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He C, Li Q, Wu W, Liu K, Li X, Zheng H, Lai Y. Ferroptosis-associated genes and compounds in renal cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1473203. [PMID: 39399506 PMCID: PMC11466770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1473203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
As the main type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), clear cell RCC (ccRCC) is often associated with the deletion or mutation of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene, enhancement of glucose and lipid metabolism, and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. VHL alterations in RCC cells lead to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors and their downstream target vascular endothelial growth factor, and to the reprogramming of multiple cell death pathways and metabolic weakness, including ferroptosis, which are associated with targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The changes in biological metabolites (e.g., iron and lipids) support ferroptosis as a potential therapeutic strategy for RCC, while iron metabolism and ferroptosis regulation have been examined as anti-RCC agents in numerous studies, and various ferroptosis-related molecules have been shown to be related to the metastasis and prognosis of ccRCC. For example, glutathione peroxidase 4 and glutaminase inhibitors can inhibit pyrimidine synthesis and increase reactive oxygen species levels in VHL-deficient RCC cells. In addition, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns by tumor cells undergoing ferroptosis also mediates antitumor immunity, and immune therapy can synergize with targeted therapy or radiotherapy through ferroptosis. However, Inducing ferroptosis not only suppresses cancer, but also promotes cancer development due to its potential negative effects on anti-cancer immunity. Therefore, ferroptosis and various tumor microenviroment-related molecules may co-occur during the development and treatment of RCC, and further understanding of the interactions, core targets, and related drugs of ferroptosis may provide new combination drug strategies for RCC treatment. Here we summarize the key genes and compounds on ferroptosis and RCC in order to envision future treatment strategies and to provide sufficient information for overcoming RCC resistance through ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwu He
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Shockwave Lithotripsy Research Institute, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyi Li
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Shockwave Lithotripsy Research Institute, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijia Wu
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Shockwave Lithotripsy Research Institute, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Shockwave Lithotripsy Research Institute, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingwen Li
- Tibet Future Biomedicine Company Limited, Golmud, Qinghai, China
| | - Hanxiong Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Shockwave Lithotripsy Research Institute, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongchang Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management, School of Medical Business, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Walton J, Ng ASN, Arevalo K, Apostoli A, Meens J, Karamboulas C, St-Germain J, Prinos P, Dmytryshyn J, Chen E, Arrowsmith CH, Raught B, Ailles L. PRMT1 inhibition perturbs RNA metabolism and induces DNA damage in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8232. [PMID: 39300069 PMCID: PMC11413393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to the ubiquitous loss of the VHL gene in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), co-deletions of chromatin-regulating genes are common drivers of tumorigenesis, suggesting potential vulnerability to epigenetic manipulation. A library of chemical probes targeting a spectrum of epigenetic regulators is screened using a panel of ccRCC models. MS023, a type I protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) inhibitor, is identified as an antitumorigenic agent. Individual knockdowns indicate PRMT1 as the specific critical dependency for cancer growth. Further analyses demonstrate impairments to cell cycle and DNA damage repair pathways upon MS023 treatment or PRMT1 knockdown. PRMT1-specific proteomics reveals an interactome rich in RNA binding proteins and further investigation indicates significant widespread disruptions in mRNA metabolism with both MS023 treatment and PRMT1 knockdown, resulting in R-loop accumulation and DNA damage over time. Our data supports PRMT1 as a target in ccRCC and informs a mechanism-based strategy for translational development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Walton
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angel S N Ng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Arevalo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Apostoli
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jalna Meens
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Panagiotis Prinos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Dmytryshyn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie Ailles
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Kumar SS, Khandekar N, Dani K, Bhatt SR, Duddalwar V, D'Souza A. A Scoping Review of Population Diversity in the Common Genomic Aberrations of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Oncology 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39250899 DOI: 10.1159/000541370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous literature has shown that clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is becoming a more prevalent diagnosis and that the incidence and mortality differ both regionally and racially. While the molecular profiles for ccRCC are studied regionally through biopsy and sequencing techniques, the genomic landscape and ccRCC diversity data are not well studied. We conducted a review of the known genomic data on 6 of the most clinically relevant DNA biomarkers in ccRCC: von Hippel-Lindau (vHL), Polybromo-1 (PBRM1), Breast Cancer Gene 1-Associated Protein 1 (BAP1), Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase Domain-Containing 2 (SETD2), Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), and Lysine-Specific Demethylase 5C (KDM5C). The review compiled genomic diversity data, incidence, and risk factor differences by geographical and racial cohorts. METHODS The review methodology was created using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) principles from articles on PubMed and Embase through July 31, 2023, written and published in English, with diagnoses of primary or metastatic ccRCC via cytology or pathology, recorded the incidence of one or more of the 6 biomarkers, explored gene aberration via sequencing, were epidemiological in nature, and/or discussed basic science research, cohort studies, or retrospective studies. RESULTS Aberrations in vHL, PBRM1, and SETD2 driving ccRCC are studied frequently, but the data are heterogeneous, whereas there is a paucity in the data regarding KDM5C, PBRM1, and mTOR mutations. CONCLUSION Studying the genetic aberrations that frequently occur in different regions gives insight into what current research lacks. When more genomic landscape research arises, precision therapy, risk calculators, and artificial intelligence may help better prognosticate and individualize treatment for those at risk for ccRCC. Provided the scarcity of existing data, and the rising prevalence of ccRCC, more studies must be conducted at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Kumar
