequency ultrasound for reduction of perilesional edema and ecchymosis after rhinoseptoplasty. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:830-838. [PMID: 37877460 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biological aspect and clinical research demonstrated that dual-frequency ultrasound (local dynamic micro-massage, LDM) waves of very high frequency can significantly modify cellular signaling providing anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. During the recent past, these waves were successfully applied for the treatment of various inflammatory skin conditions, hypertrophic scars, and chronical wounds. Since the main complications after rhinoseptoplasty are caused by excessive inflammatory reactions and development of fibrosis along nasal implants which can lead to a revision rhinoseptoplasty, in this retrospective multicenter blinded study we have evaluated the efficacy of LDM ultrasound for the treatment of the postoperative perilesional ecchymosis and edema in patients after rhinoseptoplasty. METHODS Twenty-four patients received daily LDM treatment (study group) for 5 days starting from the first day postoperative, whereas 24 patients (control group) were treated with conventional ice packs. Dynamic reduction of the postoperative perilesional ecchymosis and edema was followed up, and the total duration of these side effects was determined within specific paranasal anatomical areas. RESULTS Post-rhinoseptoplasty ecchymosis and edema were observed in the areas of anterior cheek, lower eyelids, and upper eyelids. Duration of the postoperative perilesional edema was significantly reduced in the group treated with LDM (1.9 ± 0.9 days) compared with control group (4.5 ± 2.1 days). Duration of the ecchymosis was also significantly reduced in LDM group (2.8 ± 1.4 days) compared with controls (7.4 ± 2.8 days). Postoperative patient satisfaction in LDM-treated and control groups was 3.1 ± 1.3 and 1.5 ± 0.7, respectively, demonstrating significantly higher satisfaction in LDM-treated group. CONCLUSIONS This study proved that the post-rhinoseptoplasty group treated with LDM ultrasound showed a significantly shorter duration of the postsurgical perilesional ecchymosis and edema, with no substantial adverse effects other than those observed in the control group. It can be suggested that ultrasound treatment can serve as an alternative option for the noninvasive management of postoperative perilesional ecchymosis and edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hwan Ahn
- Fresh Facial Aesthetic Surgery and ENT Clinic, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Seong Lee
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ilja Kruglik
- Scientific and Development Department, Wellcomet GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kyu-Ho Yi
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- Maylin Clinic (Apgujeong), Seoul, Korea
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3
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Oezel L, Wohltmann M, Gondorf N, Wille J, Güven I, Windolf J, Thelen S, Jaekel C, Grotheer V. Dupuytren's Disease Is Mediated by Insufficient TGF-β1 Release and Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15097. [PMID: 37894778 PMCID: PMC10606262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a fibroproliferative disorder affecting the palmar fascia, causing functional restrictions of the hand and thereby limiting patients' daily lives. The disturbed and excessive myofibroblastogenesis, causing DD, is mainly induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. But, the extent to which impaired TGF-β1 release or TGF-β signal degradation is involved in pathologically altered myofibroblastogenesis in DD has been barely examined. Therefore, the complex in which TGF-β1 is secreted in the extracellular matrix to elicit its biological activity, and proteins such as plasmin, integrins, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are involved in the TGF-β1 activation, were herein analyzed in DD-fibroblasts (DD-FBs). Additionally, TGF-β signal degradation via caveolin-1 was examined with 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) in detail. Gene expression analysis was performed via Western blot, PCR, and immunofluorescence analyses. As a surrogate parameter for disturbed myofibroblastogenesis, 𝛼-smooth-muscle-actin (𝛼-SMA) expression was evaluated. It was demonstrated that latency-associated peptide (LAP)-TGF-β and latent TGF-β-binding protein (LTBP)-1 involved in TGF-β-complex building were significantly upregulated in DD. Plasmin a serinprotease responsible for the TGF-β release was significantly downregulated. The application of exogenous plasmin was able to inhibit disturbed myofibroblastogenesis, as measured via 𝛼-SMA expression. Furthermore, a reduced TGF-β1 degradation was also involved in the pathological phenotype of DD, because caveolin-1 expression was significantly downregulated, and if rescued, myofibroblastogenesis was also inhibited. Therefore, our study demonstrates that a deficient release and degradation of TGF-β1 are important players in the pathological phenotype of DD and should be addressed in future research studies to improve DD therapy or other related fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carina Jaekel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (L.O.); (M.W.); (N.G.); (J.W.); (I.G.); (J.W.); (S.T.); (V.G.)
