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Jin J, Mao X, Zhang D. A differential diagnosis method for systemic CAEBV and the prospect of EBV-related immune cell markers via flow cytometry. Ann Med 2024; 56:2329136. [PMID: 38502913 PMCID: PMC10953786 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2329136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) infection of the T-cell or Natural killer (NK)-cell type, systemic form (systemic CAEBV or sCAEBV) was defined by the WHO in 2017 as an EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorder and is listed as an EBV-positive T-cell and NK-cell proliferation. The clinical manifestations and prognoses are heterogeneous. This makes systemic CAEBV indistinguishable from other EBV-positive T-cell and NK-cell proliferations. Early diagnosis of systemic CAEBV and early hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can improve patient prognosis. At present, the diagnosis of systemic CAEBV relies mainly on age, clinical manifestations, and cell lineage, incurring missed diagnosis, misdiagnosis, long diagnosis time, and inability to identify high-risk systemic CAEBV early. The diagnostic methods for systemic CAEBV are complicated and lack systematic description. The recent development of diagnostic procedures, including molecular biological and immunological techniques such as flow cytometry, has provided us with the ability to better understand the proliferation of other EBV-positive T cells and NK cells, but there is no definitive review of their value in diagnosing systemic CAEBV. This article summarizes the recent progress in systemic CAEBV differential diagnosis and the prospects of flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xia Mao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Donghua Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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2
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Münz C. Altered EBV specific immune control in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 390:578343. [PMID: 38615370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Since the 1980s it is known that immune responses to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are elevated in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Recent seroepidemiologial data have shown that this alteration after primary EBV infection identifies individuals with a more than 30-fold increased risk to develop MS. The mechanisms by which EBV infection might erode tolerance for the central nervous system (CNS) in these individuals, years prior to clinical MS onset, remain unclear. In this review I will discuss altered frequencies of EBV life cycle stages and their tissue distribution, EBV with CNS autoantigen cross-reactive immune responses and loss of immune control for autoreactive B and T cells as possible mechanisms. This discussion is intended to stimulate future studies into these mechanisms with the aim to identify candidates for interventions that might correct EBV specific immune control and/or resulting cross-reactivities with CNS autoantigens in MS patients and thereby ameliorate disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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3
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Xu M, Feng R, Liu Z, Zhou X, Chen Y, Cao Y, Valeri L, Li Z, Liu Z, Cao SM, Liu Q, Xie SH, Chang ET, Jia WH, Shen J, Yao Y, Cai YL, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Huang G, Ernberg I, Tang M, Ye W, Adami HO, Zeng YX, Lin X. Host genetic variants, Epstein-Barr virus subtypes, and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Assessment of interaction and mediation. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100474. [PMID: 38359790 PMCID: PMC10879020 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms are well-known risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the combined effects between HLA and EBV on the risk of NPC are unknown. We applied a causal inference framework to disentangle interaction and mediation effects between two host HLA SNPs, rs2860580 and rs2894207, and EBV variant 163364 with a population-based case-control study in NPC-endemic southern China. We discovered the strong interaction effects between the high-risk EBV subtype and both HLA SNPs on NPC risk (rs2860580, relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI] = 4.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.03-6.14; rs2894207, RERI = 3.37, 95% CI = 1.59-5.15), accounting for the majority of genetic risk effects. These results indicate that HLA genes and the high-risk EBV have joint effects on NPC risk. Prevention strategies targeting the high-risk EBV subtype would largely reduce NPC risk associated with EBV and host genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruimei Feng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linda Valeri
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zilin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Hang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ellen T Chang
- Center for Health Sciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincheng Shen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Youyuan Yao
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Lin Cai
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
| | - Yuming Zheng
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guangwu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minzhong Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Effectiveness Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Willard KA, Barry AP, Oduor CI, Ong'echa JM, Bailey JA, Moormann AM, Luftig MA. Viral and host factors drive a type 1 Epstein-Barr virus spontaneous lytic phenotype. mBio 2023; 14:e0220423. [PMID: 37971257 PMCID: PMC10746244 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02204-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects over 95% of adults worldwide. Given its connection to various cancers and autoimmune disorders, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which infection with EBV can lead to these diseases. In this study, we describe an unusual spontaneous lytic phenotype in EBV strains isolated from Kenyan endemic Burkitt lymphoma patients. Because lytic replication of EBV has been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases, these data could illuminate viral and host factors involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Willard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley P. Barry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cliff I. Oduor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Diao H, Xue WQ, Wang TM, Yang DW, Deng CM, Li DH, Zhang WL, Liao Y, Wu YX, Chen XY, Zhou T, Li XZ, Zhang PF, Zheng XH, Zhang SD, Hu YZ, Cao SM, Liu Q, Ye WM, He YQ, Jia WH. The interaction and mediation effects between the host genetic factors and Epstein-Barr virus VCA-IgA in the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29224. [PMID: 37970759 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated strong associations between host genetic factors and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) VCA-IgA with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the specific interplay between host genetics and EBV VCA-IgA on NPC risk is not well understood. In this two-stage case-control study (N = 4804), we utilized interaction and mediation analysis to investigate the interplay between host genetics (genome-wide association study-derived polygenic risk score [PRS]) and EBV VCA-IgA antibody level in the NPC risk. We employed a four-way decomposition analysis to assess the extent to which the genetic effect on NPC risk is mediated by or interacts with EBV VCA-IgA. We consistently found a significant interaction between the PRS and EBV VCA-IgA on NPC risk (discovery population: synergy index [SI] = 2.