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Li H, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Lu B, Ma L, Wang R, Wang X, Jiao Z, Wang Y, Zhou K, Wei Q. Constructing a Hydrophilic Microsensor for High-Antifouling Neurotransmitter Dopamine Sensing. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1785-1798. [PMID: 38384144 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Real-time sensing of dopamine is essential for understanding its physiological function and clarifying the pathophysiological mechanism of diseases caused by impaired dopamine systems. However, severe fouling from nonspecific protein adsorption, for a long time, limited conventional neural recording electrodes concerning recording stability. This study reported a high-antifouling nanocrystalline boron-doped diamond microsensor grown on a carbon fiber substrate. The antifouling properties of this diamond sensor were strongly related to the grain size (i.e., nanocrystalline and microcrystalline) and surface terminations (i.e., oxygen and hydrogen terminals). Experimental observations and molecular dynamics calculations demonstrated that the oxygen-terminated nanocrystalline boron-doped diamond microsensor exhibited enhanced antifouling characteristics against protein adsorption, which was attributed to the formation of a strong hydration layer as a physical and energetic barrier that prevents protein adsorption on the surface. This finally allowed for in vivo monitoring of dopamine in rat brains upon potassium chloride stimulation, thus presenting a potential solution for the design of next-generation antifouling neural recording sensors. Experimental observations and molecular dynamics calculations demonstrated that the oxygen-terminated nanocrystalline boron-doped diamond (O-NCBDD) microsensor exhibited ultrahydrophilic properties with a contact angle of 4.9°, which was prone to forming a strong hydration layer as a physical and energetic barrier to withstand the adsorption of proteins. The proposed O-NCBDD microsensor exhibited a high detection sensitivity of 5.14 μA μM-1 cm-2 and a low detection limit of 25.7 nM. This finally allowed for in vivo monitoring of dopamine with an average concentration of 1.3 μM in rat brains upon 2 μL of potassium chloride stimulation, thus presenting a potential solution for the design of next-generation antifouling neural recording sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yening Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410000, P. R. China
| | - Zejun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ben Lu
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sepsis Translational Medicine of Hunan, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410000, P. R. China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Run Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zengkai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kechao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qiuping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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Ishii K, Ogata G, Yamamoto T, Sun S, Shiigi H, Einaga Y. Designing Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes for Highly Selective Electrochemical Drug Sensors. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1611-1619. [PMID: 38471116 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Drug detection in biological solutions is essential in studying the pharmacokinetics of the body. Electrochemical detection is an accurate and rapid method, but measuring multiple drugs that react at similar potentials is challenging. Herein, we developed an electrochemical sensor using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode modified with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) to provide specificity in drug sensing. The MIP is a polymer material designed to recognize and capture template molecules, enabling the selective detection of target molecules. In this study, we selected the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) as the template molecule. In the electrochemical measurements using an unmodified BDD, the DOX reduction was observed at approximately -0.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Other drugs, i.e., mitomycin C or clonazepam (CZP), also underwent a reduction reaction at a similar potential to that of DOX, when using the unmodified BDD, which rendered the accurate quantification of DOX in a mixture challenging. Similar measurements conducted in PBS using the MIP-BDD only resulted in a DOX reduction current, with no reduction reaction observed in the presence of mitomycin C and CZP. These results suggest that the MIP, whose template molecule is DOX, inhibits the reduction of other drugs on the electrode surface. Selective DOX measurement using the MIP-BDD was also possible in human plasma, and the respective limits of detection of DOX in PBS and human plasma were 32.10 and 16.61 nM. The MIP-BDD was durable for use in six repeated measurements, and MIP-BDD may be applicable as an electrochemical sensor for application in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shuyi Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiigi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Wang Y, Cao J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Liu Z, Chen H. 2D MOF-enhanced SPR detector based on tunable supramolecular probes for direct and sensitive detection of DOX in serum. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:154. [PMID: 38396164 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring of doxorubicin (DOX) is important to study pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing chemotherapy for reduction of side effects and improve patient survival by rationally controlling the dose of DOX. A fast and ultra-sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detector without sample pre-handling was developed for DOX monitoring. First, the two-dimensional metal-organic framework was modified on the Au film to enhance SPR, and then, the supramolecular probes with tunable cavity structure were self-assembled at the sensing interface for direct detection of DOX through specific host-guest interactions with a low detection limit of 60.24 pM. The precise monitoring of DOX in serum proved the possibility of clinical application with recoveries in the range 102.86-109.47%. The mechanisms of host-guest interactions between supramolecular and small-molecule drugs were explored in depth through first-principles calculations combined with SPR experiments. The study paves the way for designing facile and sensitive detectors and provides theoretical support and a new methodology for the specific detection of small molecules through calixarene cavity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yindian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200436, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Lalia Zhang
- Uptown International School, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200436, China.
