1
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Xu L, Dai G, Yang F, Liu J, Zhou Y, Wang J, Xu G, Huang J, Qiu CW. Free-form and multi-physical metamaterials with forward conformality-assisted tracing. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 4:532-541. [PMID: 38982225 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-024-00660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Transformation theory, active control and inverse design have been mainstream in creating free-form metamaterials. However, existing frameworks cannot simultaneously satisfy the requirements of isotropic, passive and forward design. Here we propose a forward conformality-assisted tracing method to address the geometric and single-physical-field constraints of conformal transformation. Using a conformal mesh composed of orthogonal streamlines and isotherms (or isothermal surfaces), this method quasi-analytically produces free-form metamaterials using only isotropic media. The geometric nature of this approach allows for universal regulation of both dissipative thermal fields and non-dissipative electromagnetic fields. We experimentally demonstrate free-form thermal cloaking in both two and three dimensions. Additionally, the multi-physical functionalities of our method, including optical cloaking, bending and thermo-electric transparency, confirm its broad applicability. Our method features improvements in efficiency, accuracy and adaptability over previous approaches. This study provides an effective method for designing complex metamaterials with arbitrary shapes across various physical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, China
| | - Gaole Dai
- School of Physics and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fubao Yang
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, China
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Energy and Materials, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Thermal Functional Materials, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Cao PC, Ju R, Wang D, Qi M, Liu YK, Peng YG, Chen H, Zhu XF, Li Y. Observation of parity-time symmetry in diffusive systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn1746. [PMID: 38640240 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Phase modulation has scarcely been mentioned in diffusive physical systems because the diffusion process does not carry the momentum like waves. Recently, non-Hermitian physics provides a unique perspective for understanding diffusion and shows prospects in thermal phase regulation, exemplified by the discovery of anti-parity-time (APT) symmetry in diffusive systems. However, precise control of thermal phase remains elusive hitherto and can hardly be realized, due to the phase oscillations. Here we construct the PT-symmetric diffusive systems to achieve the complete suppression of thermal phase oscillation. The real coupling of diffusive fields is readily established through a strong convective background, and the decay-rate detuning is enabled by thermal metamaterial design. We observe the phase transition of PT symmetry breaking with the symmetry-determined amplitude and phase regulation of coupled temperature fields. Our work shows the existence of PT symmetry in dissipative energy exchanges and provides unique approaches for harnessing the mass transfer of particles, wave dynamics in strongly scattering systems, and thermal conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chao Cao
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Ran Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Minghong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Yun-Kai Liu
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yu-Gui Peng
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhu
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Lab of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
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3
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Zhu C, Bamidele EA, Shen X, Zhu G, Li B. Machine Learning Aided Design and Optimization of Thermal Metamaterials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4258-4331. [PMID: 38546632 PMCID: PMC11009967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has advanced material research that were previously intractable, for example, the machine learning (ML) has been able to predict some unprecedented thermal properties. In this review, we first elucidate the methodologies underpinning discriminative and generative models, as well as the paradigm of optimization approaches. Then, we present a series of case studies showcasing the application of machine learning in thermal metamaterial design. Finally, we give a brief discussion on the challenges and opportunities in this fast developing field. In particular, this review provides: (1) Optimization of thermal metamaterials using optimization algorithms to achieve specific target properties. (2) Integration of discriminative models with optimization algorithms to enhance computational efficiency. (3) Generative models for the structural design and optimization of thermal metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Zhu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Emmanuel Anuoluwa Bamidele
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiangying Shen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Guimei Zhu
- School
of Microelectronics, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Baowen Li
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- School
of Microelectronics, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- Department
of Physics, Southern University of Science
and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- Shenzhen
International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, P.R. China
- Paul M. Rady
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, United States
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4
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Li H, Wang D, Xu G, Liu K, Zhang T, Li J, Tao G, Yang S, Lu Y, Hu R, Lin S, Li Y, Qiu CW. Twisted moiré conductive thermal metasurface. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2169. [PMID: 38461277 PMCID: PMC10924968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive investigations on the moiré magic angle in twisted bilayer graphene have unlocked the emerging field-twistronics. Recently, its optics analogue, namely opto-twistronics, further expands the potential universal applicability of twistronics. However, since heat diffusion neither possesses the dispersion like photons nor carries the band structure as electrons, the real magic angle in electrons or photons is ill-defined for heat diffusion, making it elusive to understand or design any thermal analogue of magic angle. Here, we introduce and experimentally validate the twisted thermotics in a twisted diffusion system by judiciously tailoring thermal coupling, in which twisting an analog thermal magic angle would result in the function switching from cloaking to concentration. Our work provides insights for the tunable heat diffusion control, and opens up an unexpected branch for twistronics -- twisted thermotics, paving the way towards field manipulation in twisted configurations including but not limited to fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kaipeng Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Guangming Tao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shuihua Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yanghua Lu
- Smart Materials for Architecture Research Lab, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
| | - Run Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shisheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Chongqing 2D Materials Institute, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore.
