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Zhou L, Li X, Su B. Spatial Regulation Control of Oxygen Metabolic Consumption in Mouse Brain. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204468. [PMID: 36257822 PMCID: PMC9731700 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain relies on significant oxygen metabolic consumption to fulfill energy supply, brain function, and neural activity. In this study, in vivo electrochemistry is combined with physiological and ethological analyses to explore oxygen metabolic consumption in an area of the mouse brain that includes parts of the primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. The oxygen levels at different locations of this boundary section are spatially resolved by measuring the electrical current in vivo using ingeniously designed anti-biofouling carbon fiber microelectrodes. The characteristics of the current signals are further interpreted by simultaneously recording the physiological responses of the mice. Additionally, ethological tests are performed to validate the correlation between oxygen levels and mouse behavior. It is found that high-dose caffeine injection can evoke spatial variability in oxygen metabolic consumption between the four neighboring brain regions. It is proposed that the oxygen metabolic consumption in different brain regions is not independent of each other but is subject to spatial regulation control following the rules of "rank of brain region" and "relative distance." Furthermore, as revealed by in vivo wireless electrochemistry and ethological analysis, mice are at risk of neuronal damage from long-term intake of high-dose caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Xinru Li
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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2
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Lu J, Wu J, Mao L, Xu H, Wang S. Revisiting PD-1/PD-L pathway in T and B cell response: Beyond immunosuppression. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 67:58-65. [PMID: 35850949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of T cell response depends on co-inhibitory pathways that serve to control immune-mediated tissue damage and resolve inflammation by modulating the magnitude and duration of immune response. In this process, the axis of T-cell-expressed programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) play a key role. While the PD-1/PD-L pathway has received considerable attention for its role in the maintenance of T cell exhaustion in cancer and chronic infection, the PD-1/PD-L pathway also plays diverse roles in regulating host immunity beyond T cell exhaustion. In this review, we will discuss emerging concepts in co-stimulatory functions of PD-1/PD-L pathway on T cell- and B cell response and explore the potential underlying mechanisms. In addition, based on the elevated expression of PD-1 and its ligands in local inflamed tissues, we further discussed the role of PD-1/PD-L pathway in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China.
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Xu F, Fei Z, Dai H, Xu J, Fan Q, Shen S, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Chu J, Peng F, Zhou F, Liu Z, Wang C. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles with High PD-L1 Expression for Autoimmune Diseases Treatment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106265. [PMID: 34613627 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are the third most common disease influencing the quality of life of many patients. Here, a programmed cell death-ligand 1 + (PD-L1) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs-PD-L1) using lentivirus-mediated gene transfection technology is developed for reconfiguration of the local immune microenvironment of affected tissue in autoimmune diseases. MSC-sEVs-PD-L1 exhibits an impressive ability to regulate various activated immune cells to an immunosuppressed state in vitro. More importantly, in dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) and imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse models, a significantly high accumulation of MSC-sEVs-PD-L1 is observed in the inflamed tissues compared to the PD-L1+ MSCs. Therapeutic efficiency in both UC and psoriasis mouse disease models is demonstrated using MSC-sEVs-PD-L1 to reshape the inflammatory ecosystem in the local immune context. A technology is developed using MSC-sEVs-PD-L1 as a natural delivery platform for autoimmune diseases treatment with high clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ziying Fei
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Huaxing Dai
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qin Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Shufang Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qingle Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jiacheng Chu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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Barnabei L, Laplantine E, Mbongo W, Rieux-Laucat F, Weil R. NF-κB: At the Borders of Autoimmunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716469. [PMID: 34434197 PMCID: PMC8381650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immune functions and serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory response. In the first part of this review, we discuss the NF-κB inducers, signaling pathways, and regulators involved in immune homeostasis as well as detail the importance of post-translational regulation by ubiquitination in NF-κB function. We also indicate the stages of central and peripheral tolerance where NF-κB plays a fundamental role. With respect to central tolerance, we detail how NF-κB regulates medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) development, homeostasis, and function. Moreover, we elaborate on its role in the migration of double-positive (DP) thymocytes from the thymic cortex to the medulla. With respect to peripheral tolerance, we outline how NF-κB contributes to the inactivation and destruction of autoreactive T and B lymphocytes as well as the differentiation of CD4+-T cell subsets that are implicated in immune tolerance. In the latter half of the review, we describe the contribution of NF-κB to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and autoinflammation. The recent discovery of mutations involving components of the pathway has both deepened our understanding of autoimmune disease and informed new therapeutic approaches to treat these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barnabei
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases, Imagine Institute Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Laplantine
