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Pan Y, Zhang J, Guo X, Li Y, Li L, Pan L. Recent Advances in Conductive Polymers-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1597. [PMID: 38891543 PMCID: PMC11174834 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors play a pivotal role in various fields, such as biomedicine and environmental detection, due to their exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, stability, rapid response time, user-friendly operation, and ease of miniaturization and integration. In addition to the research conducted in the application field, significant focus is placed on the selection and optimization of electrode interface materials for electrochemical sensors. The detection performance of these sensors can be significantly enhanced by modifying the interface of either inorganic metal electrodes or printed electrodes. Among numerous available modification materials, conductive polymers (CPs) possess not only excellent conductivity exhibited by inorganic conductors but also unique three-dimensional structural characteristics inherent to polymers. This distinctive combination allows CPs to increase active sites during the detection process while providing channels for rapid ion transmission and facilitating efficient electron transfer during reaction processes. This review article primarily highlights recent research progress concerning CPs as an ideal choice for modifying electrochemical sensors owing to their remarkable features that make them well-suited for biomedical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youheng Pan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yarou Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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2
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Zhou L, Reilly LT, Shi C, Quinn EC, Chen EYX. Proton-triggered topological transformation in superbase-mediated selective polymerization enables access to ultrahigh-molar-mass cyclic polymers. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01511-2. [PMID: 38649467 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The selective synthesis of ultrahigh-molar-mass (UHMM, >2 million Da) cyclic polymers is challenging as an exceptional degree of spatiotemporal control is required to overcome the possible undesired reactions that can compete with the desired intramolecular cyclization. Here we present a counterintuitive synthetic methodology for cyclic polymers, represented here by polythioesters, which proceeds via superbase-mediated ring-opening polymerization of gem-dimethylated thiopropiolactone, followed by macromolecular cyclization triggered by protic quenching. This proton-triggered linear-to-cyclic topological transformation enables selective, linear polymer-like access to desired cyclic polythioesters, including those with UHMM surpassing 2 MDa. In addition, this method eliminates the need for stringent conditions such as high dilution to prevent or suppress linear polymer contaminants and presents the opposite scenario in which protic-free conditions are required to prevent cyclic polymer formation, which is capitalized to produce cyclic polymers on demand. Furthermore, such UHMM cyclic polythioester exhibits not only much enhanced thermostability and mechanical toughness, but it can also be quantitatively recycled back to monomer under mild conditions due to its gem-disubstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Liam T Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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3
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Probst P, Groos J, Wang D, Beck A, Gugeler K, Kästner J, Frey W, Buchmeiser MR. Stereoselective Ring Expansion Metathesis Polymerization with Cationic Molybdenum Alkylidyne N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8435-8446. [PMID: 38482664 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Molybdenum alkylidyne N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of the type [Mo(C-p-C6H4Y)(OC(R)(CF3)2)2 (L)(NHC)][B(ArF)4] (Y = OMe, NO2; R = CH3, CF3; L = none, pivalonitrile, tetrahydrofuran; NHC = 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMes), 1,3-dimesityl-3,4-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene (IMesH2), 1,3-dimesityl-3,4-dichloroimidazol-2-ylidene (IMesCl2), 1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-ylidene (IiPr); B(ArF)4- = tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phen-1-yl)borate) were used in the ring expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP) of cyclic olefins. With cis-cyclooctene (cCOE) cyclic, low molecular weight oligomers were obtained at low monomer concentrations and the cyclic nature of the polymer was confirmed by MALDI-TOF measurements. High-molecular weight cyclic poly(cCOE) became available at high monomer concentrations. Also, post-REMP allowed for converting low-molecular-weight cyclic poly(cCOE) into high-molecular-weight cyclic poly(cCOE). Tailored catalysts together with suitable additives offered access to the stereoselective REMP of functional norbornenes providing functional cis-isotactic (cis-it), cis-syndiotactic (cis-st) and trans-it poly(norbornene)s with up to 99% stereoselectivity. Mechanistic details supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Probst
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonas Groos
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dongren Wang
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Beck
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katrin Gugeler