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5
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Jin P, Xu L, Xu G, Li J, Qiu CW, Huang J. Deep Learning-Assisted Active Metamaterials with Heat-Enhanced Thermal Transport. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305791. [PMID: 37869962 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Heat management is crucial for state-of-the-art applications such as passive radiative cooling, thermally adjustable wearables, and camouflage systems. Their adaptive versions, to cater to varied requirements, lean on the potential of adaptive metamaterials. Existing efforts, however, feature with highly anisotropic parameters, narrow working-temperature ranges, and the need for manual intervention, which remain long-term and tricky obstacles for the most advanced self-adaptive metamaterials. To surmount these barriers, heat-enhanced thermal diffusion metamaterials powered by deep learning is introduced. Such active metamaterials can automatically sense ambient temperatures and swiftly, as well as continuously, adjust their thermal functions with a high degree of tunability. They maintain robust thermal performance even when external thermal fields change direction, and both simulations and experiments demonstrate exceptional results. Furthermore, two metadevices with on-demand adaptability, performing distinctive features with isotropic materials, wide working temperatures, and spontaneous response are designed. This work offers a framework for the design of intelligent thermal diffusion metamaterials and can be expanded to other diffusion fields, adapting to increasingly complex and dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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6
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Ju R, Cao PC, Wang D, Qi M, Xu L, Yang S, Qiu CW, Chen H, Li Y. Nonreciprocal Heat Circulation Metadevices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309835. [PMID: 38010625 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermal nonreciprocity typically stems from nonlinearity or spatiotemporal variation of parameters. However, constrained by the inherent temperature-dependent properties and the law of mass conservation, previous works have been compelled to treat dynamic and steady-state cases separately. Here, by establishing a unified thermal scattering theory, the creation of a convection-based thermal metadevice which supports both dynamic and steady-state nonreciprocal heat circulation is reported. The nontrivial dependence between the nonreciprocal resonance peaks and the dynamic parameters is observed and the unique nonreciprocal mechanism of multiple scattering is revealed at steady state. This mechanism enables thermal nonreciprocity in the initially quasi-symmetric scattering matrix of the three-port metadevice and has been experimentally validated with a significant isolation ratio of heat fluxes. The findings establish a framework for thermal nonreciprocity that can be smoothly modulated for dynamic and steady-state heat signals, it may also offer insight into other heat-transfer-related problems or even other fields such as acoustics and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ju
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Pei-Chao Cao
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Minghong Qi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuihua Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
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7
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Kang Q, Guo K, Guo Z. A tunable infrared emitter based on phase-changing material GST for visible-infrared compatible camouflage with thermal management. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27668-27676. [PMID: 37811767 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02983b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Visible-infrared compatible camouflage is important to increase the counter-detection ability of a target due to the fast development of detection systems. However, most of the previously reported visible-infrared compatible camouflage structures are not suitable when the temperature of targets and type of background environment change. In this paper, we propose a tunable infrared emitter composed of ZnS/Ge/Ag/Ge2Sb2Te5/Ag films and numerically demonstrate visible-infrared compatible camouflage and radiation heat dissipation. Firstly, the proposed infrared emitter can produce different structural colors as the thickness of the ZnS film changes, which can be applied to visible camouflage. Secondly, the crystallization fraction of the Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) layer could help to engineer the average emissivity of the proposed infrared emitter, achieving tunable mid-infrared (MIR) camouflage, radiation heat dissipation, and long-infrared (LIR) camouflage in wavelength ranges of 3-5 μm, 5-8 μm, and 8-14 μm, respectively. Finally, we numerically demonstrate the visible camouflage and infrared camouflage for different application scenarios by using the simulated visible and infrared images. This work has promising application potential in visible-infrared compatible camouflage technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlong Kang
- School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Kai Guo
- School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Zhongyi Guo
- School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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8
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Zhou X, Xu X, Huang J. Adaptive multi-temperature control for transport and storage containers enabled by phase-change materials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5449. [PMID: 37673906 PMCID: PMC10482904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transportation of essential items, such as food and vaccines, often requires adaptive multi-temperature control to maintain high safety and efficiency. While existing methods utilizing phase change materials have shown promise, challenges related to heat transfer and materials' physicochemical properties remain. In this study, we present an adaptive multi-temperature control system using liquid-solid phase transitions to achieve highly effective thermal management using a pair of heat and cold sources. By leveraging the properties of stearic acid and distilled water, we fabricated a multi-temperature maintenance container and demonstrated temperature variations of only 0.14-2.05% over a two-hour period, underscoring the efficacy of our approach. Our findings offer a practical solution to address critical challenges in reliable transportation of goods, with potential implications for various fields in physical, engineering, and life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Zhou
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control of the Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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9
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Xu L, Liu J, Xu G, Huang J, Qiu CW. Giant, magnet-free, and room-temperature Hall-like heat transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305755120. [PMID: 37364103 PMCID: PMC10319033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305755120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal chirality, generically referring to the handedness of heat flux, provides a significant possibility for modern heat control. It may be realized with the thermal Hall effect yet at the high cost of strong magnetic fields and extremely low temperatures. Here, we reveal magnet-free and room-temperature Hall-like heat transfer in an active thermal lattice composed of a stationary solid matrix and rotating solid particles. Rotation breaks the Onsager reciprocity relation and generates giant thermal chirality about two orders of magnitude larger than ever reported at the optimal rotation velocity. We further achieve anisotropic thermal chirality by breaking the rotation invariance of the active lattice, bringing effective thermal conductivity to a region unreachable by the thermal Hall effect. These results could enlighten topological and non-Hermitian heat transfer and efficient heat utilization in ways distinct from phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing100193, China
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
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10
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Ju R, Xu G, Xu L, Qi M, Wang D, Cao PC, Xi R, Shou Y, Chen H, Qiu CW, Li Y. Convective Thermal Metamaterials: Exploring High-Efficiency, Directional, and Wave-Like Heat Transfer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209123. [PMID: 36621882 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Convective thermal metamaterials are artificial structures where convection dominates in the thermal process. Due to the field coupling between velocity and temperature, convection provides a new knob for controlling heat transfer beyond pure conduction, thus allowing active and robust thermal modulations. With the introduced convective effects, the original parabolic Fourier heat equation for pure conduction can be transformed to hyperbolic. Therefore, the hybrid diffusive system can be interpreted in a wave-like fashion, reviving many wave phenomena in dissipative diffusion. Here, recent advancements in convective thermal metamaterials are reviewed and the state-of-the-art discoveries are classified into the following four aspects, enhancing heat transfer, porous-media-based thermal effects, nonreciprocal heat transfer, and non-Hermitian phenomena. Finally, a prospect is cast on convective thermal metamaterials from two aspects. One is to utilize the convective parameter space to explore topological thermal effects. The other is to further broaden the convective parameter space with spatiotemporal modulation and multi-physical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ju
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Minghong Qi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Pei-Chao Cao
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Rui Xi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yifan Shou
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
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11
