1
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Liu Y, Schmidt J, Liu Z, Leibrandt DR, Leibfried D, Chou CW. Quantum state tracking and control of a single molecular ion in a thermal environment. Science 2024; 385:790-795. [PMID: 39088652 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Understanding molecular state evolution is central to many disciplines, including molecular dynamics, precision measurement, and molecule-based quantum technology. Details of this evolution are obscured when observing a statistical ensemble of molecules. Here, we report real-time observations of thermal radiation-driven transitions between individual states ("jumps") of a single molecule. We reversed these jumps through microwave-driven transitions, which resulted in a 20-fold improvement in the time the molecule dwells in a chosen state. The measured transition rates showed anisotropy in the thermal environment, pointing to the possibility of using single molecules as in situ probes for the strengths of ambient fields. Our approaches for state detection and manipulation could apply to a wide range of species, facilitating their uses in fields including quantum science, molecular physics, and ion-neutral chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Julian Schmidt
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - David R Leibrandt
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dietrich Leibfried
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Chin-Wen Chou
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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2
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Namdari R, Seidi S, Namdari MR. Magnetic field assisted centrifugal acceleration thin-layer chromatography: An approach to investigate the magnetic field effects on separation parameters including retention factor difference, selectivity factor, and resolution. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464972. [PMID: 38744184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The effect of internal and external magnetic fields on the separation of antifungal drugs by centrifugal acceleration thin-layer chromatography was reported for the first time. External and internal magnetic fields were applied using neodymium magnets and CoFe2O4@SiO2 ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Separation of ketoconazole and clotrimazole was performed using a mobile phase consisting of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and ammonia (2.0:2.0:0.5:0.2, v/v). The influence of the magnetic field on the entire chromatographic system led to changes in the properties of the stationary and mobile phases and the analytes affecting the retention factor, shape, and width of the separated rings. The extent of this impact depended on the structure of the analyte and the type and intensity of the magnetic field. In the presence of the external magnetic field, there were more significant changes in the chromatographic parameters of the drugs, especially the width of the separated rings, and ketoconazole was more affected than clotrimazole. The changes are conceivably due to the effect of the magnetic field on the analyte distribution between the stationary and mobile phases, which is also caused by the possibility of the magnetic field affecting the viscosity, surface tension, and surface free energy between the stationary and mobile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Namdari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran; Nanomaterial, Separation and Trace Analysis Research Lab, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran; Nanomaterial, Separation and Trace Analysis Research Lab, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Postal Code 15418-49611, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Namdari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, P.O. Box 397, Postal Code 9618676115, Sabzevar, Iran
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3
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Mandal B, Croft JFE, Jambrina PG, Guo H, Aoiz FJ, Balakrishnan N. Stereodynamical control of cold HD + D 2 collisions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18368-18381. [PMID: 38912616 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01737d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
We report full-dimensional quantum calculations of stereodynamic control of HD(v = 1, j = 2) + D2 collisions that has been probed experimentally by Perreault et al. using the Stark-induced adiabatic Raman passage (SARP) technique. Computations were performed on two highly accurate full-dimensional H4 potential energy surfaces. It is found that for both potential surfaces, rotational quenching of HD from with concurrent rotational excitation of D2 from is the dominant transition with cross sections four times larger than that of elastically scattered D2 for the same quenching transition in HD. This process was not considered in the original analysis of the SARP experiments that probed ΔjHD = -2 transitions in HD(vHD = 1, jHD = 2) + D2 collisions. Cross sections are characterized by an l = 3 resonance for ortho-D2(jD2 = 0) collisions, while both l = 1 and l = 3 resonances are observed for the para-D2(jD2 = 1) partner. While our results are in excellent agreement with prior measurements of elastic and inelastic differential cross sections, the agreement is less satisfactory with the SARP experiments, in particular for the transition for which the theoretical calculations indicate that D2 rotational excitation channel is the dominant inelastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikramaditya Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA.
| | - James F E Croft
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Pablo G Jambrina
- Departamento de Química Física, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - F Javier Aoiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Naduvalath Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA.