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Miao Z, Scott FJ, van Tol J, Bowers CR, Veige AS, Mentink-Vigier F. Soliton Based Dynamic Nuclear Polarization: An Overhauser Effect in Cyclic Polyacetylene at High Field and Room Temperature. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:3369-3375. [PMID: 38498927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Polyacetylene, a versatile material with an electrical conductivity that can span 7 orders of magnitude, is the prototypical conductive polymer. In this letter, we report the observation of a significant Overhauser effect at the high magnetic field of 14.1 T that operates at 100 K and room temperature in both linear and cyclic polyacetylene. Significant NMR signal enhancements ranging from 24 to 45 are obtained. The increased sensitivity enabled the characterization of the polymer chain defects at natural abundance. The absence of end methyl group carbon-13 signals provides proof of the closed-loop molecular structure of cyclic polyacetylene. The remarkable efficiency of the soliton based Overhauser effect DNP mechanism at high temperature and high field holds promise for applications and extension to other conductive polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Miao
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - F J Scott
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - J van Tol
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - C R Bowers
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - A S Veige
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - F Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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5
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Ma C, Wang H, Sun R, Liao X, Han H, Xie M. Polyacetylene-Based Asymmetric Bicyclic Polymer by Blocking-Cyclization Technique. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300628. [PMID: 38227809 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A rare asymmetric bicyclic polymer containing different length of conjugated polyacetylene segments is synthesized by metathesis cyclopolymerization-mediated blocking-cyclization technique. The size of each single ring differs from each other, and the unique cyclic polymer topology is controlled by adjusting the feed ratio of monofunctional monomer to catalyst. The topological difference between linear and bicyclic polymers is confirmed by several techniques, and the visualized morphology of asymmetric bicyclic polymer is directly observed without tedious post-modification process. The photoelectric and thermal properties of polymers are investigated. This work expands the pathway for the derivation of cyclic polymers, and such unique topological structure enriches the diversity of cyclic polymer classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ruyi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Huijing Han
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Meiran Xie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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6
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Russell JB, Konar D, Keller TM, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Telser J, Lester DW, Veige AS, Sumerlin BS, Mindiola DJ. Metallacyclobuta-(2,3)-diene: A Bidentate Ligand for Stream-line Synthesis of First Row Transition Metal Catalysts for Cyclic Polymerization of Phenylacetylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318956. [PMID: 38109203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Described here is a direct entry to two examples of 3d transition metal catalysts that are active for the cyclic polymerization of phenylacetylene, namely, [(BDI)M{κ2 -C,C-(Me3 SiC3 SiMe3 )}] (2-M) (BDI=[ArNC(CH3 )]2 CH- , Ar=2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ; M=Ti, V). Catalysts are prepared in one step by the treatment of [(BDI)MCl2 ] (1-M, M=Ti, V) with 1,3-dilithioallene [Li2 (Me3 SiC3 SiMe3 )]. Complexes 2-M have been spectroscopically and structurally characterized and the polymers that are catalytically formed from phenylacetylene were verified to have a cyclic topology based on a combination of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and intrinsic viscosity studies. Two-electron oxidation of 2-V with nitrous oxide (N2 O) cleanly yields a [VV ] alkylidene-alkynyl oxo complex [(BDI)V(=O){κ1 -C-(=C(SiMe3 )CC(SiMe3 ))}] (3), which lends support for how this scaffold in 2-M might be operating in the polymerization of the terminal alkyne. This work demonstrates how alkylidynes can be circumvented using 1,3-dianionic allene as a segue into M-C multiple bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Debabrata Konar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA) E-mail: s
| | - Taylor M Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua Telser
- Department of Biological, Physical and Health Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Daniel W Lester
- Polymer Characterization Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA) E-mail: s
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA) E-mail: s
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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7
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Ruan K, Lu Z, Rao R, Liu JJ, Chen D, Xia H. Craig-Hückel Hybrid Aromatic Metalla-dehydro[11]annulenes Constructed by a Formal [10+1] Cycloaddition Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316885. [PMID: 38135661 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic metalla-annulenes are important aromatic compounds, research into which has been mainly concentrated on metal-benzenes and their lower homologues. Reports on their superior homologs are rare, and this has greatly limited the systematic study of their properties. In this work, a series of osma-dehydro[11]annulenes with good air and thermal stability were prepared in high yields through a simple [10+1] strategy, by incorporating a metal fragment into conjugated ten-carbon chains in a one-pot reaction. They are the first monometallic aromatic metalla-[n]annulenes with the ring size larger than 6, and their Craig-Hückel hybrid aromaticity is supported by various physical and computational parameters. Besides, these complexes show versatile reactivities, not only giving further evidence for their aromaticity, but also demonstrating their physical and chemical properties can easily be regulated. This work enriches the metalla-aromatic chemistry, and provides a new avenue for the synthesis of large metalla-annulenes with different ring sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ren Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dafa Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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8