| | - Hongxia Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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Ogata G, Yoneda M, Ogawa R, Hanawa A, Asai K, Yamagishi R, Honjo M, Aihara M, Einaga Y. Real-Time Measurement of Antiglaucoma Drugs in Porcine Eyes Using Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes. ACS Sens 2024; 9:781-788. [PMID: 38244038 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The primary treatment for glaucoma, the most common cause of intermediate vision impairment, involves administering ocular hypotensive drugs in the form of topical eye drops. Observing real-time changes in the drugs that pass through the cornea and reach the anterior chamber of the eye is crucial for improving and developing safe, reliable, and effective medical treatments. Traditional methods for measuring temporal changes in drug concentrations in the aqueous humor employ separation analyzers such as LC-MS/MS. However, this technique requires multiple measurements on the eyes of various test subjects to track changes over time with a high temporal resolution. To address this issue, we have developed a measurement method that employs boron-doped diamond (BDD) microelectrodes to monitor real-time drug concentrations in the anterior chamber of the eye. First, we confirmed the electrochemical reactivity of 13 antiglaucoma drugs in a phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7.4. Next, we optimized the method for continuous measurement of timolol maleate (TIM), a sympathetic beta-receptor antagonist, and generated calibration curves for each BDD microelectrode using aqueous humor collected from enucleated porcine eyes. We successfully demonstrated the continuous ex vivo monitoring of TIM concentrations in the anterior chambers of these enucleated porcine eyes. The results indicate that changes in intracameral TIM concentrations can be monitored through electrochemical measurements using BDD microelectrodes. This technique holds promise for future advancements in optimizing glaucoma treatment and drug administration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Mao Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Risa Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ai Hanawa
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kai Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamagishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Zhang Z, Ogata G, Asai K, Yamamoto T, Einaga Y. Electrochemical Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4245-4252. [PMID: 37880948 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Efficient detection of sodium nitrite in human urine could be used to diagnose urinary tract infections rapidly. Here, we demonstrate a fast and novel method for the selective detection of sodium nitrite in different human urine samples using electrolysis with a bare boron-doped diamond electrode. The measurement is performed without adding any other species, such as enzymes, and uses a simple electrochemical approach with an oxidation step followed by reduction. In the present study, we pay attention to the reduction potential range for the measurement, which is substantially different from many previous literature reports that focus on the oxidation reaction. The determination of added sodium nitrite based on cyclic voltammetry or differential pulse voltammetry is employed for two pooled urine samples and three individual urine matrices. From this, the linear response ranges for sodium nitrite detection are 0.5-10 mg/L (7.2-140 μmol/L) and 10-400 mg/L (140-5800 μmol/L). The results from these urine samples convert well to the calibration curve, with a limit of detection established as 0.82 mg/L (R2 = 0.9914), which is clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kai Asai
- Department of Sensor Development, First Screening Co., Ltd., 1-30-14 Yoyogi, Shibuya 151-0053, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Saiki T, Ogata G, Sawamura S, Asai K, Razvina O, Watanabe K, Kato R, Zhang Q, Akiyama K, Madhurantakam S, Ahmad NB, Ino D, Nashimoto H, Matsumoto Y, Moriyama M, Horii A, Kondo C, Ochiai R, Kusuhara H, Saijo Y, Einaga Y, Hibino H. A strategy for low-cost portable monitoring of plasma drug concentrations using a sustainable boron-doped-diamond chip. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15963. [PMID: 37234605 PMCID: PMC10205593 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
On-site monitoring of plasma drug concentrations is required for effective therapies. Recently developed handy biosensors are not yet popular owing to insufficient evaluation of accuracy on clinical samples and the necessity of complicated costly fabrication processes. Here, we approached these bottlenecks via a strategy involving engineeringly unmodified boron-doped diamond (BDD), a sustainable electrochemical material. A sensing system based on a ∼1 cm2 BDD chip, when analysing rat plasma spiked with a molecular-targeting anticancer drug, pazopanib, detected clinically relevant concentrations. The response was stable in 60 sequential measurements on the same chip. In a clinical study, data obtained with a BDD chip were consistent with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry results. Finally, the portable system with a palm-sized sensor containing the chip analysed ∼40 μL of whole blood from dosed rats within ∼10 min. This approach with the 'reusable' sensor may improve point-of-monitoring systems and personalised medicine while reducing medical costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Saiki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Seishiro Sawamura
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kai Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Olga Razvina
- G-MedEx Project, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Rito Kato
- Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Qi Zhang
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Koei Akiyama
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Sasya Madhurantakam
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norzahirah Binti Ahmad
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruma Nashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masato Moriyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Arata Horii
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Chie Kondo
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., 1, Nishinokyo-shimoai-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 604-8436, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ochiai
- Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, Inc., 1, Nishinokyo-shimoai-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 604-8436, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuo Saijo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuo-ku, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Yan H, Wang Q, Wang J, Shang W, Xiong Z, Zhao L, Sun X, Tian J, Kang F, Yun SH. Planted Graphene Quantum Dots for Targeted, Enhanced Tumor Imaging and Long-Term Visualization of Local Pharmacokinetics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210809. [PMID: 36740642 PMCID: PMC10374285 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While photoluminescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have long been considered very suitable for bioimaging owing to their protein-like size, superhigh photostability and in vivo long-term biosafety, their unique and crucial bioimaging applications in vivo remain unreachable. Herein, planted GQDs are presented as an excellent tool for in vivo fluorescent, sustainable and multimodality tumor bioimaging in various scenarios. The GQDs are in situ planted in the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) layer of PEGylated nanoparticles via a bottom-up molecular approach to obtain the NPs-GQDs-PEG nanocomposite. The planted GQDs show more than four times prolonged blood circulation and 7-8 times increased tumor accumulation than typical GQDs in vivo. After accessible specificity modification, the multifunctional NPs-GQDs-PEG provides targeted, multimodal molecular imaging for various tumor models in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, the highly photostable GQDs enable long-term, real-time visualization of the local pharmacokinetics of NPs in vivo. Planting GQDs in PEGylated nanomedicine offers a new strategy for broad in vivo biomedical applications of GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02139, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenting Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaodan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02139, USA
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Wang Q, Wang J, Yan H, Li Z, Wang K, Kang F, Tian J, Zhao X, Yun SH. An ultra-small bispecific protein augments tumor penetration and treatment for pancreatic cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1765-1779. [PMID: 36692541 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The once highly anticipated antibody-based pathway-targeted therapies have not achieved promising outcomes for deadly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), mainly due to drugs' low intrinsic anticancer activity and poor penetration across the dense physiological barrier. This study aims to develop an ultra-small-sized, EGFR/VEGF bispecific therapeutic protein to largely penetrate deep tumor tissue and effectively inhibit PDAC tumor growth in vivo. METHODS The bispecific protein, Bi-fp50, was constructed by a typical synthetic biology method and labeled with fluorescent dyes for in vitro and in vivo imaging. Physicochemical properties, protein dual-binding affinity, and specificity of the Bi-fp50 were evaluated in several PDAC cell lines. In vitro quantitatively and qualitatively anticancer activity of Bi-fp50 was assessed by live/dead staining, MTT assay, and flow cytometry. In vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution were evaluated using blood biopsy samples and near-infrared fluorescence imaging. In vivo real-time tracking of Bi-fp50 in the local tumor was conducted by fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy. The subcutaneous PDAC tumor model was used to assess the in vivo antitumor effect of Bi-fp50. RESULTS Bi-fp50 with an ultra-small size of 50 kDa (5 ~ 6 nm) showed an excellent binding ability to VEGF and EGFR simultaneously and had enhanced, accumulated binding capability for Bxpc3 PDAC cells compared with anti-VEGF scFv and anti-EGFR scFv alone. Additionally, bi-fp50 significantly inhibited the proliferation and growth of Bxpc3 and Aspc1 PDAC cells even under a relatively low concentration (0.3 µM). It showed synergistically enhanced therapeutic effects relative to two individual scFv and Bi-fp50x control in vitro. The half-life of blood clearance of Bi-fp50 was 4.33 ± 0.23 h. After intravenous injection, Bi-fp50 gradually penetrated the deep tumor, widely distributed throughout the whole tissue, and primarily enriched in the tumor with nearly twice the accumulation than scFv2 in the orthotopic PDAC tumor model. Furthermore, the Bi-fp50 protein could induce broad apoptosis in the whole tumor and significantly inhibited tumor growth 3 weeks after injection in vivo without other noticeable side effects. CONCLUSION The proof-of-concept study demonstrated that the ultra-small-sized, bispecific protein Bi-fp50 could be a potential tumor suppressor and an efficient, safe theranostic tool for treating PDAC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Acadamy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yan