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4
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Frech FS, Hernandez L, Urbonas R, Zaken GA, Dreyfuss I, Nouri K. Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: Advances in Treatment and Review of Established Therapies. Am J Clin Dermatol 2023; 24:225-245. [PMID: 36662366 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars and keloids can have significant detrimental effects on patients both psychosocially and functionally. A careful identification of patient risk factors and a comprehensive management plan are necessary to optimize outcomes. Patients with a history of dystrophic scarring should avoid unnecessary procedures and enhance the wound-healing process using various preventive strategies. As there is no single, fully efficacious treatment modality, prevention remains the best approach in reducing aberrant scar formation. When prevention therapies fail, keloids have been shown to be respond to a variety of therapies including topical and injectable corticosteroids, 5-fluorouracil, radiotherapy, lasers, and surgical excision, all with varying efficacies. As such, management should be tailored to the individual patient's risk factors with the use of combination therapies to reduce recurrence rates. Still, keloid and hypertrophic scar therapies are widely diverse with novel treatment modalities providing alternatives for recurring lesions. Laser-assisted drug delivery, skin priming, and novel topical therapies may provide alternative options for the management of hypertrophic scars and keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Stefano Frech
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1150 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Loren Hernandez
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1150 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Rebecca Urbonas
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Ghufran Abo Zaken
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1150 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Isabella Dreyfuss
- Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Keyvan Nouri
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1150 Northwest 14th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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5
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Takamura N, Yamaguchi Y. Involvement of caveolin-1 in skin diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035451. [PMID: 36532050 PMCID: PMC9748611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the outermost layer and largest organ in the human body. Since the skin interfaces with the environment, it has a variety of roles, including providing a protective barrier against external factors, regulating body temperature, and retaining water in the body. It is also involved in the immune system, interacting with immune cells residing in the dermis. Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is essential for caveolae formation and has multiple functions including endocytosis, lipid homeostasis, and signal transduction. CAV-1 is known to interact with a variety of signaling molecules and receptors and may influence cell proliferation and migration. Several skin-related disorders, especially those of the inflammatory or hyperproliferative type such as skin cancers, psoriasis, fibrosis, and wound healing, are reported to be associated with aberrant CAV-1 expression. In this review, we have explored CAV-1 involvement in skin physiology and skin diseases.
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Phenotypical Conversions of Dermal Adipocytes as Pathophysiological Steps in Inflammatory Cutaneous Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073828. [PMID: 35409189 PMCID: PMC8998946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes from the superficial layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue undergo cyclic de- and re-differentiation, which can significantly influence the development of skin inflammation under different cutaneous conditions. This inflammation can be connected with local loading of the reticular dermis with lipids released due to de-differentiation of adipocytes during the catagen phase of the hair follicle cycle. Alternatively, the inflammation parallels a widespread release of cathelicidin, which typically takes place in the anagen phase (especially in the presence of pathogens). Additionally, trans-differentiation of dermal adipocytes into myofibroblasts, which can occur under some pathological conditions, can be responsible for the development of collateral scarring in acne. Here, we provide an overview of such cellular conversions in the skin and discuss their possible involvement in the pathophysiology of inflammatory skin conditions, such as acne and psoriasis.