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.85-3.10; replication population: SI = 3.10, 95% CI = 2.17-4.44; all pinteraction < 0.001). Moreover, the genetic variants included in the PRS demonstrated similar interactions with EBV VCA-IgA antibody. We also observed an obvious dose-response relationship between the PRS and EBV VCA-IgA antibody on NPC risk (all ptrend < 0.001). Furthermore, our decomposition analysis revealed that a substantial proportion (approximately 90%) of the genetic effects on NPC risk could be attributed to host genetic-EBV interaction, while the risk effects mediated by EBV VCA-IgA antibody were weak and statistically insignificant. Our study provides compelling evidence for an interaction between host genetics and EBV VCA-IgA antibody in the development of NPC. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing measures to control EBV infection as a crucial strategy for effectively preventing NPC, particularly in individuals at high genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wei Yang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Mi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye-Zhu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Min Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Li G, Yang S, Wang S, Jiang R, Xu X. Diagnostic Value of Dynamic 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography ( 18F-FDG PET-CT) in Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2530. [PMID: 37568893 PMCID: PMC10417831 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dynamic 18F-FDG PET-CT scanning can accurately quantify 18F-FDG uptake and has been successfully applied in diagnosing and evaluating therapeutic effects in various malignant tumors. There is no conclusion as to whether it can accurately distinguish benign and malignant lymph nodes in nasopharyngeal cancer. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the diagnostic value of dynamic PET-CT in cervical lymph node metastasis of nasopharyngeal cancer through analysis. METHOD We first searched for cervical lymph nodes interested in static PET-CT, measured their SUV-Max values, and found the corresponding lymph nodes in magnetic resonance images before and after treatment. The valid or invalid groups were included according to the changes in lymph node size before and after treatment. If the change in the product of the maximum diameter and maximum vertical transverse diameter of the lymph node before and after treatment was greater than or equal to 50%, they would be included in the valid group. If the change was less than 50%, they would be included in the invalid group. Their Ki values were measured on dynamic PET-CT and compared under different conditions. Then, we conducted a correlation analysis between various factors and Ki values. Finally, diagnostic tests were conducted to compare the sensitivity and specificity of Ki and SUV-Max. RESULT We included 67 cervical lymph nodes from different regions of 51 nasopharyngeal cancer patients and divided them into valid and invalid groups based on changes before treatment. The valid group included 50 lymph nodes, while the invalid group included 17. There wer significant differences (p < 0.001) between the valid and the invalid groups in SUV-Max, Ki-Mean, and Ki-Max values. When the SUV-Max was ≤4.5, there was no significant difference in the Ki-Mean and Ki-Max between the two groups (p > 0.05). When the SUV-Max was ≤4.5 and pre-treatment lymph nodes were <1.0 cm, the valid group had significantly higher Ki-Mean (0.00910) and Ki-Maximum (0.01004) values than the invalid group (Ki-Mean = 0.00716, Ki-Max = 0.00767) (p < 0.05). When the SUV-Max was ≤4.5, the pre-treatment lymph nodes < 1.0 cm, and the EBV DNA replication normal, Ki-Mean (0.01060) and Ki-Max (0.01149) in the valid group were still significantly higher than the invalid group (Ki-Mean = 0.00670, Ki-Max = 0.00719) (p < 0.05). The correlation analysis between different factors (SUV-Max, T-stage, normal EB virus DNA replication, age, and pre-treatment lymph node < 1.0 cm) and the Ki value showed that SUV-Max and a pre-treatment lymph node < 1.0 cm were related to Ki-Mean and Ki-Max. Diagnostic testing was conducted; the AUC value of the SUV-Max value was 0.8259 (95% confidence interval: 0.7296-0.9222), the AUC value of the Ki-Mean was 0.8759 (95% confidence interval: 0.7950-0.9567), and the AUC value of the Ki-Max was 0.8859 (95% confidence interval: 0.8089-0.9629). After comparison, it was found that there was no significant difference in AUC values between Ki-Mean and SUV-Max (p = 0.220 > 0.05), and there was also no significant difference in AUC values between Ki max and SUV-Max (p = 0.159 > 0.05). By calculating the Youden index, we identified the optimal cut-off value. It was found that the sensitivity of SUV-Max was 100% and the specificity was 66%, the sensitivity of Ki-Mean was 100% and the specificity was 70%, and the sensitivity of Ki-Max was 100% and the specificity was 72%. After Chi-Square analysis, it was found that there was no significant difference in specificity between Ki-Mean and SUV-Max (p = 0.712), and there was also no significant difference in specificity between Ki-Max and SUV-Max (p = 0.755). CONCLUSION Dynamic PET-CT has shown a significant diagnostic value in diagnosing cervical lymph node metastasis of nasopharyngeal cancer, especially for the small SUV value, and lymph nodes do not meet the metastasis criteria before treatment, and EBV DNA replication is normal. Although the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of dynamic PET-CT were not significantly different from traditional static PET-CT, the dynamic PET-CT had a more accurate tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglie Li
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, The Fifth Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China; (G.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy Physics, The Fifth Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China;
| | - Siyang Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, The Fifth Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China; (G.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Renwei Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy Physics, The Fifth Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China;
| | - Xiwei Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, The Fifth Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China; (G.L.); (S.W.)