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4
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Le Duc V, Zou J, Osterwalder A. Alignment of ND3 molecules in dc-electric fields. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:204305. [PMID: 38804496 DOI: 10.1063/5.0210431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of movement and orientation of gas-phase molecules has become the focus of many research areas in molecular physics. Here, ND3 molecules are polarized in a segmented, curved electrostatic guide and adiabatically aligned inside a rotatable mass spectrometer (MS). Alignment is probed by photoionization using a linearly polarized laser. Rotation of the polarization at fixed MS orientation has the same effect as the rotation of the MS at fixed polarization, proving that the molecular alignment adiabatically follows the MS axis. Polarization-dependent ion signals reveal state-specific populations and allow for a quantification of the aligned sample in the space-fixed reference frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Le Duc
- Institute for Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junwen Zou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Osterwalder
- Institute for Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Liu YX, Zhu L, Luke J, Houwman JJA, Babin MC, Hu MG, Ni KK. Quantum interference in atom-exchange reactions. Science 2024:eadl6570. [PMID: 38753767 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl6570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Chemical reactions, where bonds break and form, are highly dynamic quantum processes. A fundamental question is whether coherence can be preserved in chemical reactions and then harnessed to generate entangled products. Here we investigated this question by studying the 2KRb → K2 + Rb2 reaction at 500 nK, focusing on the nuclear spin degrees of freedom. We prepared the initial nuclear spins in KRb in an entangled state by lowering the magnetic field to where the spin-spin interaction dominates and characterized the preserved coherence in nuclear spin wavefunction after the reaction. We observed an interference pattern that is consistent with full coherence at the end of the reaction, suggesting that entanglement prepared within the reactants could be redistributed through the atom-exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lingbang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeshurun Luke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J J Arfor Houwman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mark C Babin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ming-Guang Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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6
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Balakrishnan N, Jambrina PG, Croft JFE, Guo H, Aoiz FJ. Quantum stereodynamics of cold molecular collisions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1239-1256. [PMID: 38197484 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04762h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Advances in quantum state preparations combined with molecular cooling and trapping technologies have enabled unprecedented control of molecular collision dynamics. This progress, achieved over the last two decades, has dramatically improved our understanding of molecular phenomena in the extreme quantum regime characterized by translational temperatures well below a kelvin. In this regime, collision outcomes are dominated by isolated partial waves, quantum threshold and quantum statistics effects, tiny energy splitting at the spin and hyperfine levels, and long-range forces. Collision outcomes are influenced not only by the quantum state preparation of the initial molecular states but also by the polarization of their rotational angular momentum, i.e., stereodynamics of molecular collisions. The Stark-induced adiabatic Raman passage technique developed in the last several years has become a versatile tool to study the stereodynamics of light molecular collisions in which alignment of the molecular bond axis relative to initial collision velocity can be fully controlled. Landmark experiments reported by Zare and coworkers have motivated new theoretical developments, including formalisms to describe four-vector correlations in molecular collisions that are revealed by the experiments. In this Feature article, we provide an overview of recent theoretical developments for the description of stereodynamics of cold molecular collisions and their implications to cold controlled chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naduvalath Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA.
| | - Pablo G Jambrina
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain
| | - James F E Croft
- The Dodd Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand and Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - F Javier Aoiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
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7
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Song H, Guo H. Theoretical Insights into the Dynamics of Gas-Phase Bimolecular Reactions with Submerged Barriers. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2023; 3:406-418. [PMID: 37780541 PMCID: PMC10540288 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been paid to the dynamics of both activated gas-phase bimolecular reactions, which feature monotonically increasing integral cross sections and Arrhenius kinetics, and their barrierless capture counterparts, which manifest monotonically decreasing integral cross sections and negative temperature dependence of the rate coefficients. In this Perspective, we focus on the dynamics of gas-phase bimolecular reactions with submerged barriers, which often involve radicals or ions and are prevalent in combustion, atmospheric chemistry, astrochemistry, and plasma chemistry. The temperature dependence of the rate coefficients for such reactions is often non-Arrhenius and complex, and the corresponding dynamics may also be quite different from those with significant barriers or those completely dominated by capture. Recent experimental and theoretical studies of such reactions, particularly at relatively low temperatures or collision energies, have revealed interesting dynamical behaviors, which are discussed here. The new knowledge enriches our understanding of the dynamics of these unusual reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science
and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University
of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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8