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng Li
- Yi-Chuang Institute of Biotechnology Industry, Beijing, 101111, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinming Zhao
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Acadamy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Xu M, Zhao Y, Xu G, Zhang Y, Sun S, Sun Y, Wang J, Pei R. Recent Development of Neural Microelectrodes with Dual-Mode Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:59. [PMID: 36671894 PMCID: PMC9856135 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurons communicate through complex chemical and electrophysiological signal patterns to develop a tight information network. A physiological or pathological event cannot be explained by signal communication mode. Therefore, dual-mode electrodes can simultaneously monitor the chemical and electrophysiological signals in the brain. They have been invented as an essential tool for brain science research and brain-computer interface (BCI) to obtain more important information and capture the characteristics of the neural network. Electrochemical sensors are the most popular methods for monitoring neurochemical levels in vivo. They are combined with neural microelectrodes to record neural electrical activity. They simultaneously detect the neurochemical and electrical activity of neurons in vivo using high spatial and temporal resolutions. This paper systematically reviews the latest development of neural microelectrodes depending on electrode materials for simultaneous in vivo electrochemical sensing and electrophysiological signal recording. This includes carbon-based microelectrodes, silicon-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs), and ceramic-based MEAs, focusing on the latest progress since 2018. In addition, the structure and interface design of various types of neural microelectrodes have been comprehensively described and compared. This could be the key to simultaneously detecting electrochemical and electrophysiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuewu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuehu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shengkai Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jine Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Renjun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
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10
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Modified Screen-Printed Microchip for Potentiometric Detection of Terbinafine Drugs. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9114162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of miniaturized microchips has widespread and growing interest in manufacturing potentiometric sensors with extremely valuable modifying response characteristics. In this context, here, we demonstrate microfabrication, electrochemical evaluation, and analytical applications of disposable thin-film potentiometric microsensors responsive to terbinafine antifungal medication. Miniaturized microchips have been realized by integration of the sensitive layer membrane modified by carbon nanotubes onto the surface of the plastic screen-printed microchip support using a new approach, which has been recently developed. The sensitive membrane comprises terbinafine HCl: ammonium heptamolybdate complex ion pair as ionophore, o-nitrophenyl octyl ether as a solvent mediator, potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate as an anion excluder, and polyvinyl chloride as support. The microsensor based on this plasticised sensitive membrane provides the Nernstian response and covers a wide concentration range of terbinafine of 10−8–10−2 mole·L−1. The merits offered by the elaborated terbinafine microchip over the bulk-based electrode include reasonable sensitivity (58.5 mV/concentration decade), fast response time (∼30 s.), long-term stability (4 months), integration, and automation feasibility. Furthermore, microfabricated terbinafine chips were successfully applied to the measurements of the investigated medication in some real samples with high accuracy (96.9%) and precision (<3%).
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11
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Irkham, Nasa K, Kurnia I, Hartati YW, Einaga Y. Low-interference norepinephrine signal on dopamine detection using nafion-coated boron doped diamond electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Vaneev AN, Timoshenko RV, Gorelkin PV, Klyachko NL, Korchev YE, Erofeev AS. Nano- and Microsensors for In Vivo Real-Time Electrochemical Analysis: Present and Future Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12213736. [PMID: 36364512 PMCID: PMC9656311 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical nano- and microsensors have been a useful tool for measuring different analytes because of their small size, sensitivity, and favorable electrochemical properties. Using such sensors, it is possible to study physiological mechanisms at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels and determine the state of health and diseases. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the application of electrochemical sensors for measuring neurotransmitters, oxygen, ascorbate, drugs, pH values, and other analytes in vivo. The evolution of electrochemical sensors is discussed, with a particular focus on the development of significant fabrication schemes. Finally, we highlight the extensive applications of electrochemical sensors in medicine and biological science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Vaneev
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman V. Timoshenko
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr V. Gorelkin
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L. Klyachko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri E. Korchev
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander S. Erofeev
- Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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13
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MIZUHATA M, UEDA M. History of ECSJ Journal Series and Introduction of Award Winners in 2022. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.22-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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A nanoporous diamond particle microelectrode and its surface modification. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Ishii K, Ogata G, Einaga Y. Electrochemical detection of triamterene in human urine using boron-doped diamond electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 217:114666. [PMID: 36113298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Urine is one of the most used biological fluids for screening drug delivery and the resultant metabolites. In sports, the use of diuretics such as triamterene is considered a violation of anti-doping rules and is stipulated to be present at less than 79 nM in urine by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). It is therefore important to develop effective rapid and low-cost tests for this diuretic. Here we apply electrochemical analysis using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes, which have superior properties such as low background current, a wide potential window, and high resistance to deactivation. Since real urine samples show clear oxidation current peaks in the potential range more positive than 0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) due to the presence of bio-components such as protein, uric acid, and ascorbic acid, to detect triamterene effectively, the electrochemical protocol was optimized towards a potential range where the other components have limited effect. Our results show that reduced triamterene exhibits an oxidation peak at 0.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) and at 0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in pooled human urine. The peak current value increased according to the triamterene concentration. The limit of detection (LOD) was 3.15 nM in the PB and 7.80 nM in pooled human urine. Finally, triamterene detection was attempted in individual urine samples. Triamterene was electrochemically detectable in individual urine samples, excluding urine samples containing an excess amount of ascorbic acid. The limit of detection (LOD) in individual urine samples was determined to be 20.8 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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16
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Irkham, Kazama K, Einaga Y. Detection of dissolved hydrogen in water using platinum-modified boron doped diamond electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Spector DV, Pavlov KG, Akasov RA, Vaneev AN, Erofeev AS, Gorelkin PV, Nikitina VN, Lopatukhina EV, Semkina AS, Vlasova KY, Skvortsov DA, Roznyatovsky VA, Ul'yanovskiy NV, Pikovskoi II, Sypalov SA, Garanina AS, Vodopyanov SS, Abakumov MA, Volodina YL, Markova AA, Petrova AS, Mazur DM, Sakharov DA, Zyk NV, Beloglazkina EK, Majouga AG, Krasnovskaya OO. Pt(IV) Prodrugs with Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in the Axial Position. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8227-8244. [PMID: 35675651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the design, synthesis, and biological investigation of a series of novel Pt(IV) prodrugs with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs naproxen, diclofenac, and flurbiprofen, as well as these with stearic acid in the axial position. Six Pt(IV) prodrugs 5-10 were designed, which showed superior antiproliferative activity compared to cisplatin as well as an ability to overcome tumor cell line resistance to cisplatin. By tuning the drug lipophilicity via variation of the axial ligands, the most potent Pt(IV) prodrug 7 was obtained, with an enhanced cellular accumulation of up to 153-fold that of cisplatin and nanomolar cytotoxicity both in 2D and 3D cell cultures. Pt2+ species were detected at different depths of MCF-7 spheroids after incubation with Pt(IV) prodrugs using a Pt-coated carbon nanoelectrode. Cisplatin accumulation in vivo in the murine mammary EMT6 tumor tissue of BALB/c mice after Pt(IV) prodrug injection was proved electrochemically as well. The drug tolerance study on BALB/c mice showed good tolerance of 7 in doses up to 8 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil V Spector
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Kirill G Pavlov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman A Akasov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect 59, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Alexander N Vaneev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Alexander S Erofeev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Petr V Gorelkin
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Vita N Nikitina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Lopatukhina
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Alevtina S Semkina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Ostrovitianov 1, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinskiy 23, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Kseniya Yu Vlasova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Ostrovitianov 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitrii A Skvortsov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vitaly A Roznyatovsky
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Ul'yanovskiy
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russia