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7
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Rex V, Zargari R, Stempel M, Halle S, Brinkmann MM. The innate and T-cell mediated immune response during acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146381. [PMID: 37065193 PMCID: PMC10102517 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immediately after entry into host cells, viruses are sensed by the innate immune system, leading to the activation of innate antiviral effector mechanisms including the type I interferon (IFN) response and natural killer (NK) cells. This innate immune response helps to shape an effective adaptive T cell immune response mediated by cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ T helper cells and is also critical for the maintenance of protective T cells during chronic infection. The human gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a highly prevalent lymphotropic oncovirus that establishes chronic lifelong infections in the vast majority of the adult population. Although acute EBV infection is controlled in an immunocompetent host, chronic EBV infection can lead to severe complications in immunosuppressed patients. Given that EBV is strictly host-specific, its murine homolog murid herpesvirus 4 or MHV68 is a widely used model to obtain in vivo insights into the interaction between gammaherpesviruses and their host. Despite the fact that EBV and MHV68 have developed strategies to evade the innate and adaptive immune response, innate antiviral effector mechanisms still play a vital role in not only controlling the acute infection but also shaping an efficient long-lasting adaptive immune response. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the innate immune response mediated by the type I IFN system and NK cells, and the adaptive T cell-mediated response during EBV and MHV68 infection. Investigating the fine-tuned interplay between the innate immune and T cell response will provide valuable insights which may be exploited to design better therapeutic strategies to vanquish chronic herpesviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rex
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Razieh Zargari
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stephan Halle, ; Melanie M. Brinkmann,
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stephan Halle, ; Melanie M. Brinkmann,
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8
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Zhang J, Huang D, Lan X, Deng D, Li J, Zhang D, Li Y, Zhong T, Peng S. Application of small extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1100941. [PMID: 36968209 PMCID: PMC10036369 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor originating from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. The disease is insidious, and most patients are diagnosed at the advanced stage, resulting in poor prognosis. Early diagnosis is important to reduce NPC mortality. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are rich in a variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which can participate in the physiological and pathological regulation of the body by affecting the function of target cells. Numerous studies have shown that some RNAs and proteins in sEVs of tumor origin have a key role in the development of NPC and are potential candidates for malignancy detection. Studying the relationship between the cargoes of these sEVs and NPC may help in the diagnosis of the disease. Here in this review, we summarize the application of sEVs as biomarkers in the diagnosis of NPC and their role in NPC metastasis and prognosis. In addition, we discuss possible future applications and limitations of sEVs as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Defa Huang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xianbin Lan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Dongming Deng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jijing Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyu Zhong, ; Shaoping Peng,
| | - Shaoping Peng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyu Zhong, ; Shaoping Peng,
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9
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Feng L, Xu S, Li X, Sun X, Long W. Cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein 1 (PABPC1) is a prognostic biomarker to predict survival in nasopharyngeal carcinoma regardless of chemoradiotherapy. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:169. [PMID: 36803974 PMCID: PMC9940331 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), especially the nonkeratinizing type, is a malignant tumor primarily occurring in southern China and Southeast Asia. Chemotherapy (CT) and combined radiotherapy (RT) is used to treat NPC. However, the mortality rate is high in recurrent and metastatic NPC. We developed a molecular marker, analyzed its correlation with clinical characteristics, and assessed the prognostic value among NPC patients with or without chemoradiotherapy. METHODS A total of 157 NPC patients were included in this study, with 120 undergoing treatment and 37 without treatment. EBER1/2 expression was investigated using in situ hybridization (ISH). Expression of PABPC1, Ki-67, and p53 was detected with immunohistochemistry. The correlations of EBER1/2 and the expression of the three proteins having clinical features and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS The expression of PABPC1 was associated with age, recurrence, and treatment but not with gender, TNM classification, or the expression of Ki-67, p53, or EBER. High expression of PABPC1 was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) and was an independent predictor depending on multivariate analysis. Comparatively, no significant correlation was observed between the expression of p53, Ki-67, and EBER and survival. In this study, 120 patients received treatments and revealed significantly better OS and DFS than the untreated 37 patients. PABPC1 high expression was an independent predictor of shorter OS in the treated (HR = 4.012 (1.238-13.522), 95% CI, p = 0.021) and the untreated groups (HR = 5.473 (1.051-28.508), 95% CI, p = 0.044). However, it was not an independent predictor of shorter DFS in either the treated or the untreated groups. No significant survival difference was observed between patients with docetaxel-based induction chemotherapy (IC) + concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and those with paclitaxel-based IC + CCRT. However, when combined with treatment and PABPC1 expression, patients with paclitaxel-added chemoradiotherapy plus PABPC1 low expression had significantly better OS than those who underwent chemoradiotherapy (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS High expression of PABPC1 is associated with poorer OS and DFS among NPC patients. Patients with PABPC1 having low expression revealed good survival irrespective of the treatment received, indicating that PABPC1 could be a potential biomarker for triaging NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Feng
- grid.410578.f0000 0001 1114 4286Pathology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengen Xu
- grid.488387.8Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- grid.410578.f0000 0001 1114 4286Pathology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingwang Sun
- grid.410578.f0000 0001 1114 4286Pathology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Long
- Pathology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Tai J, Park J, Han M, Kim TH. Screening Key Genes and Biological Pathways in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415701. [PMID: 36555343 PMCID: PMC9779079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the hub genes and biological pathways of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) through bioinformatics analysis and potential new therapeutic targets. In this study, three datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NPC and normal tissues were analyzed using the GEO2R online tool. Volcano and heat maps of the DEGs were visualized using the hiplot database. Gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of the upregulated and downregulated DEGs were performed using the DAVID database. Finally, we established a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using the STRING database and showed the differential expression of hub genes between the normal and tumor tissues. In all, 109,371,221 upregulated DEGs and 139,226,520 downregulated DEGs were obtained in datasets GSE40290, GSE61218, and GSE53819, respectively, and 18 common differential genes, named co-DEGs, were screened in the three datasets. The most abundant biological GO terms of the co-DEGs were inflammatory response et al. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that co-DEGs mainly participated in the interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway et al. Finally, we identified four hub genes using PPI analysis and observed that three of them were highly expressed in tumor tissues. In this study, the hub genes of NPC, such as PTGS2, and pathways such as IL-17 signaling, were identified through bioinformatics analysis, which may be potential new therapeutic targets for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhu Tai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (J.T.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Jaehyung Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (J.T.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Munsoo Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (J.T.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
- Mucosal Immunology Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (J.T.); (J.P.); (M.H.)
- Mucosal Immunology Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-02-920-5486
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11
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Damania B, Kenney SC, Raab-Traub N. Epstein-Barr virus: Biology and clinical disease. Cell 2022; 185:3652-3670. [PMID: 36113467 PMCID: PMC9529843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous, oncogenic virus that is associated with a number of different human malignancies as well as autoimmune disorders. The expression of EBV viral proteins and non-coding RNAs contribute to EBV-mediated disease pathologies. The virus establishes life-long latency in the human host and is adept at evading host innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss the life cycle of EBV, the various functions of EBV-encoded proteins and RNAs, the ability of the virus to activate and evade immune responses, as well as the neoplastic and autoimmune diseases that are associated with EBV infection in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Shannon C Kenney
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nancy Raab-Traub
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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12
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The Epstein-Barr Virus Enhancer Interaction Landscapes in Virus-Associated Cancer Cell Lines. J Virol 2022; 96:e0073922. [PMID: 36094314 PMCID: PMC9517713 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00739-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persists in human cells as episomes. EBV episomes are chromatinized and their 3D conformation varies greatly in cells expressing different latency genes. We used HiChIP, an assay which combines genome-wide chromatin conformation capture followed by deep sequencing (Hi-C) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), to interrogate the EBV episome 3D conformation in different cancer cell lines. In an EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) GM12878 expressing type III EBV latency genes, abundant genomic interactions were identified by H3K27ac HiChIP. A strong enhancer was located near the BILF2 gene and looped to multiple genes around BALFs loci. Perturbation of the BILF2 enhancer by CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) altered the expression of BILF2 enhancer-linked genes, including BARF0 and BALF2, suggesting that this enhancer regulates the expression of linked genes. H3K27ac ChIP followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) identified several strong EBV enhancers in T/NK (natural killer) lymphoma cells that express type II EBV latency genes. Extensive intragenomic interactions were also found which linked enhancers to target genes. A strong enhancer at BILF2 also looped to the BALF loci. CRISPRi also validated the functional connection between BILF2 enhancer and BARF1 gene. In contrast, H3K27ac HiChIP found significantly fewer intragenomic interactions in type I EBV latency gene-expressing primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. These data provided new insight into the regulation of EBV latency gene expression in different EBV-associated tumors. IMPORTANCE EBV is the first human DNA tumor virus identified, discovered over 50 years ago. EBV causes ~200,000 cases of various cancers each year. EBV-encoded oncogenes, noncoding RNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) can promote cell growth and survival and suppress senescence. Regulation of EBV gene expression is very complex. The viral C promoter regulates the expression of all EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs), some of which are very far away from the C promoter. Another way by which the virus activates remote gene expression is through DNA looping. In this study, we describe the viral genome looping patterns in various EBV-associated cancer cell lines and identify important EBV enhancers in these cells. This study also identified novel opportunities to perturb and eventually control EBV gene expression in these cancer cells.