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Li H, Liu K, Liu T, Hu R. Homogeneous Zero-Index Thermal Metadevice for Thermal Camouflaging and Super-Expanding. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103657. [PMID: 37241284 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The infinite effective thermal conductivity (IETC) can be considered to be an equivalence of the effective zero index in photonics. A recent highly rotating metadevice has been discovered to approach near IETC, subsequently demonstrating a cloaking effect. However, this near IETC, related to a rotating radius, is quite inhomogeneous, and the high-speed rotating motor also needs a high energy input, limiting its further applications. Herein, we propose and realize an evolution of this homogeneous zero-index thermal metadevice for robust camouflaging and super-expanding through out-of-plane modulations rather than high-speed rotation. Both the theoretical simulations and experiments verify a homogeneous IETC and the corresponding thermal functionalities beyond cloaking. The recipe for our homogeneous zero-index thermal metadevice involves an external thermostat, which can be easily adjusted for various thermal applications. Our study may provide meaningful insights into the design of powerful thermal metadevices with IETCs in a more flexible way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Kaipeng Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tianfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Run Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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12
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Luo W, Wang X, Chen X, Zheng S, Zhao S, Wen Y, Li L, Zhou J. Perfect absorption based on a ceramic anapole metamaterial. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1769-1779. [PMID: 36825539 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials, from concept to application level, is currently a high-trending topic. Due to the strict requirements of the simultaneous reasonable structural design and stability of materials, the construction of a high-performance metamaterial for extreme environments is still difficult. Here, combining metamaterial design with materials optimization, we propose a completely different strategy and synthesize a type of monomeric ceramic meta-atom to construct metamaterials. Based on a geometric design with multiple degrees of freedom and dielectric properties, hybrid anapole modes with impedance matching can be produced, experimentally inducing nearly perfect absorption with high temperature stability (high tolerable temperature of approximately 1300 °C, with almost zero temperature drift) in microwave/millimeter-wave bands. We surpass the oxidation temperature limitation of 800 °C in conventional plasmonic absorbers, and provide an unprecedented direction for the further development of integrated high-performance metamaterial wireless sensors responding to extreme environmental scenarios, which will also lead to a new direction of specific ceramic research toward device physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xubin Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xingcong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Siyong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shiqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yongzheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lingxia Li
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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13
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Xu L, Liu J, Jin P, Xu G, Li J, Ouyang X, Li Y, Qiu CW, Huang J. Black-hole-inspired thermal trapping with graded heat-conduction metadevices. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwac159. [PMID: 36935932 PMCID: PMC10016200 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The curved space-time produced by black holes leads to the intriguing trapping effect. So far, metadevices have enabled analogous black holes to trap light or sound in laboratory spacetime. However, trapping heat in a conductive environment is still challenging because diffusive behaviors are directionless. Inspired by black holes, we construct graded heat-conduction metadevices to achieve thermal trapping, resorting to the imitated advection produced by graded thermal conductivities rather than the trivial solution of using insulation materials to confine thermal diffusion. We experimentally demonstrate thermal trapping for guiding hot spots to diffuse towards the center. Graded heat-conduction metadevices have advantages in energy-efficient thermal regulation because the imitated advection has a similar temperature field effect to the realistic advection that is usually driven by external energy sources. These results also provide an insight into correlating transformation thermotics with other disciplines, such as cosmology, for emerging heat control schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peng Jin
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
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14
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Li J, Zhang Z, Xu G, Sun H, Dai L, Li T, Qiu CW. Tunable Rectification of Diffusion-Wave Fields by Spatiotemporal Metamaterials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:256601. [PMID: 36608240 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.256601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion process is the basis of many branches of science and engineering, and generally obeys reciprocity between two ports of a linear time-invariant medium. Recent research on classical wave dynamics has explored the spatiotemporal modulation to exhibit preferred directions in photons and plasmons. Here we report a distinct rectification effect on diffusion-wave fields by modulating the conductivity and observe nonreciprocal transport of charges. We experimentally create a spatiotemporal diffusion metamaterial, in which a mode transition to zero frequency is realized. A direct current component thereby emerges, showcasing a biased effect on the charge diffusion when the incident fundamental frequency is a multiple of the system modulation frequency. These results may find applications spanning a plethora of diffusive fields in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhanxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lizhou Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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15
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Fujii G. Biphysical undetectable concentrators manipulating both heat flux and direct current via topology optimization. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:065304. [PMID: 36671199 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.065304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent remarkable developments in metamaterials and metadevices manipulating diffusive processes, such as thermal and electrical conduction, have enabled the control of multiple phenomena and the development of multifunctional devices. However, only either multiphysics operations or multiple functionalities are usually implemented on single metadevices. In this paper, we describe a method for the optimal design of metadevices that achieves both cloaking and focusing in the control of both heat flux and direct current by a single device, i.e., biphysical-bifunctional metadevices having four capabilities. Our design scheme performs well in terms of providing cloaking and focusing bifunctionality. Additionally, it assumes bulk natural materials without the use of metamaterials, which improves the manufacturability of the designed metadevices. Moreover, multidirectional metad evices are optimally designed for thermal-electrical conductions transmitted from multiple directions or from heat and voltage sources at various locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garuda Fujii
- Institute of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan and Energy Landscape Architectonics Brain Bank (ELab2), and Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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16
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Yao N, Wang H, Wang B, Wang X, Huang J. Convective thermal cloaks with homogeneous and isotropic parameters and drag-free characteristics for viscous potential flows. iScience 2022; 25:105461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Xu L, Xu G, Li J, Li Y, Huang J, Qiu CW. Thermal Willis Coupling in Spatiotemporal Diffusive Metamaterials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:155901. [PMID: 36269965 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.155901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Willis coupling generically stems from bianisotropy or chirality in wave systems. Nevertheless, those schemes are naturally unavailable in diffusion systems described by a single constitutive relation governed by the Fourier law. Here, we report spatiotemporal diffusive metamaterials by modulating thermal conductivity and mass density in heat transfer. The Fourier law should be modified after homogenizing spatiotemporal parameters, featuring thermal Willis coupling between heat flux and temperature change rate. Thermal Willis coupling drives asymmetric heat diffusion, and the diffusion direction is reversible at a critical point determined by the degree of spatiotemporal modulation. Moreover, thermal Willis coupling stands robustly even when only thermal conductivity is modulated. These results may have potential applications for directional diffusion and offer insights into asymmetric manipulation of nonequilibrium mass and energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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18