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Jafari MG, Russell JB, Lee H, Pudasaini B, Pal D, Miao Z, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Sumerlin BS, Veige AS, Baik MH, Mindiola DJ. Vanadium Alkylidyne Initiated Cyclic Polymer Synthesis: The Importance of a Deprotiovanadacyclobutadiene Moiety. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2997-3009. [PMID: 38272018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Reported is the catalytic cyclic polymer synthesis by a 3d transition metal complex: a V(V) alkylidyne, [(dBDI)V≡CtBu(OEt2)] (1-OEt2), supported by the deprotonated β-diketiminate dBDI2- (dBDI2- = ArNC(CH3)CHC(CH2)NAr, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3). Complex 1-OEt2 is a precatalyst for the polymerization of phenylacetylene (PhCCH) to give cyclic poly(phenylacetylene) (c-PPA), whereas its precursor, complex [(BDI)V≡CtBu(OTf)] (2-OTf; BDI- = [ArNC(CH3)]2CH, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, OTf = OSO2CF3), and the zwitterion [((C6F5)3B-dBDI)V≡CtBu(OEt2)] (3-OEt2) exhibit low catalytic activity despite having a neopentylidyne ligand. Cyclic polymer topologies were verified by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and intrinsic viscosity studies. A component of the mechanism of the cyclic polymerization reaction was probed by isolation and full characterization of 4- and 6-membered metallacycles as model intermediates. Metallacyclobutadiene (MCBD) and deprotiometallacyclobutadiene (dMCBD) complexes (dBDI)V[C(tBu)C(H)C(tBu)] (4-tBu) and (BDI)V[C(tBu)CC(Mes)] (5-Mes), respectively, were synthesized upon reaction with bulkier alkynes, tBu- (tBuCCH) and Mes-acetylene (MesCCH), with 1-OEt2. Furthermore, the reaction of the conjugate acid of 1-OEt2, [(BDI)V≡CtBu(OTf)] (2-OTf), with the conjugated base of phenylacetylene, lithium phenylacetylide (LiCCPh), yields the doubly deprotio-metallacycle complex, [Li(THF)4]{(BDI)V[C(Ph)CC(tBu)CC(Ph)]} (6). Protonation of the doubly deprotio-metallacycle complex 6 yields 6-H+, a catalytically active species toward the polymerization of PhCCH, for which the polymers were also confirmed to be cyclic by SEC studies. Computational mechanistic studies complement the experimental observations and provide insight into the mechanism of cyclic polymer growth. The noninnocence of the supporting dBDI2- ligand and its role in proton shuttling to generate deprotiometallacyclobutadiene (dMCBD) complexes that proposedly culminate in the formation of catalytically active V(III) species are also discussed. This work demonstrates how a dMCBD moiety can react with terminal alkynes to form cyclic polyalkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrafshan G Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John B Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hanna Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bimal Pudasaini
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Digvijayee Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Zhihui Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Alkahtani ME, Elbadawi M, Chapman CAR, Green RA, Gaisford S, Orlu M, Basit AW. Electroactive Polymers for On-Demand Drug Release. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301759. [PMID: 37861058 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Conductive materials have played a significant role in advancing society into the digital era. Such materials are able to harness the power of electricity and are used to control many aspects of daily life. Conductive polymers (CPs) are an emerging group of polymers that possess metal-like conductivity yet retain desirable polymeric features, such as processability, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Upon receiving an electrical stimulus, CPs can be tailored to achieve a number of responses, such as harvesting energy and stimulating tissue growth. The recent FDA approval of a CP-based material for a medical device has invigorated their research in healthcare. In drug delivery, CPs can act as electrical switches, drug release is achieved at a flick of a switch, thereby providing unprecedented control over drug release. In this review, recent developments in CP as electroactive polymers for voltage-stimuli responsive drug delivery systems are evaluated. The review demonstrates the distinct drug release profiles achieved by electroactive formulations, and both the precision and ease of stimuli response. This level of dynamism promises to yield "smart medicines" and warrants further research. The review concludes by providing an outlook on electroactive formulations in drug delivery and highlighting their integral roles in healthcare IoT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal E Alkahtani
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moe Elbadawi
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Christopher A R Chapman
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Rylie A Green
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mine Orlu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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10
