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Jakhar VK, Shen YH, Yadav R, Nadif SS, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Lester DW, Veige AS. Tethered Alkylidenes for REMP from Carbon Disulfide Cleavage. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12207-12217. [PMID: 38888279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Reactions between tungsten alkylidyne [tBuOCO]W≡CtBu(THF)2 1 and sulfur containing small molecules are reported. Complex 1 reacts with CS2 to produce intermediate η2 bound CS2 complex [O2C(tBuC═)W(η2-(S,C)-CS2)(THF)] 8. Heating complex 8 provides a mixture of a monomeric tungsten sulfido complex 9 and a dimeric complex 10 in a 4:1 ratio, respectively. Heating the mixture does not perturb the ratio. Addition of excess THF in a solution of 9 and 10 (4:1) converts 10 to 9 (>96%) with concomitant loss of (CS)x. Both 9 and 10 can be selectively crystallized from the mixture. An alternative synthesis of exclusively monomeric 9 involves the reaction between 1 and PhNCS. Demonstrating ring expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP), tethered tungsten alkylidene 8 polymerizes norbornene to produce cis-selective syndiotactic cyclic polynorbornene (c-poly(NBE)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet K Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yu-Hsuan Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Soufiane S Nadif
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel W Lester
- Polymer Characterization Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Sathe D, Yoon S, Wang Z, Chen H, Wang J. Deconstruction of Polymers through Olefin Metathesis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7007-7044. [PMID: 38787934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The consumption of synthetic polymers has ballooned; so has the amount of post-consumer waste generated. The current polymer economy, however, is largely linear with most of the post-consumer waste being either landfilled or incinerated. The lack of recycling, together with the sizable carbon footprint of the polymer industry, has led to major negative environmental impacts. Over the past few years, chemical recycling technologies have gained significant traction as a possible technological route to tackle these challenges. In this regard, olefin metathesis, with its versatility and ease of operation, has emerged as an attractive tool. Here, we discuss the developments in olefin-metathesis-based chemical recycling technologies, including the development of new materials and the application of olefin metathesis to the recycling of commercial materials. We delve into structure-reactivity relationships in the context of polymerization-depolymerization behavior, how experimental conditions influence deconstruction outcomes, and the reaction pathways underlying these approaches. We also look at the current hurdles in adopting these technologies and relevant future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devavrat Sathe
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Seiyoung Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Zeyu Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Hanlin Chen
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Junpeng Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Zhou L, Reilly LT, Shi C, Quinn EC, Chen EYX. Proton-triggered topological transformation in superbase-mediated selective polymerization enables access to ultrahigh-molar-mass cyclic polymers. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01511-2. [PMID: 38649467 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The selective synthesis of ultrahigh-molar-mass (UHMM, >2 million Da) cyclic polymers is challenging as an exceptional degree of spatiotemporal control is required to overcome the possible undesired reactions that can compete with the desired intramolecular cyclization. Here we present a counterintuitive synthetic methodology for cyclic polymers, represented here by polythioesters, which proceeds via superbase-mediated ring-opening polymerization of gem-dimethylated thiopropiolactone, followed by macromolecular cyclization triggered by protic quenching. This proton-triggered linear-to-cyclic topological transformation enables selective, linear polymer-like access to desired cyclic polythioesters, including those with UHMM surpassing 2 MDa. In addition, this method eliminates the need for stringent conditions such as high dilution to prevent or suppress linear polymer contaminants and presents the opposite scenario in which protic-free conditions are required to prevent cyclic polymer formation, which is capitalized to produce cyclic polymers on demand. Furthermore, such UHMM cyclic polythioester exhibits not only much enhanced thermostability and mechanical toughness, but it can also be quantitatively recycled back to monomer under mild conditions due to its gem-disubstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Liam T Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Russell JB, Konar D, Keller TM, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Telser J, Lester DW, Veige AS, Sumerlin BS, Mindiola DJ. Metallacyclobuta-(2,3)-diene: A Bidentate Ligand for Stream-line Synthesis of First Row Transition Metal Catalysts for Cyclic Polymerization of Phenylacetylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318956. [PMID: 38109203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Described here is a direct entry to two examples of 3d transition metal catalysts that are active for the cyclic polymerization of phenylacetylene, namely, [(BDI)M{κ2 -C,C-(Me3 SiC3 SiMe3 )}] (2-M) (BDI=[ArNC(CH3 )]2 CH- , Ar=2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ; M=Ti, V). Catalysts are prepared in one step by the treatment of [(BDI)MCl2 ] (1-M, M=Ti, V) with 1,3-dilithioallene [Li2 (Me3 SiC3 SiMe3 )]. Complexes 2-M have been spectroscopically and structurally characterized and the polymers that are catalytically formed from phenylacetylene were verified to have a cyclic topology based on a combination of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and intrinsic viscosity studies. Two-electron oxidation of 2-V with nitrous oxide (N2 O) cleanly yields a [VV ] alkylidene-alkynyl oxo complex [(BDI)V(=O){κ1 -C-(=C(SiMe3 )CC(SiMe3 ))}] (3), which lends support for how this scaffold in 2-M might be operating in the polymerization of the terminal alkyne. This work demonstrates how alkylidynes can be circumvented using 1,3-dianionic allene as a segue into M-C multiple bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Debabrata Konar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA) E-mail: s
| | - Taylor M Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua Telser
- Department of Biological, Physical and Health Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Daniel W Lester
- Polymer Characterization Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA) E-mail: s
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA) E-mail: s
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Levenson AM, Morrison CM, Huang PR, Wang TW, Carter-Schwendler Z, Golder MR. Ancillary Ligand Lability Improves Control in Cyclic Ruthenium Benzylidene Initiated Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1286-1292. [PMID: 37695322 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of well-defined cyclic polymers is crucial to exploring applications spanning engineering, energy, and biomedicine. These materials lack chain-ends and are therefore imbued with unique bulk properties. Despite recent advancements, the general methodology for controlled cyclic polymer synthesis via ring-expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP) remains challenging. Low initiator activity leads to high molar mass polymers at short reaction times that subsequently "evolve" to smaller polymeric products. In this work, we demonstrate that in situ addition of pyridine to the tethered ruthenium-benzylidene REMP initiator CB6 increases ancillary ligand lability to synthesize controlled and low dispersity cyclic poly(norbornene) on a short time scale without relying on molar mass evolution events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide M Levenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christine M Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Pin-Ruei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Teng-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zak Carter-Schwendler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Matthew R Golder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Jakhar VK, Shen YH, Hyun SM, Esper AM, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Lester DW, Veige AS. Improved Trianionic Pincer Ligand Synthesis for Cyclic Polymer Catalysts. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Ultrasound, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Innovation Center for Smart Medical Technologies & Devices, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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