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Li Y, Yu C, Liu C, Xu Z, Su Y, Qiao L, Zhou J, Bai Y. Mass Diffusion Metamaterials with "Plug and Switch" Modules for Ion Cloaking, Concentrating, and Selection: Design and Experiments. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201032. [PMID: 35975426 PMCID: PMC9596857 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding abilities of metamaterials to manipulate physical fields are extensively studied in both wave-based and diffusion-based fields. However, mass diffusion metamaterials, with the ability to manipulate diffusion with practical applications associated with chemical and biochemical engineering, have not yet been experimentally demonstrated. In this work, ion cloaking, concentrating, and selection in liquid solvents are verified by both simulations and experiments, and the concept of a "plug and switch" metamaterial is proposed based on scattering cancellation (SC) to achieve switchable functions by plugging modularized functional units into a functional motherboard. Plugging in any module barely affects the environmental diffusion field, but the module choice impacts different diffusion behaviors in the central region. Cloaking strictly hinds ion diffusion, and concentrating increase diffusion flux, while cytomembrane-like ion selection permits the entrance of some ions but blocks others. In addition, these functions are demonstrated in special applications like the catalytic enhancement by the concentrator and the protein protection by the ion selector. This work not only experimentally demonstrates the effective manipulation of mass diffusion by metamaterials, but also shows that the "plug and switch" design is extensible and reconfigurable. It facilitates novel applications including sustained drug release, catalytic enhancement, bioinspired cytomembranes, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Chengye Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Chuanbao Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Zhengjiao Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Yanjing Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Lijie Qiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
| | - Ji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine ProcessingSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yang Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome EngineeringInstitute for Advanced Materials and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China
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19
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Bu X, Bai H. Recent Progress of Bio-inspired Camouflage Materials: From Visible to Infrared Range. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Guo J, Xu G, Tian D, Qu Z, Qiu CW. A Real-Time Self-Adaptive Thermal Metasurface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201093. [PMID: 35415933 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging metamaterials have served as an efficient strategy for the realization of unconventional heat control and management using structural thermal properties, and many functional thermal metadevices have been investigated. However, thermal functions are usually fixed or limited in the switching range. Thus far, real-time thermal regulation is elusive for thermal metamaterials because of deterministic artificial metastructures and uncontrollable phase transitions, coupled with the absence of dynamic adaptability. Here, a self-adaptive metasurface platform to implement programmable thermal functions via the automatic evolution of thermoelectric heat sources and real-time control of the driven voltage is reported. The proof-of-concept smart platform experimentally demonstrates arbitrary switching between elaborate thermal patterns consolidated into an active thermoelectric element matrix. Further, thermal pixels and feedback control systems are integrated into printed circuit boards, resulting in self-adaptability to any thermal requirements. This study sets up a new paradigm for arbitrary transitions between exquisite thermal patterns and is expected to pave the way for real-time thermal management in a programming formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Di Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhiguo Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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21
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Heat transfer control using a thermal analogue of coherent perfect absorption. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2683. [PMID: 35562335 PMCID: PMC9106689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations on non-Hermitian physics have unlocked new possibilities to manipulate wave scattering on lossy materials. Coherent perfect absorption is such an effect that enables all-light control by incorporating a suitable amount of loss. On the other hand, controlling heat transfer with heat may empower a distinct paradigm other than using thermal metamaterials. However, since heat neither propagates nor carries any momentum, almost all concepts in wave scattering are ill-defined for steady-state heat diffusion, making it formidable to understand or utilize any coherent effect. Here, we establish a scattering theory for heat diffusion by introducing an imitated momentum for thermal fields. The thermal analogue of coherent perfect absorption is thus predicted and demonstrated as the perfect absorption of exergy fluxes and undisturbed temperature fields. Unlike its photonic counterpart, thermal coherent perfect absorption can be realized for regular thermal materials, and be generalized for various objects. A thermal analogue of coherent perfect absorption would allow to control heat transfer using heat, but the lack of momentum propagation in a thermal field seems to prevent any role for coherence. Here, the authors allow this by introducing an imitated momentum for steady-state heat diffusion.
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22
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Xu L, Xu G, Huang J, Qiu CW. Diffusive Fizeau Drag in Spatiotemporal Thermal Metamaterials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:145901. [PMID: 35476493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.145901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fizeau drag means that the speed of light can be regulated by the flow of water, owing to the momentum interaction between photons and moving media. However, the dragging of heat is intrinsically elusive, due to the absence of momentum in thermal diffusion. Here, we design a spatiotemporal thermal metamaterial based on heat transfer in porous media to demonstrate the diffusive analog to Fizeau drag. The space-related inhomogeneity and time-related advection enable the diffusive Fizeau drag effect. Thanks to the spatiotemporal coupling, different propagating speeds of temperature fields can be observed in two opposite directions, thus facilitating nonreciprocal thermal profiles. The phenomenon of diffusive Fizeau drag stands robustly even when the direction of advection is perpendicular to the propagation of temperature fields. These results could pave an unexpected way toward realizing the nonreciprocal and directional transport of mass and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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23
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Guo J, Xu G, Tian D, Qu Z, Qiu CW. Passive Ultra-Conductive Thermal Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200329. [PMID: 35243695 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-conductive heat transport showcases significant potentials in popular thermal managements with convection, phase change, and heat source. However, it is captivated impossible for passive thermal manipulation, usually bounded by intrinsic thermal conductivities of natural materials, to outperform these active recipes in need of extra energy payload. Here, a robust recipe to create passive ultra-conductive thermal metamaterials consisting of nothing but bulk natural materials is reported. Thanks to the local thermal resistance regulation by vertical thermal transport channel, the proof-of-concept thermal metamaterials experimentally demonstrate extreme effective conductivity (1915 W m-1 K-1 ) solely with naturally occurring materials. The purely conductive modulation without any external energy is comparable to active counterparts, and further reveals its robustness and unexpected convenience. The findings construct a high-efficient paradigm of passive thermal management with ultra-conductive heat transport, and further hint potentials in other Laplace fields, e.g., DC and magnetostatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Di Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhiguo Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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24
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Reciprocity of thermal diffusion in time-modulated systems. Nat Commun 2022; 13:167. [PMID: 35013296 PMCID: PMC8748696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The reciprocity principle governs the symmetry in transmission of electromagnetic and acoustic waves, as well as the diffusion of heat between two points in space, with important consequences for thermal management and energy harvesting. There has been significant recent interest in materials with time-modulated properties, which have been shown to efficiently break reciprocity for light, sound, and even charge diffusion. However, time modulation may not be a plausible approach to break thermal reciprocity, in contrast to the usual perception. We establish a theoretical framework to accurately describe the behavior of diffusive processes under time modulation, and prove that thermal reciprocity in dynamic materials is generally preserved by the continuity equation, unless some external bias or special material is considered. We then experimentally demonstrate reciprocal heat transfer in a time-modulated device. Our findings correct previous misconceptions regarding reciprocity breaking for thermal diffusion, revealing the generality of symmetry constraints in heat transfer, and clarifying its differences from other transport processes in what concerns the principles of reciprocity and microscopic reversibility.
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25
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Thermal Cloak: Theory, Experiment and Application. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247835. [PMID: 34947428 PMCID: PMC8708112 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, owing to the development of metamaterials and the theoretical tools of transformation optics and the scattering cancellation method, a plethora of unprecedented functional devices, especially invisibility cloaks, have been experimentally demonstrated in various fields, e.g., electromagnetics, acoustics, and thermodynamics. Since the first thermal cloak was theoretically reported in 2008 and experimentally demonstrated in 2012, great progress has been made in both theory and experiment. In this review, we report the recent advances in thermal cloaks, including the theoretical designs, experimental realizations, and potential applications. The three areas are classified according to the different mechanisms of heat transfer, namely, thermal conduction, thermal convection, and thermal radiation. We also provide an outlook toward the challenges and future directions in this fascinating area.