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Lu X, Zhang X, Zhang C, Zhang X. Cyclic Polyesters with Closed-Loop Recyclability from A New Chemically Reversible Alternating Copolymerization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306072. [PMID: 38037295 PMCID: PMC10811513 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyesters with both cyclic topology and chemical recyclability are attractive. Here, the alternating copolymerization of cyclic anhydride and o-phthalaldehyde to synthesize a series of cyclic and recyclable polyesters are reported for the first time. Besides readily available monomers, the copolymerization is carried out at 25 °C, uses common Lewis/Brønsted acids as catalysts, and achieves high yields within 1 h. The resulting polyesters possess well-defined alternating sequences, high-purity cyclic topology, and tunable structures using distinct two monomer sets. Of interest, the copolymerization manifests obvious chemical reversibility as revealed by kinetic and thermodynamic studies, making the unprecedented polyesters easy to recycle to their distinct two monomers in a closed loop at high temperatures. This work furnishes a facile and efficient method to synthesize cyclic polyesters with closed-loop recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel TechnologyInternational Research Center for X PolymersDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel TechnologyInternational Research Center for X PolymersDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Chengjian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel TechnologyInternational Research Center for X PolymersDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xinghong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel TechnologyInternational Research Center for X PolymersDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
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11
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Duan BH, Yu JX, Gao RT, Li SY, Liu N, Wu ZQ. Controlled synthesis of cyclic helical polyisocyanides and bottlebrush polymers using a cyclic alkyne-Pd(II) catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13002-13005. [PMID: 37830293 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04095j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers have very unique structure and properties, and thus have drawn intense research attention. However, controlled synthesis of cyclic polymers with predictable molar mass and narrow distribution is still a challenging task. In this study, we developed a novel cyclic catalyst that initiates the ring-expansion polymerisation of isocyanides, producing a series of cyclic helical polymers with predictable molecular weight and low dispersity. Interestingly, the ring-expansion polymerization of the isocyanide macromonomers gives well-defined cyclic bottlebrush polymers. The cyclic topology was demonstrated using transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jia-Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Run-Tan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shi-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Na Liu
- The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P. R. China.
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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12
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Levenson AM, Morrison CM, Huang PR, Wang TW, Carter-Schwendler Z, Golder MR. Ancillary Ligand Lability Improves Control in Cyclic Ruthenium Benzylidene Initiated Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1286-1292. [PMID: 37695322 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of well-defined cyclic polymers is crucial to exploring applications spanning engineering, energy, and biomedicine. These materials lack chain-ends and are therefore imbued with unique bulk properties. Despite recent advancements, the general methodology for controlled cyclic polymer synthesis via ring-expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP) remains challenging. Low initiator activity leads to high molar mass polymers at short reaction times that subsequently "evolve" to smaller polymeric products. In this work, we demonstrate that in situ addition of pyridine to the tethered ruthenium-benzylidene REMP initiator CB6 increases ancillary ligand lability to synthesize controlled and low dispersity cyclic poly(norbornene) on a short time scale without relying on molar mass evolution events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide M Levenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christine M Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Pin-Ruei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Teng-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zak Carter-Schwendler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew R Golder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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13
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Miyairi M, Taniguchi T, Nishimura T, Maeda K. Facile Synthesis of Linear and Cyclic Poly(diphenylacetylene)s by Molybdenum and Tungsten Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302332. [PMID: 37376740 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Improved methods for the synthesis of linear and cyclic poly(diphenylacetylene)s by polymerization of the corresponding diphenylacetylenes using MoCl5 - and WCl4 -based catalytic systems have been developed. MoCl5 induces migratory insertion polymerization of diphenylacetylenes in the presence of arylation reagents such as Ph4 Sn and ArSnn Bu3 to produce cis-stereoregular linear poly(diphenylacetyelene)s with high molecular weights (number-average molar mass (Mn )=30,000-3,200,000) in good yields (up to 98 %). On the other hand, WCl4 induces ring expansion polymerization of diphenylacetylenes in the presence of Ph4 Sn or reducing reagents to produce cis-stereoregular cyclic poly(diphenylacetylene)s with high molecular weights (Mn =20,000-250,000) in moderate to good yields (up to 90 %). Both catalytic systems are applicable to the polymerization of various diphenylacetylenes having polar functional groups such as esters that are not efficiently polymerized by conventional methods using WCl6 -Ph4 Sn and TaCl5 -n Bu4 Sn systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Miyairi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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14
