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Schatz GC, Wodtke AM, Yang X. Spiers Memorial Lecture: New directions in molecular scattering. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 38764350 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The field of molecular scattering is reviewed as it pertains to gas-gas as well as gas-surface chemical reaction dynamics. We emphasize the importance of collaboration of experiment and theory, from which new directions of research are being pursued on increasingly complex problems. We review both experimental and theoretical advances that provide the modern toolbox available to molecular-scattering studies. We distinguish between two classes of work. The first involves simple systems and uses experiment to validate theory so that from the validated theory, one may learn far more than could ever be measured in the laboratory. The second class involves problems of great complexity that would be difficult or impossible to understand without a partnership of experiment and theory. Key topics covered in this review include crossed-beams reactive scattering and scattering at extremely low energies, where quantum effects dominate. They also include scattering from surfaces, reactive scattering and kinetics at surfaces, and scattering work done at liquid surfaces. The review closes with thoughts on future promising directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Schatz
- Dept of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Natural Sciences, Goettingen, Germany.
- International Center for the Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xueming Yang
- Dalian Institute for Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Wagner J, Edel R, Grabnic T, Wiggins B, Sibener SJ. On-surface chemical dynamics of monolayer, bilayer, and many-layered graphene surfaces probed with supersonic beam scattering and STM imaging. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 38757539 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00178d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We have developed the capability to elucidate interfacial reaction dynamics using an arguably unique combination of supersonic molecular beams combined with in situ STM visualization. These capabilities have been implemented in order to reveal the complex spatiotemporal correlations that govern the oxidation of graphitic systems spanning atomic-, nano-, and meso-length scales. In this study, the 3 nm periodic moiré pattern of monolayer and bilayer graphene on Ru(0001) provides a diverse palette of potential scattering and binding sites at the interface for ground state atomic oxygen. We resolve the site-specificity of atomic oxygen placement on the moiré lattice for both monolayer and bilayer graphene on Ru(0001) with atomic resolution. Angle- and energy-controlled scattering of O(3P) on these interfaces reveals an incisive side-by-side comparison of preferential reactivity of the monolayer surface compared to a more free-standing bilayer graphene ruthenium interface. Morphologically dependent reactivity of many layered graphene (HOPG) and monolayer graphene on Ru(0001) reveal anisotropic on-surface reactivity dependent on the presence of proximal reacted sites or local regions. The kinetics of on-surface oxidation are additionally shown to influence the morphology of surface products by varying the temperature of the interface and flux of reactant species. Such correlations are important in chemisorption, catalysis, materials oxidation and erosion, and film processing-and tunable moiré templated adsorption is a route to well-ordered self-assembled 2D materials for use in next-generation platforms for quantum devices and catalysis. Taken together, these results highlight a new direction in the examination of interfacial reaction dynamics where incident beam kinetic energy and angle of incidence can be used as reaction control parameters, with outcomes such as site-specific reactivity, changes for overall time-evolving mechanisms, and the relative importance of non-adiabatic channels in adsorption all linked to the on-surface fate of chemisorbed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wagner
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Ross Edel
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Tim Grabnic
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Bryan Wiggins
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Steven J Sibener
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Shi Q, Xu J, Xu H, Wang Q, Huang S, Wang X, Wang P, Hu F. Polystyrene-Based Matrix to Enhance the Fluorescence of Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309589. [PMID: 38105589 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Achieving ultrabright fluorogens is a key issue for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). Fluorogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIEgens) are potential agents for FGS on the benefit of the bright fluorescence in physiological conditions. Herein, the fluorescence brightness of AIEgen is further improved by preparing the nanoparticle using a polystyrene-based matrix and utilizing it for tumor FGS with a high signal-to-background ratio. After encapsulating AIEgen into polystyrene-poly (ethylene glycol) (PS-PEG), the fluorescence intensity of the prepared AIE@PS-PEG nanoparticles is multiple times that of nanoparticles in 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly (ethylene glycol) (DSPE-PEG), a commonly used polymer matrix for nanoparticle preparation. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that higher free energy is required for the outer rings of AIEgen to rotate in polystyrene than in the DSPE, indicating that the benzene rings in polystyrene can restrict the intramolecular motions of AIEgen better than the alkyl chain in DSPE-PEG. Fluorescence correlation microscopy detections suggest that the triplet excited state of AIEgens is less in PS-PEG than in DSPE-PEG. The restricted intramolecular motions and suppressed triplet excited state result in ultrabright AIE@PS-PEG nanoparticles, which are more conducive to illuminating tumor tissues in the intestine for FGS. The illumination of metastatic tumors in lungs by AIE@PS-PEG nanoparticles is also tried.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Shi
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jieying Xu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
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Wagner J, Sibener SJ. Coverage-Dependent Site-Specific Placement and Correlated Diffusion of Atomic Oxygen on Moiré-Patterned Graphene on Ru(0001). J Phys Chem Lett 2024:2936-2943. [PMID: 38451507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Nano-periodic arrays of atomic oxygen are visualized on epitaxial graphene on Ru(0001) via STM following supersonic beam exposure to non-equilibrium fluxes of atomic oxygen. Self-organization of atomic oxygen on graphene is directed by the intrinsic moiré pattern of the ruthenium-graphene interface. Atom-resolved STM imaging reveals the richness of multiparticle interactions, leading to correlated atomic diffusion and placement. Pair-distribution functions demonstrate that repulsive oxygen-oxygen interactions play an increasingly important role in the site specificity and diffusivity of atomic oxygen on the moiré lattice with increasing coverage. Atomic visualization shows the number of oxygen atoms in a local region changes overall diffusion rates and promotes the correlated motion of oxygen atoms. Understanding the site specificity of oxygen adsorption and diffusive behavior of atomic oxygen on epitaxial graphene on Ru(0001) provides insight for both the synthesis and stability of moiré-templated two-dimensional materials which show promise as platforms for next-generation quantum materials and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wagner
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Steven J Sibener
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Liebetrau M, Dorenkamp Y, Bünermann O, Behler J. Hydrogen atom scattering at the Al 2O 3(0001) surface: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1696-1708. [PMID: 38126723 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04729f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Investigating atom-surface interactions is the key to an in-depth understanding of chemical processes at interfaces, which are of central importance in many fields - from heterogeneous catalysis to corrosion. In this work, we present a joint experimental and theoretical effort to gain insights into the atomistic details of hydrogen atom scattering at the α-Al2O3(0001) surface. Surprisingly, this system has been hardly studied to date, although hydrogen atoms as well as α-Al2O3 are omnipresent in catalysis as reactive species and support oxide, respectively. We address this system by performing hydrogen atom beam scattering experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on a high-dimensional machine learning potential trained to density functional theory data. Using this combination of methods we are able to probe the properties of the multidimensional potential energy surface governing the scattering process. Specifically, we compare the angular distribution and the kinetic energy loss of the scattered atoms obtained in experiment with a large number of MD trajectories, which, moreover, allow to identify the underlying impact sites at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Liebetrau
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
- Research Center Chemical Sciences and Sustainability, Research Alliance Ruhr, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Yvonne Dorenkamp
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstraße 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Bünermann
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstraße 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37007 Göttingen, Germany
- International Center of Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Behler
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
- Research Center Chemical Sciences and Sustainability, Research Alliance Ruhr, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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