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Ma Y, Chen Y, Yu M, Wang Y, Lu S, Guo J, Luo G, Zhao L, Yang P, Lin Q, Jiang Z. Ultrasensitive SERF atomic magnetometer with a miniaturized hybrid vapor cell. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:121. [PMID: 39214959 PMCID: PMC11364876 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The chip-scale hybrid optical pumping spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer with a single-beam arrangement has prominent applications in biomagnetic measurements because of its outstanding features, including ultrahigh sensitivity, an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio, homogeneous spin polarization and a much simpler optical configuration than other devices. In this work, a miniaturized single-beam hybrid optical pumping SERF atomic magnetometer based on a microfabricated atomic vapor cell is demonstrated. Although the optically thin Cs atoms are spin-polarized, the dense Rb atoms determine the experimental results. The enhanced signal strength and narrowed resonance linewidth are experimentally proven, which shows the superiority of the proposed magnetometer scheme. By using a differential detection scheme, we effectively suppress optical noise with an approximate five-fold improvement. Moreover, the cell temperature markedly affects the performance of the magnetometer. We systematically investigate the effects of temperature on the magnetometer parameters. The theoretical basis for these effects is explained in detail. The developed miniaturized magnetometer has an optimal magnetic sensitivity of 20 fT/Hz1/2. The presented work provides a foundation for the chip-scale integration of ultrahighly sensitive quantum magnetometers that can be used for forward-looking magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yintao Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Mingzhi Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ju Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Guoxi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai, Yantai, 265503, China.
| | - Ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Qijing Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai, Yantai, 265503, China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and Systems, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing, Yantai, Yantai, 265503, China
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Gottscholl A, Kraus H, Aichinger T, Cochrane CJ. Enhancing the the electrical readout of the spin-dependent recombination current in SiC JFETs for EDMR based magnetometry using a tandem (de-)modulation technique. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14283. [PMID: 38902377 PMCID: PMC11258347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) is a promising method to readout spins in miniaturized devices utilized as quantum magnetometers. However, the sensitivity has remained challenging. In this study, we present a tandem (de-)modulation technique based on a combination of magnetic field and radio frequency modulation. By enabling higher demodulation frequencies to avoid 1/f-noise, enhancing self-calibration capabilities, and eliminating background signals by 3 orders of magnitude, this technique represents a significant advancement in the field of EDMR-based sensors. This novel approach paves the way for EDMR being the ideal candidate for ultra-sensitive magnetometry at ambient conditions without any optical components, which brings it one step closer to a chip-based quantum sensor for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gottscholl
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, 91104, USA.
| | - Hannes Kraus
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, 91104, USA
| | - Thomas Aichinger
- Infineon Technologies Austria AG, Siemensstraße 2, 9500, Villach, Austria
| | - Corey J Cochrane
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, 91104, USA
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3
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Jiang M, Hong T, Hu D, Chen Y, Yang F, Hu T, Yang X, Shu J, Zhao Y, Peng X, Du J. Long-baseline quantum sensor network as dark matter haloscope. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3331. [PMID: 38637491 PMCID: PMC11026481 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultralight dark photons constitute a well-motivated candidate for dark matter. A coherent electromagnetic wave is expected to be induced by dark photons when coupled with Standard-Model photons through kinetic mixing mechanism, and should be spatially correlated within the de Broglie wavelength of dark photons. Here we report the first search for correlated dark-photon signals using a long-baseline network of 15 atomic magnetometers, which are situated in two separated meter-scale shield rooms with a distance of about 1700 km. Both the network's multiple sensors and the shields large size significantly enhance the expected dark-photon electromagnetic signals, and long-baseline measurements confidently reduce many local noise sources. Using this network, we constrain the kinetic mixing coefficient of dark photon dark matter over the mass range 4.1 feV-2.1 peV, which represents the most stringent constraints derived from any terrestrial experiments operating over the aforementioned mass range. Our prospect indicates that future data releases may go beyond the astrophysical constraints from the cosmic microwave background and the plasma heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Taizhou Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Dongdong Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Fengwei Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Tao Hu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Jing Shu
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Beijing Laser Acceleration Innovation Center, Huairou, Beijing, 101400, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Xinhua Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230088, China
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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4
