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Zhen J, Chen J, Huang H, Liao S, Liu S, Yuan Y, Sun R, Longnecker R, Wu TT, Zhou ZH. Structures of Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus virions reveal species-specific tegument and envelope features. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.09.602672. [PMID: 39026862 PMCID: PMC11257568 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.09.602672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are classified into the gammaherpesvirus subfamily of Herpesviridae , which stands out from its alpha- and betaherpesvirus relatives due to the tumorigenicity of its members. Although structures of human alpha- and betaherpesviruses by cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET) have been reported, reconstructions of intact human gammaherpesvirus virions remain elusive. Here, we structurally characterize extracellular virions of EBV and KSHV by deep learning-enhanced cryoET, resolving both previously known monomorphic capsid structures and previously unknown pleomorphic features beyond the capsid. Through subtomogram averaging and subsequent tomogram-guided sub-particle reconstruction, we determined the orientation of KSHV nucleocapsids from mature virions with respect to the portal to provide spatial context for the tegument within the virion. Both EBV and KSHV have an eccentric capsid position and polarized distribution of tegument. Tegument species span from the capsid to the envelope and may serve as scaffolds for tegumentation and envelopment. The envelopes of EBV and KSHV are less densely populated with glycoproteins than those of herpes simplex virus 1 and human cytomegalovirus, representative members of alpha- and betaherpesviruses, respectively. This population density of glycoproteins correlates with their relative infectivity against HEK293T cells. Also, we observed fusion protein gB trimers exist within triplet arrangements in addition to standalone complexes, which is relevant to understanding dynamic processes such as fusion pore formation. Taken together, this study reveals nuanced yet important differences in the tegument and envelope architectures among human herpesviruses and provides insights into their varied cell tropism and infection. Importance Discovered in 1964, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified human oncogenic virus and the founding member of the gammaherpesvirus subfamily. In 1994, another cancer-causing virus was discovered in lesions of AIDS patients and later named Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the second human gammaherpesvirus. Despite the historical importance of EBV and KSHV, technical difficulties with isolating large quantities of these viruses and the pleiomorphic nature of their envelope and tegument layers have limited structural characterization of their virions. In this study, we employed the latest technologies in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) and tomography (cryoET) supplemented with an artificial intelligence-powered data processing software package to reconstruct 3D structures of the EBV and KSHV virions. We uncovered unique properties of the envelope glycoproteins and tegument layers of both EBV and KSHV. Comparison of these features with their non-tumorigenic counterparts provides insights into their relevance during infection.
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Döhner K, Serrero MC, Sodeik B. The role of nuclear pores and importins for herpes simplex virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 62:101361. [PMID: 37672874 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule transport and nuclear import are functionally connected, and the nuclear pore complex (NPC) can interact with microtubule motors. For several alphaherpesvirus proteins, nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and their interactions with specific importin-α proteins have been characterized. Here, we review recent insights on the roles of microtubule motors, capsid-associated NLSs, and importin-α proteins for capsid transport, capsid docking to NPCs, and genome release into the nucleoplasm, as well as the role of importins for nuclear viral transcription, replication, capsid assembly, genome packaging, and nuclear capsid egress. Moreover, importin-α proteins exert antiviral effects by promoting the nuclear import of transcription factors inducing the expression of interferons (IFN), cytokines, and IFN-stimulated genes, and the IFN-inducible MxB restricts capsid docking to NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Manutea C Serrero
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; RESIST - Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; DZIF - German Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany.
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Pei J, Tian Y, Ye W, Han J, Dang Y, Cheng T, Wang W, Zhao Y, Ye W, Huangfu S, Li Y, Zhang F, Lei Y, Qian A. A novel recombinant ORF7-siRNA delivered by flexible nano-liposomes inhibits varicella zoster virus infection. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:167. [PMID: 37700336 PMCID: PMC10496174 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicella zoster virus (VZV), which is a human restricted alpha-herpesvirus, causes varicella (chickenpox) and zoster (shingles). The subsequent post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) due to VZV infection is excruciating for most patients. Thus, developing specific therapeutics against VZV infection is imperative. RNA interference (RNAi) represents an effective approach for alternative antiviral therapy. This study aimed to develop a novel anti-VZV therapeutics based on RNAi. RESULTS In this study, we screened and found the open reading frame 7 (ORF7) of the VZV genome was an ideal antiviral target based on RNAi. Therefore, a novel siRNA targeting ORF7 (si-ORF7) was designed to explore the potential of RNAi antiviral treatment strategy toward VZV. We used a bio-engineering approach to manufacture recombinant siRNA agents with high yield in E. coli. Then, the efficacy of recombinant ORF7-siRNA (r/si-ORF7) in inhibiting VZV infection both in cellular level and 3D human epidermal skin model was evaluated. The r/si-ORF7 was proved to inhibit the VZV replication and reduce the virus copy numbers significantly in vitro. Furthermore, flexible nano-liposomes were established to deliver r/si-ORF7 to 3D human epidermal skin model and found r/si-ORF7 also could inhibit the VZV infection, thus maintaining normal skin morphology. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results highlighted that transdermal administration of antiviral r/si-ORF7 was a promising therapeutic strategy for functional cure of VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Pei
- key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ye Tian
- key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiangfan Han
- key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yamei Dang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yipu Zhao
- key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiliang Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuyuan Huangfu
- key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yingfeng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Airforce Medical University: Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Airong Qian
- key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Wang G, Zha Z, Huang P, Sun H, Huang Y, He M, Chen T, Lin L, Chen Z, Kong Z, Que Y, Li T, Gu Y, Yu H, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Chen Y, Li S, Xia N. Structures of pseudorabies virus capsids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1533. [PMID: 35318331 PMCID: PMC8940892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major etiological agent of swine infectious diseases and is responsible for significant economic losses in the swine industry. Recent data points to human viral encephalitis caused by PRV infection, suggesting that PRV may be able to overcome the species barrier to infect humans. To date, there is no available therapeutic for PRV infection. Here, we report the near-atomic structures of the PRV A-capsid and C-capsid, and illustrate the interaction that occurs between these subunits. We show that the C-capsid portal complex is decorated with capsid-associated tegument complexes. The PRV capsid structure is highly reminiscent of other α-herpesviruses, with some additional structural features of β- and γ-herpesviruses. These results illustrate the structure of the PRV capsid and elucidate the underlying assembly mechanism at the molecular level. This knowledge may be useful for the development of oncolytic agents or specific therapeutics against this arm of the herpesvirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhenghui Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Maozhou He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lina Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhenqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhibo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuqiong Que
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China. .,Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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