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7
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Lee JH, Han JH, Woo JH, Jou I. 25-Hydroxycholesterol suppress IFN-γ-induced inflammation in microglia by disrupting lipid raft formation and caveolin-mediated signaling endosomes. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:252-265. [PMID: 34808332 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute microglial activation plays an important role in neuroprotection. However, dysregulated, prolonged microgliosis exacerbates neurodegeneration through excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic factors. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), an inflammatory cytokine, exacerbates the detrimental microglial response. Although various anti-inflammatory drugs have been evaluated as interventions for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, no anti-inflammatories are in clinical use for microgliosis. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of oxysterols, blood brain barrier (BBB) penetrable bioactive lipids, revealing that this intervention suppresses neuroinflammation by disrupting membrane lipid raft formation and caveolae-mediated endosomal IFN-γ signaling. We find that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) rapidly repressed IFN-γ receptor trafficking to lipid rafts in microglia by disrupting raft formation, thereby suppressing microglial inflammatory response. IFN-γ treatment upregulated expression of Cav-1, a major component of caveolae, and IFN-γ signaling was sustained through Cav-1+ signaling endosomes. 25-HC repressed IFN-γ induction of Cav-1 expression in microglia, and subsequently suppressed the chronic inflammatory response. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that 25-HC effectively regulate the inflammatory status of microglia by mediating the formation of rafts and caveolae-dependent signaling endosomes. Given the important roles of IFN-γ and microglia in the pathology of neurodegenerative brain diseases, a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of 25-HC that is not receptor-dependent, but rather is related to the regulation of membrane rafts and caveolae, suggests a new therapeutic target for inflammatory neurodegenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Hye Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Joo Hong Woo
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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8
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Kruglikov IL, Zhang Z, Scherer PE. Skin aging: Dermal adipocytes metabolically reprogram dermal fibroblasts. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100207. [PMID: 34766637 PMCID: PMC8688300 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging data connects the aging process in dermal fibroblasts with metabolic reprogramming, provided by enhanced fatty acid oxidation and reduced glycolysis. This switch may be caused by a significant expansion of the dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) layer in aged, hair-covered skin. Dermal adipocytes cycle through de-differentiation and re-differentiation. As a result, there is a strongly enhanced release of free fatty acids into the extracellular space during the de-differentiation of dermal adipocytes in the catagen phase of the hair follicle cycle. Both caveolin-1 and adiponectin are critical factors influencing these processes. Controlling the expression levels of these two factors also offers the ability to manipulate the metabolic preferences of the different cell types within the microenvironment of the skin, including dermal fibroblasts. Differential expression of adiponectin and caveolin-1 in the various cell types may also be responsible for the cellular metabolic heterogeneity within the cells of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA,Corresponding author: Scherer, P.E.,
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9
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Vaz de Paula CB, Nagashima S, Liberalesso V, Collete M, da Silva FPG, Oricil AGG, Barbosa GS, da Silva GVC, Wiedmer DB, da Silva Dezidério F, Noronha L. COVID-19: Immunohistochemical Analysis of TGF-β Signaling Pathways in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010168. [PMID: 35008594 PMCID: PMC8745764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) followed by repair with lung remodeling is observed in COVID-19. These findings can lead to pulmonary terminal fibrosis, a form of irreversible sequelae. There is evidence that TGF-β is intimately involved in the fibrogenic process. When activated, TGF-β promotes the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and regulates the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this sense, the present study evaluated the histopathological features and immunohistochemical biomarkers (ACE-2, AKT-1, Caveolin-1, CD44v6, IL-4, MMP-9, α-SMA, Sphingosine-1, and TGF-β1 tissue expression) involved in the TGF-β1 signaling pathways and pulmonary fibrosis. The study consisted of 24 paraffin lung samples from patients who died of COVID-19 (COVID-19 group), compared to 10 lung samples from patients who died of H1N1pdm09 (H1N1 group) and 11 lung samples from patients who died of different causes, with no lung injury (CONTROL group). In addition to the presence of alveolar septal fibrosis, diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) was found to be significantly increased in the COVID-19 group, associated with a higher density of Collagen I (mature) and III (immature). There was also a significant increase observed in the immunoexpression of tissue biomarkers ACE-2, AKT-1, CD44v6, IL-4, MMP-9, α-SMA, Sphingosine-1, and TGF-β1 in the COVID-19 group. A significantly lower expression of Caveolin-1 was also found in this group. The results suggest the participation of TGF-β pathways in the development process of pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, it would be plausible to consider therapy with TGF-β inhibitors in those patients recovered from COVID-19 to mitigate a possible development of pulmonary fibrosis and its consequences for post-COVID-19 life quality.