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26
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Abstract
Thermal metamaterials have exhibited great potential on manipulating, controlling and processing the flow of heat, and enabled many promising thermal metadevices, including thermal concentrator, rotator, cloak, etc. However, three long-standing challenges remain formidable, i.e., transformation optics-induced anisotropic material parameters, the limited shape adaptability of experimental thermal metadevices, and a priori knowledge of background temperatures and thermal functionalities. Here, we present robustly printable freeform thermal metamaterials to address these long-standing difficulties. This recipe, taking the local thermal conductivity tensors as the input, resorts to topology optimization for the freeform designs of topological functional cells (TFCs), and then directly assembles and prints them. Three freeform thermal metadevices (concentrator, rotator, and cloak) are specifically designed and 3D-printed, and their omnidirectional concentrating, rotating, and cloaking functionalities are demonstrated both numerically and experimentally. Our study paves a powerful and flexible design paradigm toward advanced thermal metamaterials with complex shapes, omnidirectional functionality, background temperature independence, and fast-prototyping capability.
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27
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Xu C, Chu H, Luo J, Hang ZH, Wu Y, Lai Y. Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Void Space. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:123902. [PMID: 34597082 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic void space is a medium, while geometrically occupying a finite volume of space, optically equivalent to an infinitesimal point, in which electromagnetic waves do not experience any phase accumulation. Here, we report the first realization of three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic void space by an all-dielectric photonic crystal possessing vanishing permittivity and permeability simultaneously. The 3D electromagnetic void space offers distinctive functionalities inaccessible to its 2D or acoustic counterparts because of the fundamental changes in topology, which comes from the ascension of dimensionality as well as the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. In particular, we demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, that the transmission through such a 3D void space is unaffected by its inner boundaries, but highly sensitive to the outer boundaries. This enables many applications such as the impurity "antidoping" effect, outer-boundary-controlled switching, and 3D perfect wave steering. Our work paves a road toward 3D exotic optics of an optically infinitesimal point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hongchen Chu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhi Hong Hang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yun Lai
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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28
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Xu G, Li Y, Li W, Fan S, Qiu CW. Configurable Phase Transitions in a Topological Thermal Material. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:105901. [PMID: 34533332 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.105901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diffusive nature of thermal transportation fundamentally restricts topological characteristics due to the absence of a sufficient parametric space with complex dimensionalities. Here, we create an orthogonal advection space with two advective pairs to reveal the unexplored topological transitions in thermal material. We demonstrate four types of configurable thermal phases, including the nontrivial dynamic-equilibrium distribution, nonchiral steplike π-phase transition, and another two trivial profiles related to the anti-parity-time symmetry nature. Our findings provide a recipe for realizing a topologically robust thermal system under arbitrary perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Wei Li
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, and Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117583, Republic of Singapore
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29
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Fang H, Xie W, Li X, Fan K, Lai YT, Sun B, Bai S, Padilla WJ, Hsu PC. A Triple-Mode Midinfrared Modulator for Radiative Heat Management of Objects with Various Emissivity. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4106-4114. [PMID: 33899487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermal management is ubiquitous in the modern world and indispensable for a sustainable future. Radiative heat management provides unique advantages because the heat transfer can be controlled by the surface. However, different object emissivities require different tuning strategies, which poses challenges to develop dynamic and universal radiative heat management devices. Here, we demonstrate a triple-mode midinfrared modulator that can switch between passive heating and cooling suitable for all types of object surface emissivities. The device comprises a surface-textured infrared-semiabsorbing elastomer coated with a metallic back reflector, which is biaxially strained to sequentially achieve three fundamental modes: emission, reflection, and transmission. By analyzing and optimizing the coupling between optical and mechanical properties, we achieve a performance as follows: emittance contrast Δε = 0.58, transmittance contrast Δτ = 0.49, and reflectance contrast Δρ = 0.39. The device can provide a new design paradigm of radiation heat regulation for wearable, robotics, and camouflage technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, HEDPS/CAPT/LTCS, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wanrong Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiuqiang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Kebin Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yi-Ting Lai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bowen Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shulin Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, HEDPS/CAPT/LTCS, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Willie J Padilla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Po-Chun Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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30
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Xu L, Huang J, Ouyang X. Tunable thermal wave nonreciprocity by spatiotemporal modulation. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:032128. [PMID: 33862724 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.032128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nonreciprocity is of particular importance to realize one-way propagation, thus attracting intensive research interest in various fields. Thermal waves, essentially originating from periodic temperature fluctuations, are also expected to achieve one-way propagation, but the related mechanism is still lacking. To solve the problem, we introduce spatiotemporal modulation to realize thermal wave nonreciprocity. Since thermal waves are completely transient, both the convective term and the Willis term induced by spatiotemporal modulation should be considered. We also analytically study the phase difference between two spatiotemporally modulated parameters, which offers a tunable parameter to control nonreciprocity. We further define a rectification ratio based on the reciprocal of spatial decay rate and discuss nonreciprocity conditions accordingly. Finite-element simulations are performed to confirm theoretical predictions, and experimental suggestions are provided to ensure the feasibility of spatiotemporal modulation. These results have potential applications in realizing thermal detection and thermal stabilization simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Igwe Idumah
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
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32
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Yang J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang L, Feng W, Li Q. Beyond the Visible: Bioinspired Infrared Adaptive Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004754. [PMID: 33624900 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) adaptation phenomena are ubiquitous in nature and biological systems. Taking inspiration from natural creatures, researchers have devoted extensive efforts for developing advanced IR adaptive materials and exploring their applications in areas of smart camouflage, thermal energy management, biomedical science, and many other IR-related technological fields. Herein, an up-to-date review is provided on the recent advancements of bioinspired IR adaptive materials and their promising applications. First an overview of IR adaptation in nature and advanced artificial IR technologies is presented. Recent endeavors are then introduced toward developing bioinspired adaptive materials for IR camouflage and IR radiative cooling. According to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, IR camouflage can be realized by either emissivity engineering or thermal cloaks. IR radiative cooling can maximize the thermal radiation of an object through an IR atmospheric transparency window, and thus holds great potential for use in energy-efficient green buildings and smart personal thermal management systems. Recent advances in bioinspired adaptive materials for emerging near-IR (NIR) applications are also discussed, including NIR-triggered biological technologies, NIR light-fueled soft robotics, and NIR light-driven supramolecular nanosystems. This review concludes with a perspective on the challenges and opportunities for the future development of bioinspired IR adaptive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xinfang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Quan Li
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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33