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Menéndez M, Garcia E, Lara M, Jambrina PG, Aoiz FJ. Li + HF and Li + HCl Reactions Revisited I: QCT Calculations and Simulation of Experimental Results. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6924-6944. [PMID: 37579497 PMCID: PMC10461305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The Li + HF and Li + HCl reactions share some common features. They have the same kinematics, relatively small barrier heights, bent transition states, and are both exothermic when the zero point energy is considered. Nevertheless, the pioneering crossed beam experiments by Lee and co-workers in the 80s (Becker et al., J. Chem. Phys. 1980, 73, 2833) revealed that the dynamics of the two reactions differ significantly, especially at low collision energies. In this work, we present theoretical simulations of their results in the laboratory frame (LAB), based on quasiclassical trajectories and obtained using accurate potential energy surfaces. The calculated LAB angular distributions and time-of-flight spectra agree well with the raw experimental data, although our simulations do not reproduce the experimentally derived center-of-mass (CM) differential cross section and velocity distributions. The latter were derived by forward convolution fitting under the questionable assumption that the CM recoil velocity and scattering angle distribution were uncoupled, while our results show that the coupling between them is relevant. Some important insights into the reaction mechanism discussed in the article by Becker et al. had not been contrasted with those that can be extracted from the theoretical results. Among them, the correlation between the angular momenta involved in the reactions has also been examined. Given the kinematics of both systems, the reagent orbital angular momentum, l , is almost completely transformed into the rotation of the product diatom, j'. However, contrary to the coplanar mechanism proposed in the original paper, we find that the initial and final relative orbital angular momenta are not necessarily parallel. Both reactions are found to be essentially direct, although about 15% of the LiFH complexes live longer than 200 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Menéndez
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Garcia
- Departamento
de Química Física, Universidad
del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Manuel Lara
- Departamento
de Química Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28039 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo G. Jambrina
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - F. Javier Aoiz
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Wang X, Li M, Wang P, Sun D, Ding L, Li H, Tang Y, Fu G. Spin-Selective Coupling in Mott-Schottky Er 2 O 3 -Co Boosts Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300100. [PMID: 37029579 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is critical to electrochemical energy conversion technology, yet the rational breaking of thermodynamic inhibition for ORR through spin regulation remains a challenge. Herein, a Mott-Schottky catalyst consisting of Er2 O3 -Co particles uniformly implanted into carbon nanofibers (Er2 O3 -Co/CNF) is designed for enhancing ORR via spin-selective coupling. The optimized Er2 O3 -Co/CNF affords a high half-wave potential (0.835 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) and onset potential (0.989 VRHE ) for the ORR surpassing individual Co/CNF and Er2 O3 /CNF. Theoretical calculations reveal the introduction of Er2 O3 optimizes the electronic structure of Co through Er(4f)-O(2p)-Co(3d) gradient orbital coupling, resulting in significantly enhanced ORR performance. Through gradient orbital coupling, the induced spin-up hole in Co 3d states endows the Er-O-Co unit active site with a spin-selective coupling channel for electron transition. This favors the decrease of the energy gap in the potential-limiting step, thus achieving a high theoretical limiting potential of 0.77 VRHE for the Er2 O3 -Co. Moreover, the potential practicability of Er2 O3 -Co/CNF as an air-cathode is also demonstrated in Zn-air batteries. This work is believed to provide, new perspectives for the design of efficient ORR electrocatalysts by engineering spin-selective coupling induced by rare-earth oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Meng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dongmei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linfei Ding
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hao Li
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yawen Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Gengtao Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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10
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Croft JFE, Jambrina PG, Aoiz FJ, Guo H, Balakrishnan N. Cold Collisions of Ro-Vibrationally Excited D 2 Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1619-1627. [PMID: 36787203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The H2 + H2 system has long been considered a benchmark system for ro-vibrational energy transfer in bimolecular collisions. However, most studies thus far have focused on collisions involving H2 molecules in the ground vibrational level or in the first excited vibrational state. While H2 + H2/HD collisions have received wide attention due to the important role they play in astrophysics, D2 + D2 collisions have received much less attention. Recently, Zhou et al. [ Nat. Chem. 2022, 14, 658-663, DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00926-z] examined stereodynamic aspects of rotational energy transfer in collisions of two aligned D2 molecules prepared in the v = 2 vibrational level and j = 2 rotational level. Here, we report quantum calculations of rotational and vibrational energy transfer in collisions of two D2 molecules prepared in vibrational levels up to v = 2 and identify key resonance features that contribute to the angular distribution in the experimental results of Zhou et al. The quantum scattering calculations were performed in full dimensionality and using the rigid-rotor approximation using a recently developed highly accurate six-dimensional potential energy surface for the H4 system that allows descriptions of collisions involving highly vibrationally excited H2 and its isotopologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F E Croft
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Pablo G Jambrina
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain
| | - F Javier Aoiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - N Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
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11