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10
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Malikova E, Kmecova Z, Doka G, Pivackova LB, Balis P, Trubacova S, Velasova E, Krenek P, Klimas J. Pioglitazone restores phosphorylation of downregulated caveolin-1 in right ventricle of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 44:101-112. [PMID: 34747283 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2021.1996589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caveolin-1 (cav-1) plays a role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH is characterized by a loss of cav-1 in pulmonary arteries; however, less is known regarding its role in the hypertrophied right ventricle (RV). We aimed to characterize the role of cav-1 and Hsp90 in the RV of MCT-induced PAH and their impact on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Additionally, we focused on restoration of cav-1 expression with pioglitazone administration. METHODS Male 12-week-old Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with monocrotaline (60 mg/kg). Selected proteins (cav-1, eNOS, pSer1177eNOS, Hsp90) and mRNAs (cav-1α, cav-1β, eNOS) were determined in the RV and left ventricle (LV) 4 weeks later. In a separate MCT-induced PAH study, pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/d, orally) administration started on day 14 after MCT. RESULTS MCT induced RV hypertrophy and lung enlargement. Cav-1 and pTyr14cav-1 were decreased in RV. Caveolin-1α (cav-1α) and caveolin-1β (cav-1β) mRNAs were decreased in both ventricles. Hsp90 protein was increased in RV. eNOS and pSer1177eNOS proteins were unchanged in the ventricles. eNOS mRNA was reduced in RV. Pioglitazone treatment increased oxygen saturation and pTyr14cav-1 vs. MCT group. CONCLUSIONS Restoration of pTyr14cav-1 did not lead to amelioration of the disease, nor did it prevent RV hypertrophy and fibrosis, which was indicated by an increase in Acta2, Nppb, Col3a1, and Tgfβ1 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Malikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kmecova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Doka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Bies Pivackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Balis
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Simona Trubacova
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Velasova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Krenek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
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Kamposioras K, Vassilakopoulou M, Anthoney A, Bariuoso J, Mauri D, Mansoor W, Papadopoulos V, Dimas K. Prognostic significance and therapeutic implications of Caveolin-1 in gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108028. [PMID: 34755606 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is expressed in several solid tumors both in cancerous cells as well as in tumor stroma and is reported to be related to cancer progression, metastasis, therapy resistance and clinical outcomes. Many studies report contrasting functions of this protein depending on the tumor cell model, the tumor type, or the stage of cancer studied. This protein is reported to function both as tumor suppressor and as tumor promoter. In this review, we aim to summarize translational and clinical studies that provide evidence of the role of CAV1 in tumor progression and survival outcome focusing on tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Towards this aim, a detailed search has been performed for studies on the expression and the role of CAV1 in oesophageal, gastric, colorectal, pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma prognosis. We also review and discuss the implication of CAV1 in the outcome of pharmacological interventions. We conclude that CAV1 has the potential to become an important prognostic, and possibly predictive, biomarker in GI malignancies. It may also become a novel target towards the development of improved cancer therapies. However, it is obvious that there remains a lack of consensus on important issues such as the methodologies and cut-off levels in caveolin assessment. This ultimately result in many studies being contradictory not only in terms of the role of CAV1 as a tumor-promoting or suppressing gene but also in terms of the tumor compartment in which the levels of this protein may be of clinical significance. Addressing these important technical issues, in conjunction with a further elucidation of the role of CAV1 in tumor formation and progression, will delineate the importance of CAV1 in prognostic and therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Vassilakopoulou
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alan Anthoney
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James' Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jorge Bariuoso
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Cancer Research Centre, UK
| | - Davide Mauri
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Was Mansoor