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Takahashi M. Polysilyne chains bridged with beryllium lead to flat 2D Dirac materials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13182. [PMID: 37580516 PMCID: PMC10425356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysilyne with repeating disilyne units, a silicon analogue of polyacetylene, has a high potential for application to various novel silicon-based electronic devices because of the unique properties of Si=Si units with a smaller HOMO-LUMO energy gap than that of C=C units. However, one-dimensional (1D) polysilyne has not been synthesized yet. Here we propose a planar and air-stable two-dimensional (2D) silicon-based material with one-atom thickness consisting of beryllium-bridged 1D all-trans polysilyne, based on the first-principles calculations. The flat structure of 1D polysilyne, which is essential for the air stability of silicon π-electron conjugated systems, is realized by embedding polysilyne in a planar sheet. It was found that the 2D crystal optimized at the rhombus unit cell with the D2h group symmetry is a silicon-based Dirac semimetal with linear dispersion at the Fermi energy and hosts anisotropic Dirac fermions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Takahashi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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15
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Song Y, He J, Zhang Y, Gilsdorf RA, Chen EYX. Recyclable cyclic bio-based acrylic polymer via pairwise monomer enchainment by a trifunctional Lewis pair. Nat Chem 2023; 15:366-376. [PMID: 36443531 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The existing catalyst/initiator systems and methodologies used for the synthesis of polymers can access only a few cyclic polymers composed entirely of a single monomer type, and the synthesis of such authentic cyclic polar vinyl polymers (acrylics) devoid of any foreign motifs remains a challenge. Here we report that a tethered B-P-B trifunctional, intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair catalyst enables the synthesis of an authentic cyclic acrylic polymer, cyclic poly(γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone) (c-PMMBL), from the bio-based monomer MMBL. Detailed studies have revealed an initiation and propagation mechanism through pairwise monomer enchainment enabled by the cooperative and synergistic initiator/catalyst sites of the trifunctional catalyst. We propose that macrocyclic intermediates and transition states comprising two catalyst molecules are involved in the catalyst-regulated ring expansion and eventual cyclization, forming authentic c-PMMBL rings and concurrently regenerating the catalyst. The cyclic topology of the c-PMMBL polymers imparts an ~50 °C higher onset decomposition temperature and a much narrower degradation window compared with their linear counterparts of similar molecular weight and dispersity, while maintaining high chemical recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Reid A Gilsdorf
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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16
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Cheng X, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhuo L. Theoretical investigation of the borazine B9N9 monocyclic ring. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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17
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Ochs J, Pagnacco CA, Barroso-Bujans F. Macrocyclic polymers: Synthesis, purification, properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Chen C, Weil T. Cyclic polymers: synthesis, characteristics, and emerging applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1121-1135. [PMID: 35938292 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00242f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers with a ring-like topology and no chain ends are a unique class of macromolecules. In the past several decades, significant advances have been made to prepare these fascinating polymers, which allow for the exploration of their topological effects and potential applications in various fields. In this Review, we first describe representative synthetic strategies for making cyclic polymers and their derivative topological polymers with more complex structures. Second, the unique physical properties and self-assembly behavior of cyclic polymers are discussed by comparing them with their linear analogues. Special attention is paid to highlight how polymeric rings can assemble into hierarchical macromolecular architectures. Subsequently, representative applications of cyclic polymers in different fields such as drug and gene delivery and surface functionalization are presented. Last, we envision the following key challenges and opportunities for cyclic polymers that may attract future attention: large-scale synthesis, efficient purification, programmable folding and assembly, and expansion of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Yoon KY, Noh J, Gan Q, Edwards JP, Tuba R, Choi TL, Grubbs RH. Scalable and continuous access to pure cyclic polymers enabled by 'quarantined' heterogeneous catalysts. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1242-1248. [PMID: 36064971 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers are topologically interesting and envisioned as a lubricant material. However, scalable synthesis of pure cyclic polymers remains elusive. The most straightforward way is to recover a used catalyst after the synthesis of cyclic polymers and reuse it. Unfortunately, this is demanding because of the catalyst's vulnerability and inseparability from polymers, which reduce the practicality of the process. Here we develop a continuous circular process, where polymerization, polymer separation and catalyst recovery happen in situ, to dispense a pure cyclic polymer after bulk ring-expansion metathesis polymerization of cyclopentene. It is enabled by introducing silica-supported ruthenium catalysts and newly designed glassware. Different depolymerization kinetics of the cyclic polymer from its linear analogue are also discussed. This process minimizes manual labour, maximizes the security of vulnerable catalysts and guarantees the purity of cyclic polymers, thereby showcasing a prototype of a scalable access to cyclic polymers with increased turnovers (≥415,000) of precious catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Yoon