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Bause R, Christianen A, Schindewolf A, Bloch I, Luo XY. Ultracold Sticky Collisions: Theoretical and Experimental Status. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:729-741. [PMID: 36624934 PMCID: PMC9884084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Collisional complexes, which are formed as intermediate states in molecular collisions, are typically short-lived and decay within picoseconds. However, in ultracold collisions involving bialkali molecules, complexes can live for milliseconds, completely changing the collision dynamics. This can lead to unexpected two-body loss in samples of nonreactive molecules. During the past decade, such "sticky" collisions have been a major hindrance in the preparation of dense and stable molecular samples, especially in the quantum-degenerate regime. Currently, the behavior of the complexes is not fully understood. For example, in some cases, their lifetime has been measured to be many orders of magnitude longer than recent models predict. This is not only an intriguing problem in itself but also practically relevant, since understanding molecular complexes may help to mitigate their detrimental effects. Here, we review the recent experimental and theoretical progress in this field. We treat the case of molecule-molecule as well as molecule-atom collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bause
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Quantenoptik, 85748Garching, Germany,Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology, 80799München, Germany
| | - Arthur Christianen
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Quantenoptik, 85748Garching, Germany,Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology, 80799München, Germany
| | - Andreas Schindewolf
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Quantenoptik, 85748Garching, Germany,Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology, 80799München, Germany
| | - Immanuel Bloch
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Quantenoptik, 85748Garching, Germany,Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology, 80799München, Germany,Fakultät
für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80799München, Germany
| | - Xin-Yu Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Quantenoptik, 85748Garching, Germany,Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology, 80799München, Germany,E-mail:
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12
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Man MP, Groenenboom GC, Karman T. Symmetry Breaking in Sticky Collisions between Ultracold Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:243401. [PMID: 36563246 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.243401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultracold molecules undergo "sticky collisions" that result in loss even for chemically nonreactive molecules. Sticking times can be enhanced by orders of magnitude by interactions that lead to nonconservation of nuclear spin or total angular momentum. We present a quantitative theory of the required strength of such symmetry-breaking interactions based on classical simulation of collision complexes. We find static electric fields as small as 10 V/cm can lead to nonconservation of angular momentum, while we find nuclear spin is conserved during collisions. We also compute loss of collision complexes due to spontaneous emission and absorption of black-body radiation, which are found to be slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn P Man
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit C Groenenboom
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tijs Karman
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
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13
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Liu Y, Huang J, Yang D, Xie D, Guo H. Global Full-Dimensional Potential Energy Surface for the Reaction 23Na 87Rb + 23Na 87Rb → 23Na 2 + 87Rb 2 and the Formation Rate and Lifetime of the 23Na 287Rb 2 Collision Complex. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9008-9021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yilang Liu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Dongzheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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14
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Wang BB, Zhang M, Han YC. Ultracold state-to-state chemistry for three-body recombination in realistic 3He 2-alkaline-earth-metal systems. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:014305. [PMID: 35803812 DOI: 10.1063/5.0090243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultracold state-to-state chemistry for three-body recombination (TBR) in realistic systems recently could be experimentally investigated with full quantum state resolution. However, many detected phenomena remain challenging to be explored and explained from the theoretical viewpoints because this generally requires computational powers beyond the state-of-the-art. Here, the product-state distributions after TBR of 3He2-alkaline-earth-metal systems, i.e. after the processes 3He+3He+X→3HeX+3He with X being 9Be, 24Mg, 40Ca, 88Sr, or 138Ba, in the zero-collision-energy limit are theoretically studied. Two propensity rules for the distribution of the products found in current experiments have been checked, and the mechanism underlying these product-state distributions is explored. Particularly, two main intriguing transition pathways are identified, which may be responsible for the nonlinear distribution of the products versus their rotational quantum number. In addition, the total TBR rates of these systems are also accounted for by the joint effects of major adiabatic potential energies and relevant nonadiabatic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, China West Normal University, China
| | | | - Yong-Chang Han
- Department of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, China
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15
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Koller M, Jung F, Phrompao J, Zeppenfeld M, Rabey IM, Rempe G. Electric-Field-Controlled Cold Dipolar Collisions between Trapped CH_{3}F Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:203401. [PMID: 35657871 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reaching high densities is a key step toward cold-collision experiments with polyatomic molecules. We use a cryofuge to load up to 2×10^{7} CH_{3}F molecules into a boxlike electric trap, achieving densities up to 10^{7}/cm^{3} at temperatures around 350 mK where the elastic dipolar cross section exceeds 7×10^{-12} cm^{2}. We measure inelastic rate constants below 4×10^{-8} cm^{3}/s and control these by tuning a homogeneous electric field that covers a large fraction of the trap volume. Comparison to ab initio calculations gives excellent agreement with dipolar relaxation. Our techniques and findings are generic and immediately relevant for other cold-molecule collision experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - F Jung
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Phrompao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Zeppenfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - I M Rabey