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Greece
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Caveolin-1 Expression in the Dorsal Striatum Drives Methamphetamine Addiction-Like Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158219. [PMID: 34360984 PMCID: PMC8348638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) function is regulated by membrane/lipid raft-resident protein caveolin-1 (Cav1). We examined whether altered expression of Cav1 in the dorsal striatum would affect self-administration of methamphetamine, an indirect agonist at the D1Rs. A lentiviral construct expressing Cav1 (LV-Cav1) or containing a short hairpin RNA against Cav1 (LV-shCav1) was used to overexpress or knock down Cav1 expression respectively, in the dorsal striatum. Under a fixed-ratio schedule, LV-Cav1 enhanced and LV-shCav1 reduced responding for methamphetamine in an extended access paradigm compared to LV-GFP controls. LV-Cav1 and LV-shCav1 also produced an upward and downward shift in a dose–response paradigm, generating a drug vulnerable/resistant phenotype. LV-Cav1 and LV-shCav1 did not alter responding for sucrose. Under a progressive-ratio schedule, LV-shCav1 generally reduced positive-reinforcing effects of methamphetamine and sucrose as seen by reduced breakpoints. Western blotting confirmed enhanced Cav1 expression in LV-Cav1 rats and reduced Cav1 expression in LV-shCav1 rats. Electrophysiological findings in LV-GFP rats demonstrated an absence of high-frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dorsal striatum after extended access methamphetamine self-administration, indicating methamphetamine-induced occlusion of plasticity. LV-Cav1 prevented methamphetamine-induced plasticity via increasing phosphorylation of calcium calmodulin kinase II, suggesting a mechanism for addiction vulnerability. LV-shCav1 produced a marked deficit in the ability of HFS to produce LTP and, therefore, extended access methamphetamine was unable to alter striatal plasticity, indicating a mechanism for resistance to addiction-like behavior. Our results demonstrate that Cav1 expression and knockdown driven striatal plasticity assist with modulating addiction to drug and nondrug rewards, and inspire new strategies to reduce psychostimulant addiction.
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An JM, Moon H, Verwilst P, Shin J, Kim BM, Park CK, Kim JS, Yeo SG, Kim HY, Kim D. Human Glioblastoma Visualization: Triple Receptor-Targeting Fluorescent Complex of Dye, SIWV Tetra-Peptide, and Serum Albumin Protein. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2270-2280. [PMID: 34100604 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence guided surgery (FGS) has been highlighted in the clinical site for guiding surgical procedures and providing the surgeon with a real-time visualization of the operating field. FGS is a powerful technique for precise surgery, particularly tumor resection; however, clinically approved fluorescent dyes have often shown several limitations during FGS, such as non-tumor-targeting, low in vivo stability, insufficient emission intensity, and low blood-brain barrier penetration. In this study, we disclose a fluorescent dye complex, peptide, and protein for the targeted visualization of human glioblastoma (GBM) cells and tissues. Our noble triple receptor-targeting fluorescent complex (named BSA-OXN-SIWV) consists of (i) dipolar oxazepine dye (OXN), which has high stability, low cytotoxicity, bright fluorescence, and two-photon excitable, (ii) tetra-peptide (SIWV) for the targeting of the caveolin-1 receptor, and (iii) bovine serum-albumin (BSA) protein for the targeting of albondin (gp60) and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine receptor. The photophysical properties and binding mode of BSA-OXN-SIWV were analyzed, and the imaging of GBM cell lines and human clinical GBM tissues were successfully demonstrated in this study. Our findings hold great promise for the application of BSA-OXN-SIWV to GBM identification and the surgery at clinical sites, as a new FGS agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min An
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejo Moon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Verwilst
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jinwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - B. Moon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Young Kim