- Sorbonne Universités, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM, UMR1135), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, ERL8255), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses CMI, Paris, France
| | - William Mbongo
- Sorbonne Universités, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM, UMR1135), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, ERL8255), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses CMI, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Rieux-Laucat
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases, Imagine Institute Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Robert Weil
- Sorbonne Universités, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM, UMR1135), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, ERL8255), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses CMI, Paris, France
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Youssry S, Hussein A, Moaaz M. The immunoregulatory axis (programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1) on CD4+ T cells in lupus nephritis: association with vitamin D and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:392-399. [PMID: 34081342 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most serious complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Multiple immunomodulatory mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of LN. A deep understanding of the immunopathogenesis of LN is essential to identify optimal molecular targets, as most immunotherapeutic algorithms are still based on unselective drugs. The study aimed to elucidate the possible association of vitamin D deficiency with the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) axis and inflammatory response in patients with LN, as well as the relationship between the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12). Flow cytometry was used to determine the frequencies of CD279 (PD-1) and CD274 (PD-L1) in the peripheral CD3+CD4+ cell population of persons with LN. Furthermore, ELISA was used to detect serum CXCL12 and vitamin D concentrations. A distinct decrease of PD-1 and a significant increase of PD-L1 was demonstrated in patients with LN compared with either SLE patients with no LN or healthy controls. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis was negatively correlated with different disease parameters. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were more prevalent in patients with LN than in controls, being significantly associated with disease activity and inversely associated with the PD-1/PD-L1 expression. Moreover, CXCL12 was negatively correlated with the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and vitamin D concentration. The findings suggest an involvement of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in lupus nephritis, which might serve as a potential highly selective therapeutic target that is more effective but less toxic. In addition, restoring adequate vitamin D levels in lupus nephritis could be a possible simple measure to control inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Youssry
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amina Hussein
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mai Moaaz
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Qin W, Hu L, Zhang X, Jiang S, Li J, Zhang Z, Wang X. The Diverse Function of PD-1/PD-L Pathway Beyond Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2298. [PMID: 31636634 PMCID: PMC6787287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent success of PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade in cancer therapy illustrates the important role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in the regulation of antitumor immune responses. However, signaling regulated by the PD-1/PD-L pathway is also associated with substantial inflammatory effects that can resemble those in autoimmune responses, chronic infection, and sepsis, consistent with the role of this pathway in balancing protective immunity and immunopathology, as well as in homeostasis and tolerance. Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 to treat cancer has shown benefits in many patients, suggesting a promising opportunity to target this pathway in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Here, we systematically evaluate the diverse biological functions of the PD-1/PD-L pathway in immune-mediated diseases and the relevant mechanisms that control these immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lipeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Duran-Struuck R, Huang CA, Matar AJ. Cellular Therapies for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies; Swine Are an Ideal Preclinical Model. Front Oncol 2019; 9:418. [PMID: 31293961 PMCID: PMC6598443 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of clinically relevant large animal tumor models has historically forced experimental cellular therapies for hematological malignancies to translate directly from murine models to clinical trials. However, recent advances highlight swine as an ideal large animal model to demonstrate the safety of murine proof of concept studies prior to their implementation clinically. The availability of the MHC defined MGH miniature swine herd has been key for the development of novel approaches for hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplantation. New spontaneously arising hematological malignancies in these swine, specifically myeloid leukemias and B cell lymphomas, resemble human malignancies, which has allowed for development of immortalized tumor cell lines and has implications for the development of a large animal transplantable tumor model. The novel development of a SCID swine model has further advanced the field of large animal cancer models, allowing for engraftment of human tumor cells in a large animal model. Here, we will highlight the advantages of the swine pre-clinical model for the study of hematological malignancies. Further, we will discuss our experience utilizing spontaneously arising tumors in MGH swine to create a transplantable tumor model, describe the potential of the immunodeficient swine model, and highlight several novel cellular and biological therapies for the treatment of hematological malignancies in swine as a large animal pre-clinical bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christene A Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Abraham J Matar
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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