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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16
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Christianen A, Cirac JI, Schmidt R. Chemistry of a Light Impurity in a Bose-Einstein Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:183401. [PMID: 35594082 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.183401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Similar to an electron in a solid, an impurity in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is dressed by excitations from the medium, forming a polaron quasiparticle with modified properties. This impurity can also undergo chemical recombination with atoms from the BEC, a process resonantly enhanced when universal three-body Efimov bound states cross the continuum. To study the interplay between these phenomena, we use a Gaussian state variational method able to describe both Efimov physics and arbitrarily many excitations of the BEC. We show that the polaron cloud contributes to bound state formation, leading to a shift of the Efimov resonance to smaller interaction strengths. This shifted scattering resonance marks the onset of a polaronic instability towards the decay into large Efimov clusters and fast recombination, offering a remarkable example of chemistry in a quantum medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Christianen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, D-80799 Munich, Germany
| | - J Ignacio Cirac
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, D-80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, D-80799 Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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17
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Haze S, D'Incao JP, Dorer D, Deiß M, Tiemann E, Julienne PS, Denschlag JH. Spin-Conservation Propensity Rule for Three-Body Recombination of Ultracold Rb Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:133401. [PMID: 35426725 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.133401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore the physical origin and the general validity of a propensity rule for the conservation of the hyperfine spin state in three-body recombination. This rule was recently discovered for the special case of ^{87}Rb with its nearly equal singlet and triplet scattering lengths. Here, we test the propensity rule for ^{85}Rb for which the scattering properties are very different from ^{87}Rb. The Rb_{2} molecular product distribution is mapped out in a state-to-state fashion using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization detection schemes which fully cover all possible molecular spin states. Interestingly, for the experimentally investigated range of binding energies from zero to ∼13 GHz×h we observe that the spin-conservation propensity rule also holds for ^{85}Rb. From these observations and a theoretical analysis we derive an understanding for the conservation of the hyperfine spin state. We identify several criteria to judge whether the propensity rule will also hold for other elements and collision channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Haze
- Institut für Quantenmaterie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Universität Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - José P D'Incao
- Institut für Quantenmaterie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Universität Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
- JILA, NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Dominik Dorer
- Institut für Quantenmaterie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Universität Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Deiß
- Institut für Quantenmaterie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Universität Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Eberhard Tiemann
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul S Julienne
- Institut für Quantenmaterie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Universität Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and NIST, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Johannes Hecker Denschlag
- Institut für Quantenmaterie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology IQST, Universität Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
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18
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Sixt T, Stienkemeier F, Dulitz K. Spin-state-controlled chemi-ionization reactions between metastable helium atoms and ground-state lithium atoms. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:114306. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0083842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the control of 4He(23S1)–7Li(22S1/2) chemi-ionization reactions by all-optical electron-spin-state preparation of both atomic species prior to the collision process. Our results demonstrate that chemi-ionization is strongly suppressed (enhanced) for non-spin-conserving (spin-conserving) collisions at thermal energies. These findings are in good agreement with a model based on spin angular momentum coupling of the prepared atomic states to the quasi-molecular states. Small deviations from the model indicate the contribution of the 4Σ+ channel to the reaction rate, which is in violation of spin conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sixt
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Stienkemeier
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Dulitz
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Yang D, Xie D, Guo H. Stereodynamical Control of Cold Collisions of Polyatomic Molecules with Atoms. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1777-1784. [PMID: 35167302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scattering between atomic and/or molecular species can be controlled by manipulating the orientation or alignment of the collision partners. Such stereodynamics is particularly pronounced at cold (∼1 K) collision temperatures because of the presence of resonances. Comparing to the extensively studied atomic and diatomic species, polyatomic molecules with strong steric anisotropy could provide a more sophisticated platform for studying such stereodynamics. Here, we provide the quantum mechanical framework for understanding state-to-state stereodynamics in rotationally inelastic scattering of polyatomic molecules with atoms and apply it to cold collision of oriented H2O with He on a highly accurate potential energy surface. It is shown that strong stereodynamical control can be achieved near 1 K via shape resonances. Furthermore, quantum interference in scattering of a coherently prepared initial state of the H2O species is explored, which is shown to be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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20