- R&D Division of Drug Discovery Department, SPARK Biopharma, Seoul 08791, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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A Cell Membrane-Level Approach to Cicatricial Alopecia Management: Is Caveolin-1 a Viable Therapeutic Target in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050572. [PMID: 34069454 PMCID: PMC8159142 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible destruction of the hair follicle (HF) in primary cicatricial alopecia and its most common variant, frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), results from apoptosis and pathological epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of epithelial HF stem cells (eHFSCs), in conjunction with the collapse of bulge immune privilege (IP) and interferon-gamma-mediated chronic inflammation. The scaffolding protein caveolin-1 (Cav1) is a key component of specialized cell membrane microdomains (caveolae) that regulates multiple signaling events, and even though Cav1 is most prominently expressed in the bulge area of human scalp HFs, it has not been investigated in any cicatricial alopecia context. Interestingly, in mice, Cav1 is involved in the regulation of (1) key HF IP guardians (TGF-β and α-MSH signaling), (2) IP collapse inducers/markers (IFNγ, substance P and MICA), and (3) EMT. Therefore, we hypothesize that Cav1 may be an unrecognized, important player in the pathobiology of cicatricial alopecias, and particularly, in FFA, which is currently considered as the most common type of primary lymphocytic scarring alopecia in the world. We envision that localized therapeutic inhibition of Cav1 in management of FFA (by cholesterol depleting agents, i.e., cyclodextrins/statins), could inhibit and potentially reverse bulge IP collapse and pathological EMT. Moreover, manipulation of HF Cav1 expression/localization would not only be relevant for management of cicatricial alopecia, but FFA could also serve as a model disease for elucidating the role of Cav1 in other stem cell- and/or IP collapse-related pathologies.
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Kruglikov I. Acoustic Waves in Axonal Membrane and Caveolins are the New Targets for Pain Treatment with High Frequency Ultrasound. J Pain Res 2020; 13:2791-2798. [PMID: 33173328 PMCID: PMC7646452 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s281468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal interaction between electrical and mechanical waves observed in axonal membrane during its excitation leads to a paradigm shift in pain research making the uncoupling of electro-mechanical signals an interesting target in pain treatment. This uncoupling can be realized either through direct disturbance of the mechanical surface waves in axonal membrane or through shifting of the thermodynamic state of this membrane far from its phase transition point. Both effects can be effectively realized through application of the very high frequency ultrasound waves. Additional target for application of ultrasound in pain treatment is the caveolin-1, which is abundantly present in Schwann cells as well as in the non-axonal tissues. Both targets demonstrate frequency-dependent reactions, thus making a very high frequency ultrasound a promising treatment modality in pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Kruglikov
- Scientific Department, Wellcomet GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Resnik SR, Egger A, Abdo Abujamra B, Jozic I. Clinical Implications of Cellular Senescence on Wound Healing. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-020-00320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kruglikov IL, Joffin N, Scherer PE. The MMP14-caveolin axis and its potential relevance for lipoedema. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:669-674. [PMID: 32792644 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipoedema is associated with widespread adipose tissue expansion, particularly in the proximal extremities. The mechanisms that drive the development of lipoedema are unclear. In this Perspective article, we propose a new model for the pathophysiology of lipoedema. We suggest that lipoedema is an oestrogen-dependent disorder of adipose tissue, which is triggered by a dysfunction of caveolin 1 (CAV1) and subsequent uncoupling of feedback mechanisms between CAV1, the matrix metalloproteinase MMP14 and oestrogen receptors. In addition, reduced CAV1 activity also leads to the activation of ERα and impaired regulation of the lymphatic system through the transcription factor prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1). The resulting upregulation of these factors could effectively explain the main known features of lipoedema, such as adipose hypertrophy, dysfunction of blood and lymphatic vessels, the overall oestrogen dependence and the associated sexual dimorphism, and the mechanical compliance of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nolwenn Joffin