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13
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Herpesvirus Screening in Childhood Hematopoietic Transplant Reveals High Systemic Inflammation in Episodes of Multiple Viral Detection and an EBV Association with Elevated IL-1β, IL-8 and Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081685. [PMID: 36014102 PMCID: PMC9414306 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality among hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Unlike Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Human Herpesvirus (HHV) 6, HHV7 and HHV8 are not routinely monitored in many centers, especially in the pediatric population of low–medium income countries. We screened EBV, HCMV, HHV6, HHV7 and HHV8 in 412 leukocytes-plasma paired samples from 40 pediatric patients assisted in a tertiary hospital in Mexico. Thirty-two underwent allo-HSCT, whereas eight received auto-HSCT. Overall viral detection frequencies in allo- and auto-HSCT were: EBV = 43.7% and 30.0%, HCMV = 5.0% and 6.7%, HHV6 = 7.9% and 20.0% and HHV7 = 9.7% and 23.3%. HHV8 was not detected in any sample. Interestingly, HHV6 and HHV7 were more frequent in auto-HSCT, and HHV6 was observed in all episodes of multiple detection in auto-HSCT patients. We found EBV DNA in plasma samples, whereas HCMV, HHV6 and HHV7 DNA were predominantly observed in leukocytes, indicative of their expansion in cellular compartments. We also found that IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly increased in episodes in which multiple viruses were simultaneously detected, and samples positive for EBV DNA and graft-versus-host disease had a further increase of IL-1β and IL-8. In conclusion, the EBV, HCMV, HHV6 and HHV7 burdens were frequently detected in allo- and auto-HSCT, and their presence associated with systemic inflammation.
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14
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Albanese M, Tagawa T, Hammerschmidt W. Strategies of Epstein-Barr virus to evade innate antiviral immunity of its human host. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955603. [PMID: 35935191 PMCID: PMC9355577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. This virus preferentially infects human primary B cells and persists in the human B cell compartment for a lifetime. Latent EBV infection can lead to the development of different types of lymphomas as well as carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The early phase of viral infection is crucial for EBV to establish latency, but different viral components are sensed by cellular sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as the first line of host defense. The efficacy of innate immunity, in particular the interferon-mediated response, is critical to control viral infection initially and to trigger a broad spectrum of specific adaptive immune responses against EBV later. Despite these restrictions, the virus has developed various strategies to evade the immune reaction of its host and to establish its lifelong latency. In its different phases of infection, EBV expresses up to 44 different viral miRNAs. Some act as viral immunoevasins because they have been shown to counteract innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Similarly, certain virally encoded proteins also control antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss how the virus governs innate immune responses of its host and exploits them to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albanese
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Milan, Italy
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Hammerschmidt,
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15
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Wang Y, Ungerleider N, Hoffman BA, Kara M, Farrell PJ, Flemington EK, Lee N, Tibbetts SA. A Polymorphism in the Epstein-Barr Virus EBER2 Noncoding RNA Drives In Vivo Expansion of Latently Infected B Cells. mBio 2022; 13:e0083622. [PMID: 35642944 PMCID: PMC9239156 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00836-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, including human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68, γHV68, MuHV-4), are associated with numerous malignancies, including B cell lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. These viruses employ numerous molecular strategies to colonize the host, including the expression of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). As the first viral ncRNAs identified, EBV-encoded RNA 1 and 2 (EBER1 and EBER2, respectively) have been investigated extensively for decades; however, their specific in vivo functions remain largely unknown. In work here, we used chimeric MHV68 viruses in an in vivo complementation system to test whether EBV EBER2 contributes to acute and/or chronic phases of infection. Expression of EBER2 derived from EBV strain B95-8 resulted in a significant expansion of latently infected B cells in vivo, which was accompanied by a decrease in virus-infected plasma cells. EBV strains typically carry one of two variants of EBER2, which differ primarily by a 5-nucleotide core polymorphism identified initially in the EBV strain M81. Strikingly, mutation of the 5 nucleotides that define this core polymorphism resulted in the loss of the infected B cell expansion and restored plasma cell infection. This work reveals that the B95-8 variant of EBER2 promotes the expansion of the latently infected B cell pool in vivo and may do so in part through inhibition of terminal differentiation. These findings provide new insight into mechanisms by which viral ncRNAs promote in vivo colonization and further and provide further evidence of the inherent tumorigenic risks associated with gammaherpesvirus manipulation of B cell differentiation. IMPORTANCE The oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, including human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68, employ numerous strategies to colonize the host, including expression of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). As the first viral ncRNAs ever identified, EBV-encoded RNA 1 and 2 (EBER1 and EBER2) have been investigated extensively for decades; however, their specific in vivo functions remain largely unknown. Work here reveals that an EBV EBER2 variant highly associated with B cell lymphoma promoted a significantly increased expansion of the infected B cell pool in vivo, which coincided with altered B cell differentiation. Mutation of the 5 nucleotides that define this EBER2 variant resulted in the loss of B cell expansion and normal B cell differentiation. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms by which EBV manipulates B cells in vivo to retain infected cells in the high-risk B cell differentiation pathway where they are poised for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nathan Ungerleider
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brett A. Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mehmet Kara
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paul J. Farrell
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik K. Flemington