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Su Y, Li Y, Yang T, Han T, Sun Y, Xiong J, Wu L, Qiu CW. Path-Dependent Thermal Metadevice beyond Janus Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003084. [PMID: 33306245 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Janus metamaterials, metasurfaces, and monolayers have received intensive attention in nanophotonics and 2D materials. Their core concept is to introduce asymmetry along the wave propagation direction, by stacking different materials or layers of meta-atoms, or breaking out-of-plane mirror asymmetry with external biases. Nevertheless, it has been hitherto elusive to realize a diffusive Janus metadevice, since scalar diffusion systems such as heat conduction normally operate in the absence of polarization control, spin manipulation, or electric-field stimuli, which all are widely used in achieving optical Janus devices. It is even more challenging, if not impossible, for a single diffusive metadevice to exhibit more than two thermal functions. Here a path-dependent thermal metadevice beyond Janus characteristics is proposed, which can exhibit three distinct thermal behaviors (cloaking, concentrating, and transparency) under different directions of heat flow. The rotation transformation mechanism of thermal conductivity provides a robust platform to assign a specific thermal behavior in any direction. The proof-of-concept experiment of anisotropic in-plane conduction successfully validates such a path-dependent trifunction thermal metamaterial device. It is anticipated that this path-dependent strategy can provide a new dimension for multifunctional metamaterial devices in the thermal field, as well as for a more general diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Su
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Tiancheng Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yuguo Sun
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Linzhi Wu
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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34
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Tang K, Dong K, Nicolai CJ, Li Y, Li J, Lou S, Qiu CW, Raulet DH, Yao J, Wu J. Millikelvin-resolved ambient thermography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/50/eabd8688. [PMID: 33298452 PMCID: PMC7725464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd8688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Temperature sensitivity of thermography is boosted by over 15 times to achieve millikelvin-resolution near ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kaichen Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J. Nicolai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiachen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shuai Lou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - David H. Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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35
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Xu G, Dong K, Li Y, Li H, Liu K, Li L, Wu J, Qiu CW. Tunable analog thermal material. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6028. [PMID: 33247120 PMCID: PMC7699644 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally-occurring thermal materials usually possess specific thermal conductivity (κ), forming a digital set of κ values. Emerging thermal metamaterials have been deployed to realize effective thermal conductivities unattainable in natural materials. However, the effective thermal conductivities of such mixing-based thermal metamaterials are still in digital fashion, i.e., the effective conductivity remains discrete and static. Here, we report an analog thermal material whose effective conductivity can be in-situ tuned from near-zero to near-infinity κ. The proof-of-concept scheme consists of a spinning core made of uncured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and fixed bilayer rings made of silicone grease and steel. Thanks to the spinning PDMS and its induced convective effects, we can mold the heat flow robustly with continuously changing and anisotropic κ. Our work enables a single functional thermal material to meet the challenging demands of flexible thermal manipulation. It also provides platforms to investigate heat transfer in systems with moving components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kaichen Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Huagen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kaipeng Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Longqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117583, Republic of Singapore.
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Abstract
Thermal metamaterials have amazing properties in heat transfer beyond naturally occurring materials owing to their well-designed artificial structures. The idea of thermal metamaterial has completely subverted the design of thermal functional devices and makes it possible to manipulate heat flow at will. In this perspective, we review the up-to-date progress of thermal metamaterials starting from 2008. We focus on both the key theoretical fundamentals and techniques for applications and give a perspective of scale-based classification on thermal metamaterials' theories and applications. We also discuss the junction between macroscale and microscale design methods and propose some prospects for the future trend of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gaole Dai
- School of Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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37
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Li J, Li Y, Cao PC, Yang T, Zhu XF, Wang W, Qiu CW. A Continuously Tunable Solid-Like Convective Thermal Metadevice on the Reciprocal Line. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003823. [PMID: 32902007 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The emerging thermal metamaterials and metadevices demonstrate significant potential to transform thermal conduction. However, the thermal conductivities of existing devices are all restricted at fixed values if the configuration or constituent materials are static. Thermal convection provides an additional tool to boost and flexibly modify the heat transfer in moving matter, but it is essentially distinct from thermal conduction since the Onsager reciprocity is generally broken in the former but preserved in the latter. Therefore, it is difficult to use convective components for sophisticated control of conductive heat. Here, it is shown that a convective system can be made undistinguishable from a conductive one in principle, by discovering and operating on the reciprocal line of mechanically rotating systems. The realized thermal metadevice can thus mimic a solid-like material whose thermal conductivity dynamically covers a wide range. It offers great possibilities of real-time smooth control over heat transfer for broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Key Lab. of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Pei-Chao Cao
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhu
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wuyi Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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Xu L, Dai G, Wang G, Huang J. Geometric phase and bilayer cloak in macroscopic particle-diffusion systems. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:032140. [PMID: 33075894 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.032140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle diffusion is a fundamental process in various systems, so its effective manipulation is crucially important. For this purpose, here we design a basic structure composed of two moving rings with equal-but-opposite velocities and a stationary intermediate layer, which can realize multiple functions to control particle diffusion. On the one hand, the intermediate layer allows particle exchange between the two moving rings, which gives birth to an exceptional point of velocity. As a result, a geometric phase appears for a loop evolution of velocity containing the exceptional point. On the other hand, the two moving rings also enhance the effective diffusivity of the intermediate layer, which helps design a bilayer particle-diffusion cloak. The present cloak only requires homogeneous parameters and simple structures, and meanwhile, its on and off can be flexibly controlled by velocity. These results broaden the scope of geometric phase and provide hints for designing particle-diffusion metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gaole Dai
- School of Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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39
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Li J, Li Y, Wang W, Li L, Qiu CW. Effective medium theory for thermal scattering off rotating structures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25894-25907. [PMID: 32906870 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlling heat transfer with artificial functional materials has been a promising route towards the efficient and smart utilization of thermal energy in modern society. At the macroscopic scale, thermal metamaterials have demonstrated versatile functionalities in manipulating thermal conduction. One major method is the effective medium theory, which provides a reliable approximation for the material parameters of the composite. Although most of thermal metamaterials use static components, recent devices with integrated moving parts are attracting great interest thanks to their high efficiency and flexibility. However, the effective medium theory for thermal scattering off such devices has not been well established, due to the fundamental difference between thermal convection and conduction. Here, we provide a thorough study on heat transfer through mechanically rotating structures. It is shown that the effective thermal conductivity of a rotating structure can be rigorously described in a complex plane. The analytical expressions of the effective thermal conductivity for structures with rotating multiple layers are formulated, which explicitly capture their influences on the surrounding temperature field. We validate the theory and numerically demonstrate the rotated and unrotated temperature distributions generated around a single structure. Our theory is expected to become a design recipe for novel thermal metamaterials and meta-devices.