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Quan Gan
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Julian P Edwards
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tuba
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Robert H Grubbs
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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20
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Pal D, Garrison JB, Miao Z, Diodati LE, Veige AS, Sumerlin BS. Nanobowls from Amphiphilic Core–Shell Cyclic Bottlebrush Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Digvijayee Pal
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John B. Garrison
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Zhihui Miao
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Lily E. Diodati
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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21
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Jakhar VK, Esper AM, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Ehm C, Veige AS. Isolation of an Elusive Phosphametallacyclobutadiene and Its Role in Reversible Carbon−Carbon Bond Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203073. [PMID: 35536109 PMCID: PMC9296546 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of phosphaalkynes, the isolobal and isoelectronic congeners to alkynes, with metal alkylidyne complexes is explored in this work. Treating the tungsten alkylidyne [t BuOCO]W≡Ct Bu(THF)2 (1) with phosphaalkyne (10) results in the formation of [O2 C(t BuC=)W{η2 -(P,C)-P≡C-Ad}(THF)] (13-t BuTHF ) and [O2 C(AdC=)W{η2 -(P,C)-P≡C-t Bu}(THF)] (13-AdTHF ); derived from the formal reductive migratory insertion of the alkylidyne moiety into a W-Carene bond. Analogous to alkyne metathesis, a stable phosphametallacyclobutadiene complex [t BuOCO]W[κ2 -C(t Bu)PC(Ad)] (14) forms upon loss of THF from the coordination sphere of either 13-t BuTHF or 13-AdTHF . Remarkably, the C-C bonds reversibly form/cleave with the addition or removal of THF from the coordination sphere of the formal tungsten(VI) metal center, permitting unprecedented control over the transformation of a tetraanionic pincer to a trianionic pincer and back. Computational analysis offers thermodynamic and electronic reasoning for the reversible equilibrium between 13-t Bu/AdTHF and 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet K. Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Center for Catalysis P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Alec M. Esper
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Center for Catalysis P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Center for Catalysis P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Center for Catalysis P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Center for Catalysis P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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22
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Cui M, Jia G. Organometallic Chemistry of Transition Metal Alkylidyne Complexes Centered at Metathesis Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12546-12566. [PMID: 35793547 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transition metals form a variety of alkylidyne complexes with either a d0 metal center (high-valent) or a non-d0 metal center (low-valent). One of the most interesting properties of alkylidyne complexes is that they can undergo or mediate metathesis reactions. The most well-studied metathesis reactions are alkyne metathesis involving high-valent alkylidynes. High-valent alkylidynes can also undergo metathesis reactions with heterotriple bonded species such as N≡CR, P≡CR, and N≡NR+. Metathesis reactions involving low-valent alkylidynes are less known. Highly efficient alkyne metathesis catalysts have been developed based on Mo(VI) and W(VI) alkylidynes. Catalytic cross-metathesis of nitriles with alkynes has also been achieved with M(VI) (M = W, Mo) alkylidyne or nitrido complexes. The metathesis activity of alkylidyne complexes is sensitively dependent on metals, supporting ligands and substituents of alkylidynes. Beyond metathesis, metal alkylidynes can also promote other reactions including alkyne polymerization. The remaining shortcomings and opportunities in the field are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong, China.,HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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23
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Xu L, Gao B, Xu X, Zhou L, Liu N, Wu Z. Controlled Synthesis of Cyclic‐Helical Polymers with Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204966. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Bao‐Rui Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Xun‐Hui Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Zong‐Quan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
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24
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Jakhar VK, Esper AM, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Ehm C, Veige AS. Isolation of an Elusive Phosphametallacyclobutadiene and Its Role in Reversible Carbon−Carbon Bond Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vineet K. Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Center for Catalysis P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Alec M. Esper