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nara Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott A. Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Mu L, Hu S, Li G, Wu P, Ren C, Lin T, Zhang S. Characterization of the Prognostic Values of CXCL Family in Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Gastric Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2218140. [PMID: 35693706 PMCID: PMC9177340 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2218140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background CXCL family is a class of secreted growth factors signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors, and abnormal expression is associated with the growth and progression of many tumors. However, their prognostic value has been poorly studied in Epstein-Barr virus- (EBV-) associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the prognostic value of the CXCL family in EBVaGC. Methods CXCL family mRNA expression was analyzed in STAD data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Kaplan-Meier Plotter was used to assess the prognostic value of the CXCL family. Transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs associated with the CXCL family were identified by TFCheckpoint, miRWalk, and ViRBase databases. The prognostic model was evaluated using the EBVaGC patient cohort GSE51575. Results The mRNA expression of CXCL1/3/5/6/8/9/10/11/16 was significantly upregulated, while the expression of CXCL12/14 was downregulated in EBVaGC compared with normal tissues from TCGA-STAD. The mRNA expressions of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL17 in EBVaGCs were higher than those in EBVnGCs, but the mRNA expressions of CXCL6, CXCL12, and CXCL17 were lower than those in EBVnGCs. The mRNA expression levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in EBVaGCs were higher than those in EBVnGCs regardless of the tumor stage. High mRNA expression of CXCL8 was associated with better OS in patients with EBVaGC, while high expression of CXCL9 was associated with better OS in patients with EBVnGC. We obtained 10 candidate potential transcription factors (TFs) associated with CXCLs: OTOP3, NKX6-2, NKX2-2, FEV, SMYD1, TRIMSO, TBX10, CDX1, SLC26A3, and ARC. 576 miRNA-mRNA interactions were obtained. Among them, 65 miRNAs were predicted to be correlated with CXCL6, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. Similar to the results of TCGA-STAD, the GSE51575 dataset also showed that the mRNA expression levels of CXCL1/3/9/10/11/16 were markedly enhanced in EBVaGC tissues compared with corresponding normal gastric mucosa tissues, while the mRNA expression levels of CXCL12/14 were significantly reduced. The mRNA expression levels of CXCL3/9/10/11/13/17 were increased in EBVaGC compared with EBVnGC tissues. Conclusions The expression differences of CXCL family members are closely associated with the progression of EBVaGC. Expression of CXCL9/10/11/17 mRNA may be a promising prognostic indicator for EBVaGC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Shun Hu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Caihong Ren
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Taiyu Lin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
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Cao Y, Zhao X, You R, Zhang Y, Qu C, Huang Y, Yu Y, Gong Y, Cong T, Zhao E, Zhang L, Gao Y, Zhang J. CD11c+ B Cells Participate in the Pathogenesis of Graves’ Disease by Secreting Thyroid Autoantibodies and Cytokines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836347. [PMID: 35386700 PMCID: PMC8977450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves’ disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disorder with an elevation in pathogenic autoantibodies, specifically anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs), which are secreted by autoreactive B cells. To date, there has been little research on self-reactive B cells in GD. In the current study, we reported that a unique B-cell subset, CD11c+ B cells, was expanded in the peripheral blood (PB) of GD patients, as detected by flow cytometry. The frequency of CD11c+ B cells was positively correlated with serum TRAb levels. The flow cytometry data showed that CD11c expression was higher in a variety of B-cell subsets and that CD11c+ B cells presented a distinct immunophenotype compared to paired CD11c- B cells. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining indicated the presence of CD11c+CD19+ B cells in lymphocyte infiltration areas of the GD thyroid. Flow cytometric analysis of PB and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples showed that compared to PB CD11c+ B cells, CD11c+ B cells in the thyroid accumulated and further differentiated. We found that CD11c+ B cells from the PB of GD patients were induced to differentiate into autoreactive antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) capable of secreting TRAbs in vitro. Luminex liquid suspension chip detection data showed that CD11c+ B cells also secreted a variety of cytokines, including proinflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, which might play roles in regulating the local inflammatory response and infiltration of lymphocytes in the thyroid. In addition, we performed a chemotaxis assay in a Transwell chamber to verify that CD11c+ B cells were recruited by thyroid follicular cells (TFCs) via the CXCR3-CXCL10 axis. In conclusion, our study determined that CD11c+ B cells were involved in the pathogenesis of GD in multiple ways and might represent a promising immunotherapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ran You
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxue Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youyuan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tiechuan Cong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing, China
| | - Enmin Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing, China
| | - Lanbo Zhang
- Breast Disease Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Gao,
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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18
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Anti-Cancer Role and Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246303. [PMID: 34944923 PMCID: PMC8699603 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is an important mechanism in biological processes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), also referred to as exosomes, microvesicles, and prostasomes, are microvesicles secreted by a variety of cells. EVs are nanometer-scale vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer and contain biological functional molecules, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNAs, and proteins. In this review, "EVs" is used as a comprehensive term for vesicles that are secreted from cells. EV research has been developing over the last four decades. Many studies have suggested that EVs play a crucial role in cell-cell communication. Importantly, EVs contribute to cancer malignancy mechanisms such as carcinogenesis, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and escape from the immune system. EVs derived from cancer cells and their microenvironments are diverse, change in nature depending on the condition. As EVs are thought to be secreted into body fluids, they have the potential to serve as diagnostic markers for liquid biopsy. In addition, cells can encapsulate functional molecules in EVs. Hence, the characteristics of EVs make them suitable for use in drug delivery systems and novel cancer treatments. In this review, the potential of EVs as anti-cancer therapeutics is discussed.
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19
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The Epstein-Barr virus noncoding RNA EBER2 transactivates the UCHL1 deubiquitinase to accelerate cell growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2115508118. [PMID: 34686609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115508118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transforms resting B cells and is involved in the development of B cell lymphomas. We report here that the viral noncoding RNA EBER2 accelerates B cell growth by potentiating expression of the UCHL1 deubiquitinase that itself increased expression of the Aurora kinases and of cyclin B1. Importantly, this effect was also visible in Burkitt's lymphoma cells that express none of the virus's known oncogenes. Mechanistically, EBER2 bound the UCHL1 messenger RNA (mRNA), thereby bringing a protein complex that includes PU.1, a UCHL1 transactivator, to the vicinity of its promoter. Although the EBV oncogene LMP1 has been suggested to induce UCHL1, we show here that EBER2 plays a much more important role to reach significant levels of the deubiquitinase in infected cells. However, some viruses that carried a polymorphic LMP1 had an increased ability to achieve full UCHL1 expression. This work identifies a direct cellular target of a viral noncoding RNA that is likely to be central to EBV's oncogenic properties.