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40
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Imran M, Zhang L, Gain AK. Advanced thermal metamaterial design for temperature control at the cloaked region. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11763. [PMID: 32678154 PMCID: PMC7366683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focuses on maintaining the temperature magnitude around heat-sensitive components (cloaked region) in advanced electronic devices by introducing convective elements using extended surface fins. A finite element analysis confirmed that with the aid of the convection component to thermal cloaking, heat flux can be redirected around the cloaked region as well as control the temperature. The simulation results were verified by experiment under natural convection corresponding to the simulation assumptions. It was found that when the heat source maintains its temperature at 100 °C and the heat sink remains at 0 °C, the temperature within the cloaked region can reduce by up to 15 °C, from ~ 50 °C with conventional cloaking to 35 °C with a well-designed array of surface fins. It is worth noting that experimental results are consistent with the simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Laboratory for Precision and Nano Processing Technologies, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Liangchi Zhang
- Laboratory for Precision and Nano Processing Technologies, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Asit Kumar Gain
- Laboratory for Precision and Nano Processing Technologies, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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41
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Dai J, Luo H, Moloney M, Qiu J. Adjustable Graphene/Polyolefin Elastomer Epsilon-near-Zero Metamaterials at Radiofrequency Range. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22019-22028. [PMID: 32315530 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterials have marvelously shown various application prospects, the way to construct intrinsic ENZ metamaterials and adjust their ENZ properties precisely is still uncovered. The realization of stable and broadband ENZ properties at the radiofrequency range is of great significance. Herein graphene/polyolefin elastomer (POE) intrinsic ENZ metamaterials are initially constructed via the nanohybrid process. The metamaterials possess excellent adjustable ENZ properties by adjusting the content and reduction methods of graphene. The permittivities maintain between -1 and 1 steadily with increasing graphene content, which is attributed to the moderated carrier concentration of the conductive networks in the nanohybrids. Besides, different reduction methods also have significant impacts on ENZ properties. The hydrazine hydrate reduction method increases the maximum ENZ frequency region to 126 MHz. Lorentz type resonance is reasonable for the positive-negative transition in the ENZ frequency regions. As a significant indicator of the emergence of ENZ property, the sudden peak of dielectric loss tangent is observed. This work offers novel routes to construct intrinsic ENZ metamaterials with excellent adjustability in both values of permittivity and ENZ frequency regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China
| | - Hongchun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China
| | - Mark Moloney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, England
| | - Jun Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Tongji University, Education of Ministry, Shanghai 201804, PR China
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42
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Three-Dimensional Graphene Hybrid SiO2 Hierarchical Dual-Network Aerogel with Low Thermal Conductivity and High Elasticity. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe lightweight three-dimensional (3D) graphene hybrid SiO2 aerogels (GSAs) with hierarchically robust interconnected networks fabricated via an in situ deposition procedure after a hydrothermal assembling strategy with graphene oxide sheets. The nano-/micron-thick SiO2 coating conformably grew over porous graphene templates with two constituents (e.g., graphene and SiO2) and formed chemically bonded interfaces. In addition, it significantly refined the primary graphene pores by hundreds of microns into smaller porous patterns. Studies of its mechanical properties verified that the graphene interframework made the ceramic composites elastic, while SiO2 deposition enhanced the strength required it to resist deformation. The higher SiO2 contents resulted in lower elasticity but larger strength because of the apparent nanosize effect of SiO2 ceramic thickness; GSAs with a density of 82.3–250.3 mg/cm3 (corresponding to SiO2 sol with concentration ranging from 5 to 20 wt %) could reach a good balance of strength and elasticity. Benefiting from hierarchical micronetworks consisting of semiclosed or closed pores, GSAs offer excellent thermal-insulation performance, with thermal conductivity as low as 0.026 W/(m·K). GSAs offer improved fire-resistant capacity rather than that of pure carbon-based aerogels via the synergic protection of SiO2 ceramic accretion. This highlights the promising applications of GSAs as lightweight thermal-shielding candidates for industrial equipment, civil architectures, and defense transportation vehicles.
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43
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Xu C, Ma G, Chen ZG, Luo J, Shi J, Lai Y, Wu Y. Three-Dimensional Acoustic Double-Zero-Index Medium with a Fourfold Degenerate Dirac-like Point. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:074501. [PMID: 32142328 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.074501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the first realization of a three-dimensional (3D) acoustic double-zero-index medium (DZIM) made of a cubic lattice of metal rods. While the past decade has seen several realizations of 2D DZIM, achieving such a medium in 3D has remained an elusive challenge. Here, we show how a fourfold degenerate point with conical dispersion can be induced at the Brillouin zone center, such that the material becomes a 3D DZIM with the effective mass density and compressibility simultaneously acquiring near-zero values. To demonstrate the functionalities of this new medium, we have fabricated an acoustic waveguide of 3D DZIM in form of a "periscope" with two 90° turns and observed tunneling of a normally incident planar wave through the waveguide yielding undistorted planar wave front at the waveguide exit. Our findings establish a practical route to realize 3D DZIM as an effective acoustic "void space" that offers unprecedented control over acoustic wave propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guancong Ma
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ze-Guo Chen
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinjie Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yun Lai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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44
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Lee N, Yoon B, Kim T, Bae JY, Lim JS, Chang I, Cho HH. Multiple Resonance Metamaterial Emitter for Deception of Infrared Emission with Enhanced Energy Dissipation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8862-8869. [PMID: 31975584 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Artificial camouflage surfaces for assimilating with the environment have been utilized for controlling optical properties. Especially, the optical properties of infrared (IR) camouflage materials should be satisfied with two requirements: deception of IR signature in a detected band through reduced emissive energy and dissipation of reduced emissive energy for preventing thermal instability through an undetected band. Most reported articles suggest the reduction of emissive energy in the detected band; however, broadband emission for enough energy dissipation through the undetected band simultaneously is still a challenging issue. Here, we demonstrate the multiresonance emitter for broadband emission with IR camouflage utilizing the electromagnetic properties of dielectric material. We reveal that the interaction between the magnetic resonance and dielectric layer's property in a metal-dielectric-metal structure induces the multiple resonance at the specific band. We present an IR camouflage behavior of multiresonance emitter on a curved surface through the IR camera (8-14 μm). We evaluate the energy dissipation in the undetected band, which is 1613% higher than metal and 26% higher than conventional selective emitters. This study paves the way to develop broadband emitters for radiative cooling and thermophotovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namkyu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 13722 , Korea
| | - Boram Yoon
- Korea Aerospace Industries , 78, Gongdanro 1-ro , Sanam-myeon, Sacheon , Gyeongsangnam-do 52529 , Korea
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Samsung Electronics Inc , Hwaseong 18448 , Korea
| | - Ji-Yeul Bae
- Agency for Defense Development , Daejeon 34186 , Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 13722 , Korea
| | - Injoong Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 13722 , Korea
| | - Hyung Hee Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 13722 , Korea
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45