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Zhao B, Pan JW. Quantum control of reactions and collisions at ultralow temperatures. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1685-1701. [PMID: 35169822 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
At temperatures close to absolute zero, the molecular reactions and collisions are dominantly governed by quantum mechanics. Remarkable quantum phenomena such as quantum tunneling, quantum threshold behavior, quantum resonances, quantum interference, and quantum statistics are expected to be the main features in ultracold reactions and collisions. Ultracold molecules offer great opportunities and challenges in the study of these intriguing quantum phenomena in molecular processes. In this article, we review the recent progress in the preparation of ultracold molecules and the study of ultracold reactions and collisions using ultracold molecules. We focus on the controlled ultracold chemistry and the scattering resonances at ultralow temperatures. The challenges in understanding the complex ultracold reactions and collisions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China. .,Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China. .,Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
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21
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Barnum TJ, Clausen G, Jiang J, Coy SL, Field RW. Long-range model of vibrational autoionization in core-nonpenetrating Rydberg states of NO. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:244303. [PMID: 34972375 DOI: 10.1063/5.0070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In high orbital angular momentum (ℓ ≥ 3) Rydberg states, the centrifugal barrier hinders the close approach of the Rydberg electron to the ion-core. As a result, these core-nonpenetrating Rydberg states can be well described by a simplified model in which the Rydberg electron is only weakly perturbed by the long-range electric properties (i.e., multipole moments and polarizabilities) of the ion-core. We have used a long-range model to describe the vibrational autoionization dynamics of high-ℓ Rydberg states of nitric oxide (NO). In particular, our model explains the extensive angular momentum exchange between the ion-core and the Rydberg electron that had been previously observed in vibrational autoionization of f (ℓ = 3) Rydberg states. These results shed light on a long-standing mechanistic question around these previous observations and support a direct, vibrational mechanism of autoionization over an indirect, predissociation-mediated mechanism. In addition, our model correctly predicts newly measured total decay rates of g (ℓ = 4) Rydberg states because for ℓ ≥ 4, the non-radiative decay is dominated by autoionization rather than predissociation. We examine the predicted NO+ ion rotational state distributions generated by vibrational autoionization of g states and discuss applications of our model to achieve quantum state selection in the production of molecular ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Barnum
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Gloria Clausen
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Stephen L Coy
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert W Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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22
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Kale SS, Chen YP, Kais S. Constructive Quantum Interference in Photochemical Reactions. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:7822-7826. [PMID: 34788039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interferences emerge when multiple pathways coexist together, leading toward the same result. Here, we report a theoretical study for a reaction scheme that leads to constructive quantum interference in a photoassociation (PA) reaction of a 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate where the reactant spin state is prepared in a coherent superposition of multiple bare spin states. This is achieved by changing the reactive scattering channel in the PA reaction. As the origin of coherent control comes from the spin part of the wavefunction, we show that it is sufficient to use radio frequency (RF) coupling to achieve the superposition state. We simulate the RF coupling on a quantum processor (IBMQ Lima), and our results show that interferences can be used as a resource for the coherent control of photochemical reactions. The approach is general and can be employed to study a wide spectrum of chemical reactions in the ultracold regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Suresh Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yong P Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sabre Kais
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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23
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Abstract
Advances in atomic, molecular, and optical physics techniques allowed the cooling of simple molecules down to the ultracold regime ([Formula: see text]1 mK) and opened opportunities to study chemical reactions with unprecedented levels of control. This review covers recent developments in studying bimolecular chemistry at ultralow temperatures. We begin with a brief overview of methods for producing, manipulating, and detecting ultracold molecules. We then survey experimental works that exploit the controllability of ultracold molecules to probe and modify their long-range interactions. Further combining the use of physical chemistry techniques such as mass spectrometry and ion imaging significantly improved the detection of ultracold reactions and enabled explorations of their dynamics in the short range. We discuss a series of studies on the reaction KRb + KRb → K2 + Rb2 initiated below 1 [Formula: see text]K, including the direct observation of a long-lived complex, the demonstration of product rotational state control via conserved nuclear spins, and a test of the statistical model using the complete quantum state distribution of the products. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA; .,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; .,Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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24