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20
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Münz C. Immune Escape by Non-coding RNAs of the Epstein Barr Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657387. [PMID: 34234755 PMCID: PMC8257079 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most successful pathogens of humans, persistently colonizing more than 95% of the adult human population. At the same time EBV encodes oncogenes that can readily transform human B cells in culture and threaten healthy virus carriers with lymphomagenesis. Cytotoxic lymphocytes have been identified in experimental models and by primary immunodeficiencies as the main protective immune compartments controlling EBV. EBV has reached a stalemate with these cytotoxic T and innate lymphocytes to ensure persistence in most infected humans. Recent evidence suggests that the non-coding RNAs of the virus contribute to viral immune escape to prevent immune eradication. This knowledge might be used in the future to attenuate EBV for vaccine development against this human tumor virus that was discovered more than 55 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Frappier L. Epstein-Barr virus: Current questions and challenges. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200218. [PMID: 34052467 PMCID: PMC8173096 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most people worldwide and persists for life due to complicated interplay between lytic infection and multiple types of latent infections. While usually asymptomatic, EBV is a causative agent in several types of cancer and has a strong association with multiple sclerosis. Exactly how EBV promotes these diseases and why they are rare consequences of infection are incompletely understood. Here I will discuss current ideas on disease induction by EBV, including the importance of lytic protein expression in the context of latent infection as well as the possible importance of specific EBV variants in disease induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Ave, Suite 1600, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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22
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Tang Y, He X. Long non-coding RNAs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: biological functions and clinical applications. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3537-3550. [PMID: 33999333 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common head and neck malignancies. It has obvious ethnic and regional specificity. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a class of non-protein coding RNA molecules. Emerging research shows that lncRNAs play a key role in tumor development, prognosis, and treatment. With the deepening of sequence analysis, a large number of functional LncRNAs have been found in NPC, which interact with coding genes, miRNAs, and proteins to form a complex regulatory network. However, the specific role and mechanism of abnormally expressed lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of NPC is not fully understood. This article briefly introduced the concept, classification, and functional mechanism of lncRNAs and reviewed their biological functions and their clinical applications in NPC. Specifically, we described lncRNAs related to the occurrence, growth, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and cancer stem cells of NPC; discussed lncRNAs related to Epstein-Barr virus infection; and summarized the role of lncRNAs in NPC treatment resistance. We have also sorted out lncRNAs related to Chinese medicine treatment. We believe that with the deepening of lncRNAs research, tumor-specific lncRNAs may become a new target for the treatment and a biomarker for predicting prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (2016TP1015), Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiusheng He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (2016TP1015), Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China.
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23
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Meng X, Wang ZF, Lou QY, Rankine AN, Zheng WX, Zhang ZH, Zhang L, Gu H. Long non-coding RNAs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Diagnostic biomarkers, targeted therapies, and prognostic roles. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 902:174114. [PMID: 33901464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
At present, emerging evidence shows that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play crucial roles for development of multiple tumors. Amongst these ncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play prominent roles in physiological and pathological processes. LncRNAs are RNA transcripts larger than 200 nucleotides and have been shown to serve important regulatory roles in different types of cancer via interactions with DNA, RNA and proteins. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most malignant tumors with low survival rates in advanced stages. Recently, lncRNAs have been demonstrated to be involved in a wide range of biological processes, including proliferation, metastasis, and prognosis of HNSCC. Therefore, this review describes molecular mechanisms of up- or down-regulation of lncRNAs and expounds their functions in pathology and clinical practices in HNSCC. It also highlights their potential clinical applications as biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of HNSCC. However, studies on lncRNAs are still not comprehensive, and more investigations are needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Zi-Fei Wang
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Qiu-Yue Lou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Abigail N Rankine
- Clinical Medicine in Chinese (MBBS), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Wan-Xin Zheng
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Zi-Hao Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China; Periodontal Department, Anhui Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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24
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Schuhmachers P, Münz C. Modification of EBV Associated Lymphomagenesis and Its Immune Control by Co-Infections and Genetics in Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640918. [PMID: 33833760 PMCID: PMC8021763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most successful pathogens in humans with more than 95% of the human adult population persistently infected. EBV infects only humans and threatens these with its potent growth transforming ability that readily allows for immortalization of human B cells in culture. Accordingly, it is also found in around 1-2% of human tumors, primarily lymphomas and epithelial cell carcinomas. Fortunately, however, our immune system has learned to control this most transforming human tumor virus in most EBV carriers, and it requires modification of EBV associated lymphomagenesis and its immune control by either co-infections, such as malaria, Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or genetic predispositions for EBV positive tumors to emerge. Some of these can be modelled in humanized mice that, therefore, provide a valuable platform to test curative immunotherapies and prophylactic vaccines against these EBV associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Fournier B, Boutboul D, Bruneau J, Miot C, Boulanger C, Malphettes M, Pellier I, Dunogué B, Terrier B, Suarez F, Blanche S, Castelle M, Winter S, Delecluse HJ, Molina T, Picard C, Ehl S, Moshous D, Galicier L, Barlogis V, Fischer A, Neven B, Latour S. Rapid identification and characterization of infected cells in blood during chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152032. [PMID: 32812031 PMCID: PMC7596820 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) preferentially infects epithelial cells and B lymphocytes and sometimes T and NK lymphocytes. Persistence of EBV-infected cells results in severe lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs). Diagnosis of EBV-driven T or NK cell LPD and chronic active EBV diseases (CAEBV) is difficult, often requiring biopsies. Herein, we report a flow-FISH cytometry assay that detects cells expressing EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs), allowing rapid identification of EBV-infected cells among PBMCs. EBV-infected B, T, and/or NK cells were detectable in various LPD conditions. Diagnosis of CAEBV in 22 patients of Caucasian and African origins was established. All exhibited circulating EBV-infected T and/or NK cells, highlighting that CAEBV is not restricted to native American and Asian populations. Proportions of EBV-infected cells correlated with blood EBV loads. We showed that EBV-infected T cells had an effector memory activated phenotype, whereas EBV-infected B cells expressed plasma cell differentiation markers. Thus, this method achieves accurate and unambiguous diagnoses of different forms of EBV-driven LPD and represents a powerful tool to study their pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fournier