| | - Ilya I Pikovskoi
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russia
| | - Sergey A Sypalov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russia
| | - Anastasiia S Garanina
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Stepan S Vodopyanov
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Maxim A Abakumov
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Ostrovitianov 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yulia L Volodina
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe highway 23, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Alina A Markova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street, 4, Moscow 119334, Russia.,A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Albina S Petrova
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya str. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia.,State Research Center-Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Marshal Novikov str. 23, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Dmitrii M Mazur
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Sakharov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Zyk
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena K Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Olga O Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
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18
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Head T, Cady NC. Monitoring and modulation of the tumor microenvironment for enhanced cancer modeling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:598-613. [PMID: 35088603 PMCID: PMC9014523 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221074293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments utilizing biologic or cytotoxic drugs compose the frontline of therapy, and though gains in treatment efficacy have been persistent in recent decades, much work remains in understanding cancer progression and treatment. Compounding this situation is the low rate of success when translating preclinical drug candidates to the clinic, which raises costs and development timelines. This underperformance is due in part to the poor recapitulation of the tumor microenvironment, a critical component of cancer biology, in cancer model systems. New technologies capable of both accurately observing and manipulating the tumor microenvironment are needed to effectively model cancer response to treatment. In this review, conventional cancer models are summarized, and a primer on emerging techniques for monitoring and modulating the tumor microenvironment is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristen Head
- College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering,
State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Nathaniel C Cady
- College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering,
State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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19
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Vaneev AN, Gorelkin PV, Krasnovskaya OO, Akasov RA, Spector DV, Lopatukhina EV, Timoshenko RV, Garanina AS, Zhang Y, Salikhov SV, Edwards CRW, Klyachko NL, Takahashi Y, Majouga AG, Korchev YE, Erofeev AS. In Vitro/ In Vivo Electrochemical Detection of Pt(II) Species. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4901-4905. [PMID: 35285614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The biodistribution of chemotherapy compounds within tumor tissue is one of the main challenges in the development of antineoplastic drugs, and techniques for simple, inexpensive, sensitive, and selective detection of various analytes in tumors are of great importance. In this paper we propose the use of platinized carbon nanoelectrodes (PtNEs) for the electrochemical detection of platinum-based drugs in various biological models, including single cells and tumor spheroids in vitro and inside solid tumors in vivo. We have demonstrated the quantitative direct detection of Pt(II) in breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells treated with cisplatin and a cisplatin-based DNP prodrug. To realize the potential of this technique in advanced tumor models, we measured Pt(II) in 3D tumor spheroids in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. The concentration gradient of Pt(II) species correlated with the distance from the sample surface in MCF-7 tumor spheroids. We then performed the detection of Pt(II) species in tumor-bearing mice treated intravenously with cisplatin and DNP. We found that there was deeper penetration of DNP in comparison to cisplatin. This research demonstrates a minimally invasive, real-time electrochemical technique for the study of platinum-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Vaneev
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1,3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Petr V Gorelkin
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Olga O Krasnovskaya
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1,3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman A Akasov
- Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Moscow, 119333 Russia.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Daniil V Spector
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1,3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Lopatukhina
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Roman V Timoshenko
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Anastasiia S Garanina
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Sergey V Salikhov
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | | | - Natalia L Klyachko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1,3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Erofeev
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1,3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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20
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Seo JW, Fu K, Correa S, Eisenstein M, Appel EA, Soh HT. Real-time monitoring of drug pharmacokinetics within tumor tissue in live animals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk2901. [PMID: 34995112 PMCID: PMC8741190 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of a chemotherapy regimen fundamentally depends on its pharmacokinetics. This is currently measured based on blood samples, but the abnormal vasculature and physiological heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment can produce radically different drug pharmacokinetics relative to the systemic circulation. We have developed an implantable microelectrode array sensor that can collect such tissue-based pharmacokinetic data by simultaneously measuring intratumoral pharmacokinetics from multiple sites. We use gold nanoporous microelectrodes that maintain robust sensor performance even after repeated tissue implantation and extended exposure to the tumor microenvironment. We demonstrate continuous in vivo monitoring of concentrations of the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin at multiple tumor sites in a rodent model and demonstrate clear differences in pharmacokinetics relative to the circulation that could meaningfully affect drug efficacy and safety. This platform could prove valuable for preclinical in vivo characterization of cancer therapeutics and may offer a foundation for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Seo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Santiago Correa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Eisenstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hyongsok T. Soh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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21
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EINAGA Y. Application of Boron-doped Diamond Electrodes: Focusing on the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.22-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Moriyama H, Ogata G, Nashimoto H, Sawamura S, Furukawa Y, Hibino H, Kusuhara H, Einaga Y. A rapid and simple electrochemical detection of the free drug concentration in human serum using boron-doped diamond electrodes. Analyst 2022; 147:4442-4449. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01037b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring drug concentration in blood and reflecting this in the dosage are crucial for safe and effective drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Moriyama
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Haruma Nashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Seishiro Sawamura
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Ivandini TA, Einaga Y. Electrochemical Sensing Applications Using Diamond Microelectrodes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tribidasari A. Ivandini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Jakarta 16424, Indonesia
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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24
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Seaton BT, Heien ML. Biocompatible reference electrodes to enhance chronic electrochemical signal fidelity in vivo. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6689-6701. [PMID: 34595560 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo electrochemistry is a vital tool of neuroscience that allows for the detection, identification, and quantification of neurotransmitters, their metabolites, and other important analytes. One important goal of in vivo electrochemistry is a better understanding of progressive neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease). A complete understanding of such disorders can only be achieved through a combination of acute (i.e., minutes to hours) and chronic (i.e., days or longer) experimentation. Chronic studies are more challenging because they require prolonged implantation of electrodes, which elicits an immune response, leading to glial encapsulation of the electrodes and altered electrode performance (i.e., biofouling). Biofouling leads to increased electrode impedance and reference electrode polarization, both of which diminish the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo electrochemical measurements. The increased impedance factor has been successfully mitigated previously with the use of a counter electrode, but the challenge of reference electrode polarization remains. The commonly used Ag/AgCl reference electrode lacks the long-term potential stability in vivo required for chronic measurements. In addition, the cytotoxicity of Ag/AgCl adversely affects animal experimentation and prohibits implantation in humans, hindering translational research progress. Thus, a move toward biocompatible reference electrodes with superior chronic potential stability is necessary. Two qualifying materials, iridium oxide and boron-doped diamond, are introduced and discussed in terms of their electrochemical properties, biocompatibilities, fabrication methods, and applications. In vivo electrochemistry continues to advance toward more chronic experimentation in both animal models and humans, necessitating the utilization of biocompatible reference electrodes that should provide superior potential stability and allow for unprecedented chronic signal fidelity when used with a counter electrode for impedance mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake T Seaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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25