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Smorra C, Abbass F, Schweitzer D, Bohman M, Devine JD, Dutheil Y, Hobl A, Arndt B, Bauer BB, Devlin JA, Erlewein S, Fleck M, Jäger JI, Latacz BM, Micke P, Schiffelholz M, Umbrazunas G, Wiesinger M, Will C, Wursten E, Yildiz H, Blaum K, Matsuda Y, Mooser A, Ospelkaus C, Quint W, Soter A, Walz J, Yamazaki Y, Ulmer S. BASE-STEP: A transportable antiproton reservoir for fundamental interaction studies. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:113201. [PMID: 37972020 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the world's only source of low-energy antiprotons is the AD/ELENA facility located at CERN. To date, all precision measurements on single antiprotons have been conducted at this facility and provide stringent tests of fundamental interactions and their symmetries. However, magnetic field fluctuations from the facility operation limit the precision of upcoming measurements. To overcome this limitation, we have designed the transportable antiproton trap system BASE-STEP to relocate antiprotons to laboratories with a calm magnetic environment. We anticipate that the transportable antiproton trap will facilitate enhanced tests of charge, parity, and time-reversal invariance with antiprotons and provide new experimental possibilities of using transported antiprotons and other accelerator-produced exotic ions. We present here the technical design of the transportable trap system. This includes the transportable superconducting magnet, the cryogenic inlay consisting of the trap stack and detection systems, and the differential pumping section to suppress the residual gas flow into the cryogenic trap chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Smorra
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
| | - F Abbass
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Schweitzer
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Bohman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - A Hobl
- Bilfinger Noell GmbH, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Arndt
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B B Bauer
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
| | - J A Devlin
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Erlewein
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Fleck
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
| | - J I Jäger
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B M Latacz
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Micke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Schiffelholz
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Umbrazunas
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
- Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Wiesinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Will
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Wursten
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H Yildiz
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - K Blaum
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Matsuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Mooser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Ospelkaus
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - W Quint
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Soter
- Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Walz
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Y Yamazaki
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
| | - S Ulmer
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, Wako, Japan
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5
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Tang Y, Liang C, Wen X, Li W, Xu AN, Liu YC. PT-Symmetric Feedback Induced Linewidth Narrowing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:193602. [PMID: 37243661 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.193602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Narrow linewidth is a long-pursued goal in precision measurement and sensing. We propose a parity-time symmetric (PT-symmetric) feedback method to narrow the linewidths of resonance systems. By using a quadrature measurement-feedback loop, we transform a dissipative resonance system into a PT-symmetric system. Unlike the conventional PT-symmetric systems that typically require two or more modes, here the PT-symmetric feedback system contains only a single resonance mode, which greatly extends the scope of applications. The method enables remarkable linewidth narrowing and enhancement of measurement sensitivity. We illustrate the concept in a thermal ensemble of atoms, achieving a 48-fold narrowing of the magnetic resonance linewidth. By applying the method in magnetometry, we realize a 22-times improvement of the measurement sensitivity. This work opens the avenue for studying non-Hermitian physics and high-precision measurements in resonance systems with feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - An-Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Zhou H, Wang XK, Liu SQ, Cheng L, Liu K, Pan ZH, Li YR, Hao XJ, Sheng D, Wang YM. Signal-processing electronics for stable and sensitive weak-field atomic vector magnetometers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2887618. [PMID: 37125856 DOI: 10.1063/5.0150256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the electronics developed for a sensitive and stable atomic vector magnetometer used in low-field detections. These electronics are required to be not only highly reliable and sophisticated for signal processing but also compact in size and low cost in resource consumption for the purpose of miniaturization. In addition, this magnetometer works with multiple modulations, where the interferences between harmonics of modulation fields often disturb the long-term measurements of the sensor. We work out a robust method to eliminate this problem by choosing the modulation frequencies with separations to match the minimum response points of the low-pass filters used in the demodulation processes. We validate the performance of the electronics and the frequency-selection scheme of the modulation fields with corresponding experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - X-K Wang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - S-Q Liu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - L Cheng
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, and Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Hefei 230026, China
| | - K Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, and Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Z-H Pan
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, and Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y-R Li
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, and Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - X-J Hao
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, and Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Hefei 230026, China
| | - D Sheng
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Y-M Wang
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, and Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, and CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Hefei 230026, China
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7