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Buren B, Chen M, Sun Z, Guo H. Quantum Wave Packet Treatment of Cold Nonadiabatic Reactive Scattering at the State-To-State Level. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10111-10120. [PMID: 34767377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cold and ultracold collisions are dominated by quantum effects, such as resonances, tunneling, and nonadiabatic transitions between different electronic states. Due to the extremely long de Broglie wavelength in such processes, quantum reactive scattering is most conveniently characterized using the time-independent close-coupling (TICC) methods. However, the TICC approach is difficult for systems with a large number of channels because of its steep numerical scaling laws. Here, a recently proposed quantum wave packet (WP) approach for solving adiabatic reactive scattering problems at low collision energies is extended to include nonadiabatic transitions. To impose the outgoing boundary conditions, the total scattering wavefunction is split into three parts, the interaction, the asymptotic, and the long-range regions. Each region is associated with a different set of basis functions, which could be optimized separately. In this way, an extremely long grid can be used to accommodate the characteristic long de Broglie wavelengths in the scattering coordinate. The better numerical scaling laws of the WP approach have the potential for handling larger nonadiabatic reactive systems at low temperatures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayaer Buren
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Maodu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhigang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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25
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Jambrina PG, Croft JFE, Balakrishnan N, Aoiz FJ. Stereodynamic control of cold rotationally inelastic CO + HD collisions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19364-19374. [PMID: 34524308 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02755g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantum control of molecular collision dynamics is an exciting emerging area of cold collisions. Co-expansion of collision partners in a supersonic molecular beam combined with precise control of their quantum states and alignment/orientation using Stark-induced Adiabatic Raman Passage allows exquisite stereodynamic control of the collision outcome. This approach has recently been demonstrated for rotational quenching of HD in collisions with H2, D2, and He and D2 by He. Here we illustrate this approach for HD(v = 0, j = 2) + CO(v = 0, j = 0) → HD(v' = 0, j') + CO(v' = 0, j') collisions through full-dimensional quantum scattering calculations at collision energies near 1 K. It is shown that the collision dynamics at energies between 0.01-1 K are controlled by an interplay of L = 1 and L = 2 partial wave resonances depending on the final rotational levels of the two molecules. Polarized cross sections resolved into magnetic sub-levels of the initial and final rotational quantum numbers of the two molecules also reveal a significant stereodynamic effect in the cold energy regime. Overall, the stereodynamic effect is controlled by both geometric and dynamical factors, with parity conservation playing an important role in modulating these contributions depending on the particular final state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo G Jambrina
- Departamento de Química Física, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain.
| | - James F E Croft
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. .,Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - F Javier Aoiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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26
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Wiesenfeld L. Quantum nature of molecular vibrational quenching: Water-molecular hydrogen collisions. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:071104. [PMID: 34418925 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of conversions of molecular internal energy to and from kinetic energy by means of molecular collision allow us to compute collisional line shapes and transport properties of gases. Knowledge of ro-vibrational quenching rates is necessary to connect spectral observations to physical properties of warm astrophysical gasses, including exo-atmospheres. For a system of paramount importance in this context, the vibrational bending mode quenching of H2O by H2, we show here that the exchange of vibrational to rotational and kinetic energy remains a quantum process, despite the large numbers of quantum levels involved and the large vibrational energy transfer. The excitation of the quantized rotor of the projectile is by far the most effective ro-vibrational quenching path of water. To do so, we use a fully quantum first-principles computation, potential and dynamics, converging it at all stages, in a full coupled channel formalism. We present here rates for the quenching of the first bending mode of ortho-H2O by ortho-H2, up to 500 K, in a fully converged coupled channel formalism.
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27
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Huang J, Yang D, Zuo J, Hu X, Xie D, Guo H. Full-Dimensional Global Potential Energy Surface for the KRb + KRb → K 2Rb 2* → K 2 + Rb 2 Reaction with Accurate Long-Range Interactions and Quantum Statistical Calculation of the Product State Distribution under Ultracold Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6198-6206. [PMID: 34251201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A full-dimensional global potential energy surface (PES) for the KRb + KRb → K2Rb2* → K2 + Rb2 reaction is reported based on high-level ab initio calculations. The short-range part of the PES is fit with the permutationally invariant polynomial-neural network method, while the long-range parts of the PES in both the reactant and product asymptotes are represented by an asymptotically correct form. The long- and short-range parts are connected with intermediate-range parts to make them smooth. Within a statistical quantum model, this PES reproduces both the measured loss rates of ultracold KRb molecules and the K2 and Rb2 product state distributions, underscoring the important role of tunneling in ultracold chemistry. The PES also correctly predicts the lifetime of the K2Rb2* intermediate complex within the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus limit. It thus provides a reliable platform for future dynamical studies of the prototypical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Dongzheng Yang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junxiang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Xixi Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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28