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Catalan FCI, Anh LT, Oh J, Kazuma E, Hayazawa N, Ikemiya N, Kamoshida N, Tateyama Y, Einaga Y, Kim Y. Localized Graphitization on Diamond Surface as a Manifestation of Dopants. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103250. [PMID: 34487374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Doped diamond electrodes have attracted significant attention for decades owing to their excellent physical and electrochemical properties. However, direct experimental observation of dopant effects on the diamond surface has not been available until now. Here, low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy is utilized to investigate the atomic-scale morphology and electronic structures of (100)- and (111)-oriented boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Graphitized domains of a few nanometers are shown to manifest the effects of boron dopants on the BDD surface. Confirmed by first-principles calculations, local density of states measurements reveal that the electronic structure of these features is characterized by in-gap states induced by boron-related lattice deformation. The dopant-related graphitization is uniquely observed in BDD (111), which explains its electrochemical superiority over the (100) facet. These experimental observations provide atomic-scale information about the role of dopants in modulating the conductivity of diamond, as well as, possibly, other functional doped materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le The Anh
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Junepyo Oh
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norihiko Hayazawa
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norihito Ikemiya
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naoki Kamoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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26
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Zhang Q, Ota T, Yoshida T, Ino D, Sato MP, Doi K, Horii A, Nin F, Hibino H. Electrochemical properties of the non-excitable tissue stria vascularis of the mammalian cochlea are sensitive to sounds. J Physiol 2021; 599:4497-4516. [PMID: 34426971 DOI: 10.1113/jp281981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitable cochlear hair cells convert the mechanical energy of sounds into the electrical signals necessary for neurotransmission. The key process is cellular depolarization via K+ entry from K+ -enriched endolymph through hair cells' mechanosensitive channels. Positive 80 mV potential in endolymph accelerates the K+ entry, thereby sensitizing hearing. This potential represents positive extracellular potential within the epithelial-like stria vascularis; the latter potential stems from K+ equilibrium potential (EK ) across the strial membrane. Extra- and intracellular [K+ ] determining EK are likely maintained by continuous unidirectional circulation of K+ through a putative K+ transport pathway containing hair cells and stria. Whether and how the non-excitable tissue stria vascularis responds to acoustic stimuli remains unclear. Therefore, we analysed a cochlear portion for the best frequency, 1 kHz, by theoretical and experimental approaches. We have previously developed a computational model that integrates ion channels and transporters in the stria and hair cells into a circuit and described a circulation current composed of K+ . Here, in this model, mimicking of hair cells' K+ flow induced by a 1 kHz sound modulated the circulation current and affected the strial ion transport mechanisms; the latter effect resulted in monotonically decreasing potential and increasing [K+ ] in the extracellular strial compartment. Similar results were obtained when the stria in acoustically stimulated animals was examined using microelectrodes detecting the potential and [K+ ]. Measured potential dynamics mirrored the EK change. Collectively, because stria vascularis is electrically coupled to hair cells by the circulation current in vivo too, the strial electrochemical properties respond to sounds. KEY POINTS: A highly positive potential of +80 mV in K+ -enriched endolymph in the mammalian cochlea accelerates sound-induced K+ entry into excitable sensory hair cells, a process that triggers hearing. This unique endolymphatic potential represents an EK -based battery for a non-excitable epithelial-like tissue, the stria vascularis. To examine whether and how the stria vascularis responds to sounds, we used our computational model, in which strial channels and transporters are serially connected to those hair cells in a closed-loop circuit, and found that mimicking hair cell excitation by acoustic stimuli resulted in increased extracellular [K+ ] and decreased the battery's potential within the stria. This observation was overall verified by electrophysiological experiments using live guinea pigs. The sensitivity of electrochemical properties of the stria to sounds indicates that this tissue is electrically coupled to hair cells by a radial ionic flow called a circulation current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeru Ota
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takamasa Yoshida
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuo P Sato
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Doi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Arata Horii
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Nin
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Principles, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,AMED, AMED-CREST, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Sawamura S, Ogata G, Asai K, Razvina O, Ota T, Zhang Q, Madhurantakam S, Akiyama K, Ino D, Kanzaki S, Saiki T, Matsumoto Y, Moriyama M, Saijo Y, Horii A, Einaga Y, Hibino H. Analysis of Pharmacokinetics in the Cochlea of the Inner Ear. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:633505. [PMID: 34012393 PMCID: PMC8128070 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.633505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss affects >5% of the global population and therefore, has a great social and clinical impact. Sensorineural hearing loss, which can be caused by different factors, such as acoustic trauma, aging, and administration of certain classes of drugs, stems primarily from a dysfunction of the cochlea in the inner ear. Few therapeutic strategies against sensorineural hearing loss are available. To develop effective treatments for this disease, it is crucial to precisely determine the behavior of ototoxic and therapeutic agents in the microenvironment of the cochlea in live animals. Since the 1980s, a number of studies have addressed this issue by different methodologies. However, there is much less information on pharmacokinetics in the cochlea than that in other organs; the delay in ontological pharmacology is likely due to technical difficulties with accessing the cochlea, a tiny organ that is encased with a bony wall and has a fine and complicated internal structure. In this review, we not only summarize the observations and insights obtained in classic and recent studies on pharmacokinetics in the cochlea but also describe relevant analytical techniques, with their strengths, limitations, and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishiro Sawamura
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kai Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Olga Razvina
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.,G-MedEx Office, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeru Ota
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Qi Zhang
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sasya Madhurantakam
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koei Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Saiki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masato Moriyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuo Saijo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Arata Horii
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Division of Glocal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Osaka, Japan
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28
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Triana Y, Irkham, Einaga Y. Electrochemical Oxidation Behavior of Nitrogen Dioxide for Gas Detection Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunita Triana
- Department of Chemistry Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 2238522 Japan
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Institut Teknologi Kalimantan Balikpapan 76127 Indonesia
| | - Irkham
- Department of Chemistry Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 2238522 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 2238522 Japan
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29
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Purcell EK, Becker MF, Guo Y, Hara SA, Ludwig KA, McKinney CJ, Monroe EM, Rechenberg R, Rusinek CA, Saxena A, Siegenthaler JR, Sortwell CE, Thompson CH, Trevathan JK, Witt S, Li W. Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:128. [PMID: 33530395 PMCID: PMC7911340 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) also have limitations in their fabrication, flexibility, and chronic stability. Diamond is a form of carbon with a more rigid bonding structure (sp3-hybridized) which can become conductive when boron-doped. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is characterized by an extremely wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Additionally, methods for processing and patterning diamond allow for high-throughput batch fabrication and customization of electrode arrays with unique architectures. While tradeoffs in sensitivity can undermine the advantages of BDD as a neurochemical sensor, there are numerous untapped opportunities to further improve performance, including anodic pretreatment, or optimization of the FSCV waveform, instrumentation, sp2/sp3 character, doping, surface characteristics, and signal processing. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in diamond electrodes for neurochemical sensing and discuss potential opportunities for future advancements of the technology. We highlight our team's progress with the development of an all-diamond fiber ultramicroelectrode as a novel approach to advance the performance and applications of diamond-based neurochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Purcell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Michael F. Becker
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Seth A. Hara
- Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Kip A. Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.A.L.); (J.K.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Collin J. McKinney
- Department of Chemistry, Electronics Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA;
| | - Elizabeth M. Monroe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (E.M.M.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Robert Rechenberg
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Cory A. Rusinek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (E.M.M.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Akash Saxena
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James R. Siegenthaler
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Caryl E. Sortwell
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Cort H. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James K. Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.A.L.); (J.K.T.)