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David Boutboul
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Charline Miot
- Department of Pediatric Immunology Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Cécile Boulanger
- Institut Roi Albert II, Cancerology and Hematology Departments, University Clinics Saint-Luc Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marion Malphettes
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Pellier
- Department of Pediatric Immunology Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Bertrand Dunogué
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, National Referral Centre for Systemic and Autoimmune Diseases, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Terrier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cochin Hospital, National Referral Centre for Systemic and Autoimmune Diseases, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Felipe Suarez
- Department of Adult Hematology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Blanche
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Martin Castelle
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Winter
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- Unit F100, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1074, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thierry Molina
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency-Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Despina Moshous
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Galicier
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Barlogis
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Collège de France, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
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26
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Cao Y, Xie L, Shi F, Tang M, Li Y, Hu J, Zhao L, Zhao L, Yu X, Luo X, Liao W, Bode AM. Targeting the signaling in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: mechanism, regulation, and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 33436584 PMCID: PMC7801793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus-associated diseases are important global health concerns. As a group I carcinogen, EBV accounts for 1.5% of human malignances, including both epithelial- and lymphatic-originated tumors. Moreover, EBV plays an etiological and pathogenic role in a number of non-neoplastic diseases, and is even involved in multiple autoimmune diseases (SADs). In this review, we summarize and discuss some recent exciting discoveries in EBV research area, which including DNA methylation alterations, metabolic reprogramming, the changes of mitochondria and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), oxidative stress and EBV lytic reactivation, variations in non-coding RNA (ncRNA), radiochemotherapy and immunotherapy. Understanding and learning from this advancement will further confirm the far-reaching and future value of therapeutic strategies in EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.
| | - Longlong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
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27
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Extracellular Vesicles Orchestrate Immune and Tumor Interaction Networks. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123696. [PMID: 33317058 PMCID: PMC7763968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Significant strides have been made to describe the pervasive role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in health and disease. This work provides an insightful and unifying mechanistic understanding of EVs in immunity and tumorigenesis. This is achieved by dissecting the role of EVs within the continuum of immune cell physiology, immune–infection responses, and the immune–tumor microenvironment. Our work synthesizes important topical findings on immune EV signaling in mediating immune–tumor interaction networks. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as potent and intricate intercellular communication networks. From their first discovery almost forty years ago, several studies have bolstered our understanding of these nano-vesicular structures. EV subpopulations are now characterized by differences in size, surface markers, cargo, and biological effects. Studies have highlighted the importance of EVs in biology and intercellular communication, particularly during immune and tumor interactions. These responses can be equally mediated at the proteomic and epigenomic levels through surface markers or nucleic acid cargo signaling, respectively. Following the exponential growth of EV studies in recent years, we herein synthesize new aspects of the emerging immune–tumor EV-based intercellular communications. We also discuss the potential role of EVs in fundamental immunological processes under physiological conditions, viral infections, and tumorigenic conditions. Finally, we provide insights on the future prospects of immune–tumor EVs and suggest potential avenues for the use of EVs in diagnostics and therapeutics.
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28
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Caetano BFR, Jorge BAS, Müller-Coan BG, Elgui de Oliveira D. Epstein-Barr virus microRNAs in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Cancer Lett 2020; 499:14-23. [PMID: 33248209 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a gamma-herpesvirus involved with a variety of human cancers, notably the endemic Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In 2004, EBV was described as one the first known human oncoviruses to encode viral microRNAs (miRNAs), and these molecules were found to interact with viral and host targets. EBV miRNAs modulate biological processes that are critical for carcinogenesis, contributing to cell transformation and tumor progression of EBV-associated cancers. Herein we review and discuss EBV miRNAs as modulators of viral biology and carcinogenesis, as well as their usefulness as putative markers to monitor the onset, progression, and recurrence of cancers associated with the EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno Felipe R Caetano
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School of Botucatu Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC) Alameda das Tecomarias, s/n. CEP 18607-440, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatrice Adrianne S Jorge
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250. CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC) Alameda das Tecomarias, s/n. CEP 18607-440, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Grasiele Müller-Coan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School of Botucatu Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC) Alameda das Tecomarias, s/n. CEP 18607-440, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Deilson Elgui de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School of Botucatu Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC) Alameda das Tecomarias, s/n. CEP 18607-440, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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29
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Expression of Rta in B Lymphocytes during Epstein-Barr Virus Latency. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5227-5243. [PMID: 32710985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rta of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is thought to be expressed only during the lytic cycle to promote the transcription of lytic genes. However, we found that Rta is expressed in EBV-infected B cells during viral latency, at levels detectable by immunoblot analysis. Latent Rta expression cannot be attributed to spontaneous lytic activation, as we observed that more than 90% of Akata, P3HR1, and 721 cells latently infected by EBV express Rta. We further found that Rta is sequestered in the nucleolus during EBV latency through its interaction with MCRS2, a nucleolar protein. When Rta is sequestered in the nucleolus, it no longer activates RNA polymerase II-driven transcription, thus explaining why Rta expression during latency does not transactivate EBV lytic genes. Additional experiments showed that Rta can bind to 18S rRNA and become incorporated into ribosomes, and a transient transfection experiment showed that Rta promotes translation from an mRNA reporter. These findings reveal that Rta has novel functions beyond transcriptional activation during EBV latency and may have interesting implications for the concept of EBV latency.