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Egger AN, Rajabi‐Estarabadi A, Williams NM, Resnik SR, Fox JD, Wong LL, Jozic I. The importance of caveolins and caveolae to dermatology: Lessons from the caves and beyond. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:136-148. [PMID: 31845391 PMCID: PMC7028117 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are flask-shaped invaginations of the cell membrane rich in cholesterol and sphingomyelin, with caveolin proteins acting as their primary structural components that allow compartmentalization and orchestration of various signalling molecules. In this review, we discuss how pleiotropic functions of caveolin-1 (Cav1) and its intricate roles in numerous cellular functions including lipid trafficking, signalling, cell migration and proliferation, as well as cellular senescence, infection and inflammation, are integral for normal development and functioning of skin and its appendages. We then examine how disruption of the homeostatic levels of Cav1 can lead to development of various cutaneous pathophysiologies including skin cancers, cutaneous fibroses, psoriasis, alopecia, age-related changes in skin and aberrant wound healing and propose how levels of Cav1 may have theragnostic value in skin physiology/pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela N. Egger
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Ali Rajabi‐Estarabadi
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Natalie M. Williams
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Sydney R. Resnik
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Joshua D. Fox
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Lulu L. Wong
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Ivan Jozic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research ProgramDr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Caveolin-1 as a possible target in the treatment for acne. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:177-183. [PMID: 31769542 PMCID: PMC6995412 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an important pathophysiological factor in acne. Cav-1 strongly interacts with such well-recognized etiopathogenic factors such as hyperseborrhea, follicular hyperkeratinization and pathogenicity of Cutibacterium acnes. Cav-1 is a strong negative regulator of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) expression. It acts as a critical determinant of autophagy, which is significantly induced in acne lesions through C. acnes and by absorption of fatty acids. Cav-1 also demonstrates different correlations with the development of innate immunity. We propose that normalization of Cav-1 expression can serve as a target in anti-acne therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. Caveolin as a Universal Target in Dermatology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E80. [PMID: 31877626 PMCID: PMC6981867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 is strongly expressed in different dermal and subdermal cells and physically interacts with signaling molecules and receptors, among them with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), matrix metalloproteinases, heat shock proteins, toll-like and glucocorticoid receptors. It should therefore be heavily involved in the regulation of cellular signaling in various hyperproliferative and inflammatory skin conditions. We provide an overview of the role of the caveolin-1 expression in different hyperproliferative and inflammatory skin diseases and discuss its possible active involvement in the therapeutic effects of different well-known drugs widely applied in dermatology. We also discuss the possible role of caveolin expression in development of the drug resistance in dermatology. Caveolin-1 is not only an important pathophysiological factor in different hyperproliferative and inflammatory dermatological conditions, but can also serve as a target for their treatment. Targeted regulation of caveolin is likely to serve as a new treatment strategy in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA
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Kruglikov IL, Zhang Z, Scherer PE. Caveolin-1 in skin aging - From innocent bystander to major contributor. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100959. [PMID: 31493519 PMCID: PMC6783389 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) appears to be both a pathophysiological contributor and a target in different inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin conditions as well as in skin aging. Skin fibroblasts demonstrate an up-regulation of Cav-1 expression both in chronological and UV-induced aging, and such an up-regulation was observed both in vitro and in vivo. Typical alterations in aging skin involve a reduction of the dermis thickness, a significant expansion of the dermal white adipose tissue as well as modifications of the content and distribution of hyaluronan, impairment of autophagic flux, a reduction of collagen expression and an increase in tissue inflammation. All of these phenomena can be connected with changes in Cav-1 expression in the aging skin. Modified expression of Cav-1 can also significantly influence the mechanical properties of individual skin layers, thus changing the total mechanical stability of the layered composite skin/WAT, leading to typical structural modifications of the skin surface in the aging skin. Selective reduction of Cav-1 expression has the potential to exert anti-aging effects on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8549, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8549, USA.
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