- Grainger Institute for Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Suzanne Witt
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.F.B.); (R.R.); (J.R.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.G.); (A.S.); (W.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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30
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Mani N, Rifai A, Houshyar S, Booth MA, Fox K. Diamond in medical devices and sensors: An overview of diamond surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mds3.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Mani
- Center for Additive Manufacturing School of Engineering RMIT University VIC Australia
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Aaqil Rifai
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Shadi Houshyar
- Center for Additive Manufacturing School of Engineering RMIT University VIC Australia
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | | | - Kate Fox
- Center for Additive Manufacturing School of Engineering RMIT University VIC Australia
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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31
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Hanawa A, Ogata G, Sawamura S, Asai K, Kanzaki S, Hibino H, Einaga Y. In Vivo Real-Time Simultaneous Examination of Drug Kinetics at Two Separate Locations Using Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13742-13749. [PMID: 32786440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Methylcobalamin, which is used for the clinical treatment of patients with neuropathy, can have an impact on the sensorineural components associated with the cochlea, and it is possible that the auditory threshold in a certain population of patients with deafness may be recovered. Nonetheless, it remains uncertain whether the action site of methylcobalamin is localized inside or outside the cochlea and which cellular or tissue element is targeted by the drug. In the present work, we developed a method to realize in vivo real-time simultaneous examination of the drug kinetics in two separate locations using boron-doped diamond microelectrodes. First, the analytical performance of methylcobalamin was studied and the measurement protocol was optimized in vitro. Then, the optimized protocol was applied to carry out real-time measurements inside the cochlea and the leg muscle in live guinea pigs while systemically administering methylcobalamin. The results showed that the methylcobalamin concentration in the cochlea was below the limit of detection for the microelectrodes or the drug did not reach the cochlea, whereas the compound clearly reached the leg muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Hanawa
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Seishiro Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kai Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Department of Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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32
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Bian S, Zhu B, Rong G, Sawan M. Towards wearable and implantable continuous drug monitoring: A review. J Pharm Anal 2020; 11:1-14. [PMID: 32837742 PMCID: PMC7428759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous drug monitoring is a promising alternative to current therapeutic drug monitoring strategies and has a strong potential to reshape our understanding of pharmacokinetic variability and to improve individualised therapy. This review highlights recent advances in biosensing technologies that support continuous drug monitoring in real time. We focus primarily on aptamer-based biosensors, wearable and implantable devices. Emphasis is given to the approaches employed in constructing biosensors. We pay attention to sensors' biocompatibility, calibration performance, long-term characteristics stability and measurement quality. Last, we discuss the current challenges and issues to be addressed in continuous drug monitoring to make it a promising, future tool for individualised therapy. The ongoing efforts are expected to result in fully integrated implantable drug biosensing technology. Thus, we may anticipate an era of advanced healthcare in which wearable and implantable biochips will automatically adjust drug dosing in response to patient health conditions, thus enabling the management of diseases and enhancing individualised therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohamad Sawan
- Corresponding author. Cutting-Edge Net of Biomedical Research and Innovation (CenBRAIN), 18, Shilongshan Road, Cloud Town, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
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33
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Noninvasive wearable electroactive pharmaceutical monitoring for personalized therapeutics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19017-19025. [PMID: 32719130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009979117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve the mission of personalized medicine, centering on delivering the right drug to the right patient at the right dose, therapeutic drug monitoring solutions are necessary. In that regard, wearable biosensing technologies, capable of tracking drug pharmacokinetics in noninvasively retrievable biofluids (e.g., sweat), play a critical role, because they can be deployed at a large scale to monitor the individuals' drug transcourse profiles (semi)continuously and longitudinally. To this end, voltammetry-based sensing modalities are suitable, as in principle they can detect and quantify electroactive drugs on the basis of the target's redox signature. However, the target's redox signature in complex biofluid matrices can be confounded by the immediate biofouling effects and distorted/buried by the interfering voltammetric responses of endogenous electroactive species. Here, we devise a wearable voltammetric sensor development strategy-centering on engineering the molecule-surface interactions-to simultaneously mitigate biofouling and create an "undistorted potential window" within which the target drug's voltammetric response is dominant and interference is eliminated. To inform its clinical utility, our strategy was adopted to track the temporal profile of circulating acetaminophen (a widely used analgesic and antipyretic) in saliva and sweat, using a surface-modified boron-doped diamond sensing interface (cross-validated with laboratory-based assays, R 2 ∼ 0.94). Through integration of the engineered sensing interface within a custom-developed smartwatch, and augmentation with a dedicated analytical framework (for redox peak extraction), we realized a wearable solution to seamlessly render drug readouts with minute-level temporal resolution. Leveraging this solution, we demonstrated the pharmacokinetic correlation and significance of sweat readings.