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Center for Catalysis P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Center for Catalysis P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Center for Catalysis P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Center for Catalysis P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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25
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Xu L, Gao BR, Xu XH, Zhou L, Liu N, Wu ZQ. Controlled Synthesis of Cyclic‐Helical Polymers with Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Jilin University Polymer Chemistry and Physis CHINA
| | - Bao-Rui Gao
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Xun-Hui Xu
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Li Zhou
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Na Liu
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Jilin University Polymer Chemistry and Physis Qianjin Street 2699 130012 Changchun CHINA
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26
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McGraw ML, Reilly LT, Clarke RW, Cavallo L, Falivene L, Chen EYX. Mechanism of Spatial and Temporal Control in Precision Cyclic Vinyl Polymer Synthesis by Lewis Pair Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116303. [PMID: 35132730 PMCID: PMC9304268 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In typical cyclic polymer synthesis via ring‐closure, chain growth and cyclization events are competing with each other, thus affording cyclic polymers with uncontrolled molecular weight or ring size and high dispersity. Here we uncover a mechanism by which Lewis pair polymerization (LPP) operates on polar vinyl monomers that allows the control of where and when cyclization takes place, thereby achieving spatial and temporal control to afford precision cyclic vinyl polymers or block copolymers with predictable molecular weight and low dispersity (≈1.03). A combined experimental and theoretical study demonstrates that cyclization occurs only after all monomers have been consumed (when) via conjugate addition of the propagating chain end to the specific site of the initiating chain end (where), allowing the cyclic polymer formation steps to be regulated and executed with precision in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Liam T Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Ryan W Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- Università di Salerno, Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, 84100, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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27
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McGraw ML, Reilly LT, Clarke RW, Cavallo L, Falivene L, Chen EY. Mechanism of Spatial and Temporal Control in Precision Cyclic Vinyl Polymer Synthesis by Lewis Pair Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. McGraw
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523–1872 USA
| | - Liam T. Reilly
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523–1872 USA
| | - Ryan W. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523–1872 USA
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Physical Sciences and Engineering Division KAUST Catalysis Center Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- Università di Salerno Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II 84100 Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Eugene Y.‐X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523–1872 USA
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28
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Golder MR, Morrison CM. Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerization Initiator Design for the Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1737802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCyclic polymers are of increasing interest to the synthetic and physical polymer communities due to their unique structures that lack chain ends. This topological distinction results in decreased chain entanglement, lower intrinsic viscosity, and smaller hydrodynamic radii. Many methods for the production of cyclic polymers exist, however, large-scale production of architecturally pure cyclic polymers is challenging. Ring-expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP) is an increasingly promising method to produce cyclic polymers because of the mild and scalable reaction conditions. Herein, a brief history of REMP for the synthesis of cyclic polymers with both ruthenium and non-ruthenium initiators is discussed. Even though REMP is a promising method for synthesizing cyclic polymers, state-of-the-art methods still struggle with poor molar mass control, slow polymerization rates, low conversion, and poor initiator stability. To combat these challenges, our group has developed a tethered ruthenium-benzylidene initiator, CB6, which utilizes design features from ubiquitous Grubbs-type initiators used in linear polymerizations. These structural modifications are shown to improve initiator kinetics, enhance initiator stability, and increase control over the molar mass of the resulting cyclic polymers.1 Introduction2 Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerization (REMP) with Ruthenium Initiators3 New Developments in Ruthenium Ring-Expansion Metathesis (REMP) Initiator Design4 Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerization (REMP) with Non-Ruthenium Initiators5 Conclusions
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29
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Luppi BT, Muralidharan AV, Ostermann N, Cheong IT, Ferguson MJ, Siewert I, Rivard E. Redox‐Active Heteroatom‐Functionalized Polyacetylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno T. Luppi
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Abhishek V. Muralidharan
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Nils Ostermann
- University of Goettingen Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - I T. Cheong