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Tagawa T, Serquiña A, Kook I, Ziegelbauer J. Viral non-coding RNAs: Stealth strategies in the tug-of-war between humans and herpesviruses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:135-147. [PMID: 32631785 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic DNA viruses establish lifelong infections in humans, and they cause cancers, often in immunocompromised patients, despite anti-viral immune surveillance targeted against viral antigens. High-throughput sequencing techniques allowed the field to identify novel viral non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs are ideal factors for DNA viruses to exploit; they are non-immunogenic to T cells, thus viral ncRNAs can manipulate host cells without evoking adaptive immune responses. Viral ncRNAs may still trigger the host innate immune response, but many viruses encode decoys/inhibitors to counter-act and evade recognition. In addition, ncRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular space and influence adjacent cells to create a pro-viral microenvironment. In this review, we present recent progress in understanding interactions between oncoviruses and ncRNAs including small and long ncRNAs, microRNAs, and recently identified viral circular RNAs. In addition, potential clinical applications for ncRNA will be discussed. Extracellular ncRNAs are suggested to be diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and, with the realization of the importance of viral ncRNAs in tumorigenesis, approaches to target critical viral ncRNAs are emerging. Further understanding of viral utilization of ncRNAs will advance anti-viral therapeutics beyond conventional medication and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Tagawa
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Anna Serquiña
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Insun Kook
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Joseph Ziegelbauer
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
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Bello-Morales R, Ripa I, López-Guerrero JA. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Spread and Antiviral Response. Viruses 2020; 12:E623. [PMID: 32521696 PMCID: PMC7354624 DOI: 10.3390/v12060623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral spread by both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses may be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes. These secreted vesicles have been demonstrated to be an efficient mechanism that viruses can use to enter host cells, enhance spread or evade the host immune response. However, the complex interplay between viruses and EVs gives rise to antagonistic biological tasks-to benefit the viruses, enhancing infection and interfering with the immune system or to benefit the host, by mediating anti-viral responses. Exosomes from cells infected with herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) may transport viral and host transcripts, proteins and innate immune components. This virus may also use MVs to expand its tropism and evade the host immune response. This review aims to describe the current knowledge about EVs and their participation in viral infection, with a specific focus on the role of exosomes and MVs in herpesvirus infections, particularly that of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Ripa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.); (J.A.L.-G.)
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Identification and Cloning of a New Western Epstein-Barr Virus Strain That Efficiently Replicates in Primary B Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01918-19. [PMID: 32102884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01918-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes human cancers, and epidemiological studies have shown that lytic replication is a risk factor for some of these tumors. This fits with the observation that EBV M81, which was isolated from a Chinese patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, induces potent virus production and increases the risk of genetic instability in infected B cells. To find out whether this property extends to viruses found in other parts of the world, we investigated 22 viruses isolated from Western patients. While one-third of the viruses hardly replicated, the remaining viruses showed variable levels of replication, with three isolates replicating at levels close to that of M81 in B cells. We cloned one strongly replicating virus into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC); the resulting recombinant virus (MSHJ) retained the properties of its nonrecombinant counterpart and showed similarities to M81, undergoing lytic replication in vitro and in vivo after 3 weeks of latency. In contrast, B cells infected with the nonreplicating Western B95-8 virus showed early but abortive replication accompanied by cytoplasmic BZLF1 expression. Sequencing confirmed that rMSHJ is a Western virus, being genetically much closer to B95-8 than to M81. Spontaneous replication in rM81- and rMSHJ-infected B cells was dependent on phosphorylated Btk and was inhibited by exposure to ibrutinib, opening the way to clinical intervention in patients with abnormal EBV replication. As rMSHJ contains the complete EBV genome and induces lytic replication in infected B cells, it is ideal to perform genetic analyses of all viral functions in Western strains and their associated diseases.IMPORTANCE The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects the majority of the world population but causes different diseases in different countries. Evidence that lytic replication, the process that leads to new virus progeny, is linked to cancer development is accumulating. Indeed, viruses such as M81 that were isolated from Far Eastern nasopharyngeal carcinomas replicate strongly in B cells. We show here that some viruses isolated from Western patients, including the MSHJ strain, share this property. Moreover, replication of both M81 and of MSHJ was sensitive to ibrutinib, a commonly used drug, thereby opening an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Sequencing of MSHJ showed that this virus is quite distant from M81 and is much closer to nonreplicating Western viruses. We conclude that Western EBV strains are heterogeneous, with some viruses being able to replicate more strongly and therefore being potentially more pathogenic than others, and that the virus sequence information alone cannot predict this property.
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Romero-Masters JC, Huebner SM, Ohashi M, Bristol JA, Benner BE, Barlow EA, Turk GL, Nelson SE, Baiu DC, Van Sciver N, Ranheim EA, Gumperz J, Sherer NM, Farrell PJ, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. B cells infected with Type 2 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have increased NFATc1/NFATc2 activity and enhanced lytic gene expression in comparison to Type 1 EBV infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008365. [PMID: 32059024 PMCID: PMC7046292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are infected with two distinct strains (Type 1 (T1) and Type 2 (T2)) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that differ substantially in their EBNA2 and EBNA 3A/B/C latency genes and the ability to transform B cells in vitro. While most T1 EBV strains contain the "prototype" form of the BZLF1 immediate-early promoter ("Zp-P"), all T2 strains contain the "Zp-V3" variant, which contains an NFAT binding motif and is activated much more strongly by B-cell receptor signalling. Whether B cells infected with T2 EBV are more lytic than cells infected with T1 EBV is unknown. Here we show that B cells infected with T2 EBV strains (AG876 and BL5) have much more lytic protein expression compared to B cells infected with T1 EBV strains (M81, Akata, and Mutu) in both a cord blood-humanized (CBH) mouse model and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Although T2 LCLs grow more slowly than T1 LCLs, both EBV types induce B-cell lymphomas in CBH mice. T1 EBV strains (M81 and Akata) containing Zp-V3 are less lytic than T2 EBV strains, suggesting that Zp-V3 is not sufficient to confer a lytic phenotype. Instead, we find that T2 LCLs express much higher levels of activated NFATc1 and NFATc2, and that cyclosporine (an NFAT inhibitor) and knockdown of NFATc2 attenuate constitutive lytic infection in T2 LCLs. Both NFATc1 and NFATc2 induce lytic EBV gene expression when combined with activated CAMKIV (which is activated by calcium signaling and activates MEF2D) in Burkitt Akata cells. Together, these results suggest that B cells infected with T2 EBV are more lytic due to increased activity of the cellular NFATc1/c2 transcription factors in addition to the universal presence of the Zp-V3 form of BZLF1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Romero-Masters
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shane M. Huebner
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bayleigh E. Benner
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Barlow
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gail L. Turk
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Nelson
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dana C. Baiu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Van Sciver
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jenny Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathan M. Sherer
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Farrell
- Section of Virology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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