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Bulatowicz M, Tost J, Walker TG. Feedback Methods for Vector Measurements Using an All-Optical Atomic Magnetometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094263. [PMID: 37177466 PMCID: PMC10181421 DOI: 10.3390/s23094263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we look to compare three methods of feedback for the ultimate purpose of measuring the transverse vector components of a magnetic field using a synchronous light-pulse atomic scalar magnetometer with a few tens of fT/Hz sensitivity in Earth-field-scale magnetic environments. By applying modulation in the magnetic field to orthogonal axes, the respective vector components may, in principle, be separated from the scalar measurement. Success of this technique depends in significant part on the ability to measure and respond to these perturbations with low measurement uncertainty. Using high-speed least-squares fitting, the phase response of the atomic spins relative to the first harmonic of the optical pump pulse repetition rate is monitored and correspondingly adjusted into resonance with the natural Larmor precession frequency. This paper seeks to motivate and compare three distinct methods of feedback for this purpose. As a first step toward the full development of this technique, the present work uses a simplified version with modulation applied only along the bias field. All three methods investigated herein are shown to provide results that match well with the scalar magnetometer measurements and to depend on both the applied modulation amplitude and optimal feedback response to achieve low relative uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bulatowicz
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jonas Tost
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thad G Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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8
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Xiao W, Liu M, Wu T, Peng X, Guo H. Femtotesla Atomic Magnetometer Employing Diffusion Optical Pumping to Search for Exotic Spin-Dependent Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:143201. [PMID: 37084454 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.143201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Searching for beyond-the-standard-model interactions has been of interest in quantum sensing. Here, we demonstrate a method, both theoretically and experimentally, to search for the spin- and velocity-dependent interaction with an atomic magnetometer at the centimeter scale. By probing the diffused optically polarized atoms, undesirable effects coming along with the optical pumping, such as light shifts and power-broadening effects, are suppressed, which enables a 1.4 fT_{rms}/Hz^{1/2} noise floor and the reduced systematic errors of the atomic magnetometer. Our method sets the most stringent laboratory experiment constraints on the coupling strength between electrons and nucleons for the force range λ>0.7 mm at 1σ confidence. The limit is more than 3 orders of magnitude tighter than the previous constraints for the force range between 1 mm∼10 mm, and one order of magnitude tighter for the force range above 10 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Teng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, and Center for Quantum Information Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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9
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Wei K, Zhao T, Fang X, Xu Z, Liu C, Cao Q, Wickenbrock A, Hu Y, Ji W, Fang J, Budker D. Ultrasensitive Atomic Comagnetometer with Enhanced Nuclear Spin Coherence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:063201. [PMID: 36827554 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.063201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high energy resolution in spin systems is important for fundamental physics research and precision measurements, with alkali-noble-gas comagnetometers being among the best available sensors. We found a new relaxation mechanism in such devices, the gradient of the Fermi-contact-interaction field that dominates the relaxation of hyperpolarized nuclear spins. We report on precise control over spin distribution, demonstrating a tenfold increase of nuclear spin hyperpolarization and transverse coherence time with optimal hybrid optical pumping. Operating in the self-compensation regime, our ^{21}Ne-Rb-K comagnetometer achieves an ultrahigh inertial rotation sensitivity of 3×10^{-8} rad/s/Hz^{1/2} in the frequency range from 0.2 to 1.0 Hz, which is equivalent to the energy resolution of 3.1×10^{-23} eV/Hz^{1/2}. We propose to use this comagnetometer to search for exotic spin-dependent interactions involving proton and neutron spins. The projected sensitivity surpasses the previous experimental and astrophysical limits by more than 4 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Xiujie Fang
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zitong Xu
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Qian Cao
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Arne Wickenbrock
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Ji
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jiancheng Fang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Hangzhou Extremely Weak Magnetic Field Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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10
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Quiroz DR, Cooper RJ, Foley EL, Kornack TW, Lee GJ, Sauer KL. Interleaved NQR detection using atomic magnetometers. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 343:107288. [PMID: 36209574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interleaved Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) detection was conducted on ammonium nitrate and potassium chlorate using two 87Rb magnetometers, where potassium chlorate is measured during the T1 limited recovery time of ammonium nitrate. The multi-pass magnetometers are rapidly matched to the NQR frequencies, 531 kHz and 423 kHz, with the use of a single tuning field. For ease of implementation, a double resonant tank circuit was used for excitation, but could be replaced by a broad-band transmitter. All work was done in an unshielded environment and compared to conventional coil detection. The two magnetometers were sensitive, base noise as low as 2 fT/Hz, and were shown to reduce ambient noise through signal subtraction. When an excitation pulse was introduced, however, residual ringing increased the noise floor; mitigation techniques are discussed. The two detection techniques resulted in comparable Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Interleaved detection using the atomic magnetometers took half the time of conventional detection and provided localization of the explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin R Quiroz
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, George Mason University, Fairfax 22030, VA, USA
| | - Robert J Cooper
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, George Mason University, Fairfax 22030, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Garrett J Lee
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, George Mason University, Fairfax 22030, VA, USA
| | - Karen L Sauer
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, George Mason University, Fairfax 22030, VA, USA.