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Kłos J, Guan Q, Li H, Li M, Tiesinga E, Kotochigova S. Roaming pathways and survival probability in real-time collisional dynamics of cold and controlled bialkali molecules. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10598. [PMID: 34011983 PMCID: PMC8134521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfectly controlled molecules are at the forefront of the quest to explore chemical reactivity at ultra low temperatures. Here, we investigate for the first time the formation of the long-lived intermediates in the time-dependent scattering of cold bialkali \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{23}\hbox {Na}^{87}$$\end{document}23Na87Rb molecules with and without the presence of infrared trapping light. During the nearly 50 nanoseconds mean collision time of the intermediate complex, we observe unconventional roaming when for a few tens of picoseconds either NaRb or \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {Na}_2$$\end{document}Na2 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {Rb}_2$$\end{document}Rb2 molecules with large relative separation are formed before returning to the four-atom complex. We also determine the likelihood of molecular loss when the trapping laser is present during the collision. We find that at a wavelength of 1064 nm the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {Na}_2\hbox {Rb}_2$$\end{document}Na2Rb2 complex is quickly destroyed and thus that the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{23}\hbox {Na}^{87}$$\end{document}23Na87Rb molecules are rapidly lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kłos
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.,Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Qingze Guan
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Eite Tiesinga
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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29
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Osterwalder A. Ultimate control in chemistry. Nat Chem 2021; 13:396-397. [PMID: 33931752 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Osterwalder
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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30
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Liu Y, Hu MG, Nichols MA, Yang D, Xie D, Guo H, Ni KK. Precision test of statistical dynamics with state-to-state ultracold chemistry. Nature 2021; 593:379-384. [PMID: 34012086 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions represent a class of quantum problems that challenge both the current theoretical understanding and computational capabilities1. Reactions that occur at ultralow temperatures provide an ideal testing ground for quantum chemistry and scattering theories, because they can be experimentally studied with unprecedented control2, yet display dynamics that are highly complex3. Here we report the full product state distribution for the reaction 2KRb → K2 + Rb2. Ultracold preparation of the reactants allows us complete control over their initial quantum degrees of freedom, whereas state-resolved, coincident detection of both products enables the probability of scattering into each of the 57 allowed rotational state-pairs to be measured. Our results show an overall agreement with a state-counting model based on statistical theory4-6, but also reveal several deviating state-pairs. In particular, we observe a strong suppression of population in the state-pair closest to the exoergicity limit as a result of the long-range potential inhibiting the escape of products. The completeness of our measurements provides a benchmark for quantum dynamics calculations beyond the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Ming-Guang Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew A Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dongzheng Yang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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31
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Burueva D, Stakheev A, Koptyug I. Pd-based bimetallic catalysts for parahydrogen-induced polarization in heterogeneous hydrogenations. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:93-103. [PMID: 37904757 PMCID: PMC10539775 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-93-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Production of hyperpolarized catalyst-free gases and liquids by heterogeneous hydrogenation with parahydrogen can be useful for various technical as well as biomedical applications, including in vivo studies, investigations of mechanisms of industrially important catalytic processes, enrichment of nuclear spin isomers of polyatomic gases, and more. In this regard, the wide systematic search for heterogeneous catalysts effective in pairwise H 2 addition required for the observation of parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) effects is crucial. Here in this work we demonstrate the competitive advantage of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts for PHIP in heterogeneous hydrogenations (HET-PHIP). The dilution of catalytically active Pd with less active Ag or In atoms provides the formation of atomically dispersed Pd 1 sites on the surface of Pd-based bimetallic catalysts, which are significantly more selective toward pairwise H 2 addition compared to the monometallic Pd. Furthermore, the choice of the dilution metal (Ag or In) has a pronounced effect on the efficiency of bimetallic catalysts in HET-PHIP, as revealed by comparing Pd-Ag and Pd-In bimetallic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudari B. Burueva
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International
Tomography Center, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging, International
Tomography Center, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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32
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Huang J, Kendrick BK, Zhang DH. Mechanistic Insights into Ultracold Chemical Reactions under the Control of the Geometric Phase. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2160-2165. [PMID: 33626281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultracold chemical reactions involve collision temperatures approaching absolute zero, and for molecular systems that exhibit a barrierless and exoergic reaction path significant reactivity can occur. In addition, many molecules contain a conical intersection, and the associated geometric phase has been shown to significantly alter the outcome of ultracold reactions. Here we report a quantum dynamics study for the ultracold O + OH → H + O2 reaction. An analysis of the scattering wave functions reveals explicitly the nature of the quantum interference between the direct and looping reaction pathways around the conical intersection and thus illustrates how the reaction proceeds under the control of the geometric phase for the first time. The wave function analysis should generalize to other ultracold reactions that contain a conical intersection. Our findings indicate that quantum control techniques such as an optical lattice trap or the initial state orientation may be effective in controlling the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Brian K Kendrick
- Theoretical Division (T-1, MS B221), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Dong H Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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