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Ku M, Yang J. Intracellular lipophilic network transformation induced by protease-specific endocytosis of fluorescent Au nanoclusters. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:26. [PMID: 37296273 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the endocytosis process of internalized nanomedicines through membrane biomarker is essential for the development of molecular-specific nanomedicines. In various recent reports, the metalloproteases have been identified as important markers during the metastasis of cancer cells. In particular, MT1-MMP has provoked concern due to its protease activity in the degradation of the extracellular matrix adjacent to tumors. Thus, in the current work, we have applied fluorescent Au nanoclusters which present strong resistance to chemical quenching to the investigation of MT1-MMP-mediated endocytosis. We synthesized protein-based Au nanocluster (PAuNC) and MT1-MMP-specific peptide was conjugated with PAuNC (pPAuNC) for monitoring protease-mediated endocytosis. The fluorescence capacity of pPAuNC was investigated and MT1-MMP-mediated intracellular uptake of pPAuNC was subsequently confirmed by a co-localization analysis using confocal microscopy and molecular competition test. Furthermore, we confirmed a change in the intracellular lipophilic network after an endocytosis event of pPAuNC. The identical lipophilic network change did not occur with the endocytosis of bare PAuNC. By classification of the branched network between the lipophilic organelles at the nanoscale, the image-based analysis of cell organelle networking allowed the evaluation of nanoparticle internalization and impaired cellular components after intracellular accumulation at a single-cell level. Our analyses suggest a methodology to achieve a better understanding of the mechanism by which nanoparticles enter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Ku
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Systems Molecular Radiology at Yonsei (SysMolRaY), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Imaging of MechanoBiology (iMechBio) at Yonsei, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Systems Molecular Radiology at Yonsei (SysMolRaY), Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Imaging of MechanoBiology (iMechBio) at Yonsei, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Convergence Research Center for Systems Molecular Radiological Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Da A, Chu Y, Krach J, Liu Y, Park Y, Lee SE. Optical Penetration of Shape-Controlled Metallic Nanosensors across Membrane Barriers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2824. [PMID: 36905027 PMCID: PMC10007193 DOI: 10.3390/s23052824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Precise nanostructure geometry that enables the optical biomolecular delivery of nanosensors to the living intracellular environment is highly desirable for precision biological and clinical therapies. However, the optical delivery through membrane barriers utilizing nanosensors remains difficult due to a lack of design guidelines to avoid inherent conflict between optical force and photothermal heat generation in metallic nanosensors during the process. Here, we present a numerical study reporting significantly enhanced optical penetration of nanosensors by engineering nanostructure geometry with minimized photothermal heating generation for penetrating across membrane barriers. We show that by varying the nanosensor geometry, penetration depths can be maximized while heat generated during the penetration process can be minimized. We demonstrate the effect of lateral stress induced by an angularly rotating nanosensor on a membrane barrier by theoretical analysis. Furthermore, we show that by varying the nanosensor geometry, maximized local stress fields at the nanoparticle-membrane interface enhanced the optical penetration process by four-fold. Owing to the high efficiency and stability, we anticipate that precise optical penetration of nanosensors to specific intracellular locations will be beneficial for biological and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancheng Da
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanan Chu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jacob Krach
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yunbo Liu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Younggeun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Somin Eunice Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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