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Inke Siewert
- University of Goettingen Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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Luppi BT, Muralidharan AV, Ostermann N, Cheong IT, Ferguson MJ, Siewert I, Rivard E. Redox-Active Heteroatom-Functionalized Polyacetylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114586. [PMID: 34826183 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of metallic conductivity in polyacetylene [-HC=CH-]n upon doping represents a landmark achievement. However, the insolubility of polyacetylene and a dearth of methods for its chemical modification have limited its widespread use. Here, we employ a ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) protocol to prepare functionalized polyacetylenes (fPAs) bearing: (1) electron-deficient boryl (-BR2 ) and phosphoryl (-P(O)R2 ) side chains; (2) electron-donating amino (-NR2 ) groups, and (3) ring-fused 1,2,3-triazolium units via strain-promoted Click chemistry. These functional groups render most of the fPAs soluble and can lead to intense light absorption across the visible to near-IR region. Also, the presence of redox-active boryl and amino groups leads to opposing near-IR optical responses upon (electro)chemical reduction or oxidation. Some of the resulting fPAs show greatly enhanced air stability when compared to known polyacetylenes. Lastly, these fPAs can be cross-linked to yield network materials with the full retention of optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno T Luppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Abhishek V Muralidharan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Nils Ostermann
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - I T Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Inke Siewert
- University of Goettingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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Mandal U, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Lester DW, Veige AS. Double Tethered Metallacyclobutane Catalyst for Cyclic Polymer Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17276-17283. [PMID: 34618432 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work outlines an approach to creating a catalyst for cyclic polymer synthesis using readily available materials in only one or two steps. Combining commercially available molybdenum-alkylidene 1 with two equivalents of ene-ol proligand 2 rapidly produces, in quantitative yield (1H NMR spectroscopy), the double tethered metallacyclobutane complex 3. Characterized by variable temperature NMR studies and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) experiments, complex 3 exhibits fluxional behavior in solution. Determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, the solid-state structure of complex 3 reveals metrical parameters indicating that the metallacyclobutane is not predicted to undergo rapid retro-cycloaddition. However, complex 3 is a precatalyst for the polymerization of norbornene to produce cyclic polynorbornene. An NMR spectrum of a test polymerization indicates that only a small fraction of the precatalyst is activated upon exposure to monomer. Quantifying the active catalyst is possible by measuring vinyl resonances that appear in the 1H NMR spectrum. The vinyl resonances are attributable to the release of one of the tethers upon norbornene addition. Confirmation of the polymer cyclic topology comes from gel permeation chromatography (GPC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and intrinsic viscosity (η) measurements. The double tethered metallacyclobutane complex is a novel design for catalytic cyclic polymer synthesis. The synthetic approach suggests that catalyst tuning is possible by a choice of the commercial alkylidene and alteration of the ene-ol proligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushnish Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NMR Spectroscopy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel W Lester
- Polymer Characterization Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Sueyoshi S, Taniguchi T, Tanaka S, Asakawa H, Nishimura T, Maeda K. Understanding the Polymerization of Diphenylacetylenes with Tantalum(V) Chloride and Cocatalysts: Production of Cyclic Poly(diphenylacetylene)s by Low-Valent Tantalum Species Generated in Situ. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16136-16146. [PMID: 34499837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of the polymerization of representative diphenylacetylenes with TaCl5 and cocatalysts suggested that low-valent Ta species, which are formed by in situ reduction of TaCl5 by the cocatalysts, are involved in the polymerization and that the polymerization reaction proceeds by an insertion ring expansion mechanism via the formation of tantalacyclopentadiene intermediates, rather than the previously considered metathesis mechanism. This polymerization mechanism indicates the production of unprecedented cis-stereoregular cyclic poly(diphenylacetylene)s. Indeed, the possibilities of a cyclic structure and high cis-stereoregularity of the resulting polymers were reasonably supported by the results of their detailed atomic force microscopy (AFM) and NMR analyses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingyo Sueyoshi
- Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Saki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Asakawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Nanomaterials Research Institute (NanoMaRi), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Miao Z, Konar D, Sumerlin BS, Veige AS. Soluble Polymer Precursors via Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerization for the Synthesis of Cyclic Polyacetylene. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Miao
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Debabrata Konar
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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