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Xu L, Yang S, Huang J. Dipole-assisted thermotics: Experimental demonstration of dipole-driven thermal invisibility. Phys Rev E 2020; 100:062108. [PMID: 31962417 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.062108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thermal management has made considerable progress in the past decade for the emerging field of thermal metamaterials. However, two severe problems still handicap the development of thermal metamaterials. That is, thermal conductivities should be singular and uncommon as required by corresponding theories. To solve these problems, here we establish the theory of dipole-assisted thermotics. By tailoring the thermal dipole moment, thermal invisibility can be achieved without the requirements of singular and uncommon thermal conductivities. Furthermore, finite-element simulations and laboratory experiments both validate the theoretical analyses. The performance of the dipole-driven scheme is excellent in both two and three dimensions, and in both steady and transient states. Dipole-assisted thermotics not only offers a distinct mechanism to achieve thermal invisibility, but also has potential applications in thermal management such as infrared signature reduction, thermal protection, and infrared camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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46
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Li Y, Liberal I, Engheta N. Structural dispersion-based reduction of loss in epsilon-near-zero and surface plasmon polariton waves. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav3764. [PMID: 31646172 PMCID: PMC6788869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of plasmonics has substantially affected the study of light-matter interactions at the subwavelength scale. However, dissipation losses still remain an inevitable obstacle in the development of plasmonic-based wave propagation. Although different materials with moderate losses are being extensively studied, absorption arguably continues to be the key challenge in the field. Here, we theoretically and numerically investigate a different route toward the reduction of loss in propagating plasmon waves. Rather than focusing on a material-based approach, we take advantage of structural dispersion in waveguides to manipulate effective material parameters, thus leading to smaller losses. The potential of this approach is illustrated with two examples: plane-wave propagation within a bulk epsilon-near-zero medium and surface plasmon polariton propagation at the interface of a medium with negative permittivity. We provide the recipe for a practical implementation at mid-infrared frequencies. Our results might represent an important step toward the development of low-loss plasmonic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Iñigo Liberal
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona 31006, Spain
| | - Nader Engheta
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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47
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Multi-Physics Bi-Functional Intelligent Meta-Device Based on the Shape Memory Alloys. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9090438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transformation theory, succeeding in multiple transportation systems, has enlightened researchers to manipulate the field distribution by tailoring the medium’s dominant parameters in certain situations. Therefore, the science community has witnessed a boom in designing metamaterials, whose abnormal properties are induced by artificial structures rather than the components’ characteristics. However, a majority of such meta-devices are restricted to the particular physical regimes and cannot sense the changes taking place in the surrounding environment and adjust its functions accordingly. In this article we propose a multi-physics bi-functional “intelligent” meta-device which can switch its functions between an invisible cloak and a concentrator in both thermal and DC electric conduction as the ambient temperature or voltage varies. The shape memory alloys are utilized in the design to form a moveable part, which plays the crucial role in the switching effect. This work paves the way for a practicable method for obtaining a controllable gradient of heat or electric potential, and also provides guidance for efficiently designing similar intelligent meta-devices by referring to the intriguing property of shape memory alloys.
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48
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Lee N, Kim T, Lim JS, Chang I, Cho HH. Metamaterial-Selective Emitter for Maximizing Infrared Camouflage Performance with Energy Dissipation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21250-21257. [PMID: 31094187 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Camouflage is a method evading predators in nature by assimilating into the environment. To realize an artificial camouflage surface for displays and sensors, many researchers have introduced several concepts including a metamaterial-selective absorber/emitter (MSAE). When an MSAE is adopted for camouflage at infrared (IR) wave, the energy dissipation of reduced emitting energy, as well as the reduction of emitting energy to deceive the IR signature from the surface, must be considered from the viewpoint of energy balance due to thermal instability. The integrated investigation of radiative heat-transfer characteristics and IR signature control of MSAE remains, however, poorly understood. Here, we investigate MSAE for IR camouflage by considering the energy balance in terms of reduction of emitting energy and dissipation of reduced emitting energy. On the basis of the atmospheric transmittance at an IR band, we designate the detected band as having wavelengths of 3-5 and 8-14 μm and the undetected band as having a wavelength of 5-8 μm. We investigate, via experiments and simulations, the optical characteristics required for IR camouflage and extract the factor that controls the emissive power. Furthermore, we suggest an integrated factor for evaluating the camouflage performance based on the concept of energy balance and propose a design guideline for MSAE with the aim of maximizing the camouflage performance at the IR band. This study will help to expand the range of applications (such as energy harvester and sensors) and others that are based on selective absorption/emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namkyu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 , Korea
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Semiconductor R&D Center , Samsung Electronics Inc , Hwaseong 445-330 , Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 , Korea
| | - Injoong Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 , Korea
| | - Hyung Hee Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 , Korea
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49
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Li Y, Peng YG, Han L, Miri MA, Li W, Xiao M, Zhu XF, Zhao J, Alù A, Fan S, Qiu CW. Anti–parity-time symmetry in diffusive systems. Science 2019; 364:170-173. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw6259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yu-Gui Peng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Mohammad-Ali Miri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Physics, Queens College, City University of New York, Queens, NY 11367, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhu
- School of Physics and Innovation Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Andrea Alù
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10026, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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50
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Xue J, Zhou ZK, Lin L, Guo C, Sun S, Lei D, Qiu CW, Wang XH. Perturbative countersurveillance metaoptics with compound nanosieves. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:101. [PMID: 31754428 PMCID: PMC6858309 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The progress of metaoptics relies on identifying photonic materials and geometries, the combination of which represents a promising approach to complex and desired optical functionalities. Material candidate options are primarily limited by natural availability. Thus, the search for meta-atom geometries, by either forward or inverse means, plays a pivotal role in achieving more sophisticated phenomena. Past efforts mainly focused on building the geometric library of individual meta-atoms and synthesizing various ones into a design. However, those efforts neglected the powerfulness of perturbative metaoptics due to the perception that perturbations are usually regarded as adverse and in need of being suppressed. Here, we report a perturbation-induced countersurveillance strategy using compound nanosieves mediated by structural and thermal perturbations. Private information can be almost perfectly concealed and camouflaged by the induced thermal-spectral drifts, enabling information storage and exchange in a covert way. This perturbative metaoptics can self-indicate whether the hidden information has been attacked during delivery. Our results establish a perturbative paradigm of securing a safer world of information and internet of things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhang-Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Xue-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
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