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34
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Vaneev AN, Gorelkin PV, Garanina AS, Lopatukhina HV, Vodopyanov SS, Alova AV, Ryabaya OO, Akasov RA, Zhang Y, Novak P, Salikhov SV, Abakumov MA, Takahashi Y, Edwards CRW, Klyachko NL, Majouga AG, Korchev YE, Erofeev AS. In Vitro and In Vivo Electrochemical Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species After Treatment with Anticancer Drugs. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8010-8014. [PMID: 32441506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vivo monitoring of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumors during treatment with anticancer therapy is important for understanding the mechanism of action and in the design of new anticancer drugs. In this work, a platinized nanoelectrode is placed into a single cell for detection of the ROS signal, and drug-induced ROS production is then recorded. The main advantages of this method are the short incubation time with the drug and its high sensitivity which allows the detection of low intracellular ROS concentrations. We have shown that our new method can measure the ROS response to chemotherapy in tumor-bearing mice in real-time. ROS levels were measured in vivo inside the tumor at different depths in response to doxorubicin. This work provides an effective new approach for the measurement of intracellular ROS by platinized nanoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Vaneev
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Petr V Gorelkin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Anastasiia S Garanina
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Helena V Lopatukhina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Stepan S Vodopyanov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna V Alova
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oxana O Ryabaya
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Roman A Akasov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8-2, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Novak
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey V Salikhov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Maxim A Abakumov
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street 1/7, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Natalia L Klyachko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia.,D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Square, 9, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Erofeev
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Avenue, 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Leninskie Gory, 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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35
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Ota T, Nin F, Choi S, Muramatsu S, Sawamura S, Ogata G, Sato MP, Doi K, Doi K, Tsuji T, Kawano S, Reichenbach T, Hibino H. Characterisation of the static offset in the travelling wave in the cochlear basal turn. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:625-635. [PMID: 32318797 PMCID: PMC7239825 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, audition is triggered by travelling waves that are evoked by acoustic stimuli in the cochlear partition, a structure containing sensory hair cells and a basilar membrane. When the cochlea is stimulated by a pure tone of low frequency, a static offset occurs in the vibration in the apical turn. In the high-frequency region at the cochlear base, multi-tone stimuli induce a quadratic distortion product in the vibrations that suggests the presence of an offset. However, vibrations below 100 Hz, including a static offset, have not been directly measured there. We therefore constructed an interferometer for detecting motion at low frequencies including 0 Hz. We applied the interferometer to record vibrations from the cochlear base of guinea pigs in response to pure tones. When the animals were exposed to sound at an intensity of 70 dB or higher, we recorded a static offset of the sinusoidally vibrating cochlear partition by more than 1 nm towards the scala vestibuli. The offset’s magnitude grew monotonically as the stimuli intensified. When stimulus frequency was varied, the response peaked around the best frequency, the frequency that maximised the vibration amplitude at threshold sound pressure. These characteristics are consistent with those found in the low-frequency region and are therefore likely common across the cochlea. The offset diminished markedly when the somatic motility of mechanosensitive outer hair cells, the force-generating machinery that amplifies the sinusoidal vibrations, was pharmacologically blocked. Therefore, the partition offset appears to be linked to the electromotile contraction of outer hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Ota
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Nin
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Samuel Choi
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shogo Muramatsu
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Seishiro Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuo P Sato
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Katsumi Doi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kentaro Doi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tsuji
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Department of Advanced Mathematical Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoyuki Kawano
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tobias Reichenbach
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan. .,AMED-CREST, AMED, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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36
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Asai K, Yamamoto T, Nagashima S, Ogata G, Hibino H, Einaga Y. An electrochemical aptamer-based sensor prepared by utilizing the strong interaction between a DNA aptamer and diamond. Analyst 2019; 145:544-549. [PMID: 31764923 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01976f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stable and continuous biosensing of electroactive species in vivo has been achieved by using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes owing to their outstanding electrochemical properties. However, the present problem in biosensing using BDD electrodes is how to specifically measure/detect the target molecules, including electrochemically inactive species. A possible solution is to fabricate an electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensor using a BDD electrode. In a preliminary investigation, we found that DNA aptamers strongly adsorb on the BDD surface and the aptamer-adsorbed BDD apparently worked as an E-AB sensor. The present study reports the performance of the aptamer-adsorbed BDD electrode as an E-AB sensor. Doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used chemotherapeutic, was chosen as a target molecule. The sensor could be prepared by just dipping BDD in an aptamer solution for only 30 min, and the electrochemical signals were dependent on the DOX concentration. The adsorption of DNA was strong enough for continuous measurements and even a sonication treatment. Such behaviors were not observed when using gold and glassy carbon electrodes. In a kinetic measurement, distortion by a sluggish response was observed for both association and dissociation phases, indicating that the interaction between DOX and the aptamer involves several kinetic processes. By fitting to a Langmuir isotherm, a limit of detection of 49 nM and a maximum detectable concentration of 2.3 μM were obtained. Although the sensitivity was lower than those of the well-established E-AB sensors of gold, the values are within a drug's therapeutic range. Overall, the present work demonstrates that a DNA aptamer and a BDD electrode is an effective combination for an E-AB sensor with stable sensitivity, and a wide variety of DNA aptamers can be applied without any special treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Nagashima
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Genki Ogata
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan. and ACCEL, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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37
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Baluchová S, Daňhel A, Dejmková H, Ostatná V, Fojta M, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Recent progress in the applications of boron doped diamond electrodes in electroanalysis of organic compounds and biomolecules – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1077:30-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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38
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Wang Y, Xu N, He Y, Wang J, Wang D, Gao Q, Xie S, Li Y, Zhang R, Cai Q. Loading Graphene Quantum Dots into Optical-Magneto Nanoparticles for Real-Time Tracking In Vivo. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2191. [PMID: 31288399 PMCID: PMC6650881 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging offers a new approach to visualize real-time details on a cellular level in vitro and in vivo without radioactive damage. Poor light stability of organic fluorescent dyes makes long-term imaging difficult. Due to their outstanding optical properties and unique structural features, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are promising in the field of imaging for real-time tracking in vivo. At present, GQDs are mainly loaded on the surface of nanoparticles. In this study, we developed an efficient and convenient one-pot method to load GQDs into nanoparticles, leading to longer metabolic processes in blood and increased delivery of GQDs to tumors. Optical-magneto ferroferric oxide@polypyrrole (Fe3O4@PPy) core-shell nanoparticles were chosen for their potential use in cancer therapy. The in vivo results demonstrated that by loading GQDs, it was possible to monitor the distribution and metabolism of nanoparticles. This study provided new insights into the application of GQDs in long-term in vivo real-time tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongkai He
- State key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qin Gao
- State key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siyu Xie
- State key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yage Li
- State key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qiang Cai
- State key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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39
