Clinical algorithm to screen for cardiopulmonary disease in low-income settings

Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension encompasses a range of conditions directly or indirectly leading to elevated pressures within the pulmonary arteries. Five main groups of pulmonary hypertension are recognized, all defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure of >20 mmHg: pulmonary arterial hypertension (rare), pulmonary hypertension associated with left-sided heart disease (very common), pulmonary hypertension associated with lung disease (common), pulmonary hypertension associated with pulmonary artery obstructions, usually related to thromboembolic disease (rare), and pulmonary hypertension with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms (rare). At least 1% of the world's population is affected, with a greater burden more likely in low-income and middle-income countries. Across all its forms, pulmonary hypertension is associated with adverse vascular remodelling with obstruction, stiffening and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vasculature. Without proactive management this leads to hypertrophy and ultimately failure of the right ventricle, the main cause of death. In older individuals, dyspnoea is the most common symptom. Stepwise investigation precedes definitive diagnosis with right heart catheterization. Medical and surgical treatments are approved for pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. There are emerging treatments for other forms of pulmonary hypertension; but current therapy primarily targets the underlying cause. There are still major gaps in basic, clinical and translational knowledge; thus, further research, with a focus on vulnerable populations, is needed to better characterize, detect and effectively treat all forms of pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary vascular disease in Africa: Lessons from registries

The epidemiology of pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) remains unclear in Africa, where health systems do not reach the majority of the population and heath information systems are poorly developed. In this context, registries are particularly important in gathering crucial information on PVD, aiming at improving knowledge of the epidemiology and/or quality of care. While population-based registries are the main tool to identify incident cases, and be a better indicator of pulmonary vascular disease burden, hospital-based registries can give an indication of the demand for specific care services, which is useful for health policy and planning. The only registry for pulmonary hypertension in Africa - the Pan African Pulmonary Hypertension Cohort (PAPUCO) - involved four countries, and was a pragmatic study that revealed a unique pattern of environmental risks, issues related to low access to health care, and ill-equipped health facilities for diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension. In addition, disease specific registries for conditions such as congenital heart disease and rheumatic heart disease uncovered high occurrence of PVD that can be managed and/or prevented with improvements in community awareness, surveillance, management and prevention. It is suggested that existing networks of experts and researchers develop regional registries to determine the epidemiology of PVD in Africa, assess geographic, environmental and seasonal differentials, as well as inform policy and care provision in the continent.