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11
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Wang Y, Su H, Jiang M, Huang Y, Qin Y, Guo C, Wang Z, Hu D, Ji W, Fadeev P, Peng X, Budker D. Limits on Axions and Axionlike Particles within the Axion Window Using a Spin-Based Amplifier. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:051801. [PMID: 35960560 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.051801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Searches for the axion and axionlike particles may hold the key to unlocking some of the deepest puzzles about our Universe, such as dark matter and dark energy. Here, we use the recently demonstrated spin-based amplifier to constrain such hypothetical particles within the well-motivated "axion window" (10 μeV-1 meV) through searching for an exotic dipole-dipole interaction between polarized electron and neutron spins. The key ingredient is the use of hyperpolarized long-lived ^{129}Xe nuclear spins as an amplifier for the pseudomagnetic field generated by the exotic interaction. Using such a spin sensor, we obtain a direct upper bound on the product of coupling constants g_{p}^{e}g_{p}^{n}. The spin-based amplifier technique can be extended to searches for a wide variety of hypothetical particles beyond the standard model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haowen Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Min Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ying Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yushu Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zehao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dongdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Pavel Fadeev
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xinhua Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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12
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Campbell K, Wang YJ, Savukov I, Schwindt PDD, Jau YY, Shah V. Gradient Field Detection Using Interference of Stimulated Microwave Optical Sidebands. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:163602. [PMID: 35522487 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.163602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that stimulated microwave optical sideband generation using parametric frequency conversion can be utilized as a powerful technique for coherent state detection in atomic physics experiments. The technique has advantages over traditional absorption or polarization rotation-based measurements and enables the isolation of signal photons from probe photons. We outline a theoretical framework that accurately models sideband generation using a density matrix formalism. Using this technique, we demonstrate a novel intrinsic magnetic gradiometer that detects magnetic gradient fields between two spatially separated vapor cells by measuring the frequency of the beat note between sidebands generated within each cell. The sidebands are produced with high efficiency using parametric frequency conversion of a probe beam interacting with ^{87}Rb atoms in a coherent superposition of magnetically sensitive hyperfine ground states. Interference between the sidebands generates a low-frequency beat note whose frequency is determined by the magnetic field gradient between the two vapor cells. In contrast to traditional gradiometers the intermediate step of measuring the magnetic field experienced by the two vapor cells is unnecessary. We show that this technique can be readily implemented in a practical device by demonstrating a compact magnetic gradiometer sensor head with a sensitivity of 25 fT/cm/sqrt[Hz] with a 4.4 cm baseline, while operating in a noisy laboratory environment unshielded from Earth's field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb Campbell
- Sandia National Laboratory, 1515 Eubank SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
- Center for Quantum Information and Control, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Ying-Ju Wang
- QuSpin Inc, 331S 104th St. Unit 130, Louisville, Colorado 80027, USA
| | - Igor Savukov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Peter D D Schwindt
- Sandia National Laboratory, 1515 Eubank SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - Yuan-Yu Jau
- Sandia National Laboratory, 1515 Eubank SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - Vishal Shah
- QuSpin Inc, 331S 104th St. Unit 130, Louisville, Colorado 80027, USA
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13
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Padniuk M, Kopciuch M, Cipolletti R, Wickenbrock A, Budker D, Pustelny S. Response of atomic spin-based sensors to magnetic and nonmagnetic perturbations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:324. [PMID: 35013346 PMCID: PMC8748673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Searches for pseudo-magnetic spin couplings require implementation of techniques capable of sensitive detection of such interactions. While Spin-Exchange Relaxation Free (SERF) magnetometry is one of the most powerful approaches enabling the searches, it suffers from a strong magnetic coupling, deteriorating the pseudo-magnetic coupling sensitivity. To address this problem, here, we compare, via numerical simulations, the performance of SERF magnetometer and noble-gas-alkali-metal co-magnetometer, operating in a so-called self-compensating regime. We demonstrate that the co-magnetometer allows reduction of the sensitivity to low-frequency magnetic fields without loss of the sensitivity to nonmagnetic couplings. Based on that we investigate the responses of both systems to the oscillating and transient spin perturbations. Our simulations reveal about five orders of magnitude stronger response to the neutron pseudo-magnetic coupling and about three orders of magnitude stronger response to the proton pseudo-magnetic coupling of the co-magnetometer than those of the SERF magnetometer. Different frequency responses of the co-magnetometer to magnetic and nonmagnetic perturbations enables differentiation between these two types of interactions. This outlines the ability to implement the co-magnetometer as an advanced sensor for the Global Network of Optical Magnetometer for Exotic Physics searches (GNOME), aiming at detection of ultra-light bosons (e.g., axion-like particles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Padniuk
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marek Kopciuch
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Riccardo Cipolletti
- Helmholtz Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat at Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
- Robert Bosch GmbH, Corporate Sector Research and Advance Engineering, Advanced Technologies and Micro Systems, 71272, Renningen, Germany
| | - Arne Wickenbrock
- Helmholtz Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat at Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz Institute, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat at Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Szymon Pustelny
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Kraków, Poland
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