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Choi S, Nin F, Ota T, Sato K, Muramatsu S, Hibino H. In vivo tomographic visualization of intracochlear vibration using a supercontinuum multifrequency-swept optical coherence microscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3317-3342. [PMID: 31467780 PMCID: PMC6706039 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study combined a previously developed optical system with two additional key elements: a supercontinuum light source characterized by high output power and an analytical technique that effectively extracts interference signals required for improving the detection limit of vibration amplitude. Our system visualized 3D tomographic images and nanometer scale vibrations in the cochlear sensory epithelium of a live guinea pig. The transverse- and axial-depth resolution was 3.6 and 2.7 µm, respectively. After exposure to acoustic stimuli of 21-25 kHz at a sound pressure level of 70-85 dB, spatial amplitude and phase distributions were quantified on a targeted surface, whose area was 522 × 522 μm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Choi
- Niigata University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Nin
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan
- Niigata University, School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Niigata University, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takeru Ota
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan
- Niigata University, School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kouhei Sato
- Niigata University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shogo Muramatsu
- Niigata University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan
- Niigata University, School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Niigata University, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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40
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Ogata G, Asai K, Sano Y, Sawamura S, Takai M, Kusuhara H, Einaga Y, Hibino H. [Development of in vivo drug sensing system with needle-type diamond microelectrode]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:273-277. [PMID: 31178532 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Continuous and real-time measurement of local concentrations of systemically administered drugs in vivo must be crucial for pharmacological studies. Nevertheless, conventional methods require considerable samples quantity and have poor sampling rates. Additionally, they cannot determine how drug kinetics correlates with target function over time. Here, we describe a system with two different sensors. One is a needle-type microsensor composed of boron-doped diamond with a tip of ~40 μm in diameter, and the other is a glass microelectrode. We first tested bumetanide. This diuretic can induce deafness. In the guinea-pig cochlea injected intravenously with bumetanide, the changes of the drug concentration and the extracellular potential underlying hearing were simultaneously measured in real time. We further examined an antiepileptic drug lamotrigine in the rat brain, and tracked its kinetics and at the same time the local field potentials representing neuronal activity. The action of the anticancer reagent doxorubicin was also monitored in the cochlea. This microsensing system may be applied to analyze pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various drugs at local sites in vivo, and contribute to promoting the pharmacological researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Ogata
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine
| | - Kai Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Yamato Sano
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Seishiro Sawamura
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine
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41
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Kasahara S, Ogose T, Ikemiya N, Yamamoto T, Natsui K, Yokota Y, Wong RA, Iizuka S, Hoshi N, Tateyama Y, Kim Y, Nakamura M, Einaga Y. In Situ Spectroscopic Study on the Surface Hydroxylation of Diamond Electrodes. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4980-4986. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kasahara
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Taiga Ogose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Norihito Ikemiya
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Keisuke Natsui
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yokota
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Raymond A. Wong
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shota Iizuka
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Hoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute of Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masashi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
- ACCEL, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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42
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Sousa CP, Ribeiro FWP, Oliveira TMBF, Salazar‐Banda GR, de Lima‐Neto P, Morais S, Correia AN. Electroanalysis of Pharmaceuticals on Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes: A Review. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila P. Sousa
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química Centro de CiênciasUniversidade Federal do Ceará Bloco 940, Campus do Pici Pici Fortaleza CE 60440-900 Brazil
| | - Francisco W. P. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Formação de EducadoresUniversidade Federal do Cariri Rua Olegário Emídio de Araújo Centro 63260-000 Brejo Santo, CE Brazil
| | - Thiago M. B. F. Oliveira
- Centro de Ciência e TecnologiaUniversidade Federal do Cariri Av. Tenente Raimundo Rocha, Cidade Universitária 63048-080 Juazeiro do Norte, CE Brazil
| | - Giancarlo R. Salazar‐Banda
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa/ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de ProcessosUniversidade Tiradentes 49032-490 Aracaju, SE Brazil
| | - Pedro de Lima‐Neto
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química Centro de CiênciasUniversidade Federal do Ceará Bloco 940, Campus do Pici Pici Fortaleza CE 60440-900 Brazil
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQVInstituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto Instituto Politécnico do Porto R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431
| | - Adriana N. Correia
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química Centro de CiênciasUniversidade Federal do Ceará Bloco 940, Campus do Pici Pici Fortaleza CE 60440-900 Brazil
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43
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Takagi K, Natsui K, Watanabe T, Einaga Y. Increasing the Electric Double‐Layer Capacitance in Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Takagi
- Department of ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Keisuke Natsui
- Department of ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department of Electrical Engineering and ElectronicsAoyama Gakuin University 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku Sagamihara 252-5258 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
- JST-ACCEL 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
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44
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Asai K, Einaga Y. Fabrication of an all-diamond microelectrode using a chromium mask. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:897-900. [PMID: 30489578 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new method for fabricating all-diamond microelectrodes. The process comprises three steps: masking the tip of an electrode by electroplating with chromium, depositing undoped diamond, which acts as an insulator on the sides of the electrode, and removing the chromium mask to expose the tip of the electrode. The active area of the electrode can be easily controlled in combination only with a conventional electroplating technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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Yang N, Yu S, Macpherson JV, Einaga Y, Zhao H, Zhao G, Swain GM, Jiang X. Conductive diamond: synthesis, properties, and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:157-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes systematically the growth, properties, and electrochemical applications of conductive diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | - Siyu Yu
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
| | | | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Hongying Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | | | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering
- University of Siegen
- Siegen 57076
- Germany
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Einaga Y. Development of Electrochemical Applications of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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Cobb SJ, Ayres ZJ, Macpherson JV. Boron Doped Diamond: A Designer Electrode Material for the Twenty-First Century. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:463-484. [PMID: 29579405 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron doped diamond (BDD) is continuing to find numerous electrochemical applications across a diverse range of fields due to its unique properties, such as having a wide solvent window, low capacitance, and reduced resistance to fouling and mechanical robustness. In this review, we showcase the latest developments in the BDD electrochemical field. These are driven by a greater understanding of the relationship between material (surface) properties, required electrochemical performance, and improvements in synthetic growth/fabrication procedures, including material postprocessing. This has resulted in the production of BDD structures with the required function and geometry for the application of interest, making BDD a truly designer material. Current research areas range from in vivo bioelectrochemistry and neuronal/retinal stimulation to improved electroanalysis, advanced oxidation processes, supercapacitors, and the development of hybrid electrochemical-spectroscopic- and temperature-based technology aimed at enhancing electrochemical performance and understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
| | - Zoe J Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Julie V Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; ,
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
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