- Macon and Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences Eastern Virginia Medical School at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ninad Khandekar
- Radiomics Lab, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Komal Dani
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Saina R Bhatt
- Radiomics Lab, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vinay Duddalwar
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anishka D'Souza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Wagh H, Bhattacharya S. Targeted therapy with polymeric nanoparticles in PBRM1-mutant biliary tract cancers: Harnessing DNA damage repair mechanisms. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 204:104505. [PMID: 39255911 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are aggressive malignancies with a dismal prognosis that require intensive targeted therapy. Approximately 10 % of BTCs have PBRM1 mutations, which impede DNA damage repair pathways and make cancer cells more susceptible to DNA-damaging chemicals. This review focus on development of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles targeting delivery system to selectively deliver chemotherapy into PBRM1-deficient BTC cells. These nanoparticles improve therapy efficacy by increasing medication targeting and retention at tumour locations. In preclinical studies, pharmacokinetic profile of this nanoparticle was encouraging and supported its ability to achieve extended circulation time with high drug accumulation in tumor. The review also highlights potential of Pou3F3:I54N to expedite bioassays for patient selection in BTC targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrushikesh Wagh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India.
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India.
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Tanaka H, Fukawa Y, Yamamoto K, Tanimoto K, Takemoto A, Mori T, Hasumi H, Kinoshita M, Kanazawa T, Furukawa A, Kimura K, Sato H, Hirakawa A, Fukuda S, Waseda Y, Yoshida S, Campbell SC, Fujii Y. Prognostic Impact and Genomic Backgrounds of Renal Parenchymal Infiltration or Micronodular Spread in Nonmetastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100590. [PMID: 39142537 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
A subset of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) exhibits various growth patterns that infiltrate the normal renal parenchyma; however, our understanding of its association with cancer aggressiveness is incomplete. Here, we show that the morphology of the tumor interface with normal renal parenchyma is robustly associated with cancer recurrence after surgery, even when compared with the TNM staging system or the World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (WHO/ISUP) nuclear grade in nonmetastatic ccRCC. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of whole tissue sections from surgical specimens were analyzed using a cohort of 331 patients with nonmetastatic ccRCC treated with radical nephrectomy. The patients were classified into 10 subgroups based on our classification algorithms for assessing the tumor interface with normal renal parenchyma. Among the 10 subgroups, 4 subgroups consisting of 40 patients (12%) were identified to have aggressive forms of nonmetastatic ccRCC associated with poor prognosis and unified as renal parenchymal infiltration or micronodular spread (RPI/MNS) phenotypes. Multivariable analyses showed that RPI/MNS phenotypes were robustly associated with shorter disease-free survival, independently of existing pathological factors including the TNM staging system and WHO/ISUP nuclear grade. The hazard ratio was highest for RPI/MNS (4.62), followed by WHO/ISUP grades 3 to 4 (2.11) and ≥pT3a stage (2.05). In addition, we conducted genomic analyses using next-generation sequencing of infiltrative lesions in 18 patients with RPI/MNS and tumor lesions in 33 patients without RPI/MNS. Results showed that alterations in SETD2 and TSC1 might be associated with RPI/MNS phenotypes, whereas alterations in PBRM1 might be associated with non-RPI/MNS phenotypes. These data suggest that RPI/MNS may be associated with aggressive genomic backgrounds of ccRCC, although more comprehensive analyses with a larger sample size are required. Future studies may further elucidate the clinical implications of RPI/MNS, particularly for deciding the indication of adjuvant treatment after nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuki Fukawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Tanimoto
- Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Takemoto
- Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hasumi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health Science Technology, Bunkyo Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Kanazawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health Science Technology, Bunkyo Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Furukawa
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kimura
- Department of Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sato
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirakawa
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Fukuda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuma Waseda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Steven C Campbell
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yasuhisa Fujii
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zheng Q, Wang X, Yang R, Fan J, Yuan J, Liu X, Wang L, Xiao Z, Chen Z. Predicting tumor mutation burden and VHL mutation from renal cancer pathology slides with self-supervised deep learning. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e70112. [PMID: 39166457 PMCID: PMC11336896 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.70112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor mutation burden (TMB) and VHL mutation play a crucial role in the management of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), such as guiding adjuvant chemotherapy and improving clinical outcomes. However, the time-consuming and expensive high-throughput sequencing methods severely limit their clinical applicability. Predicting intratumoral heterogeneity poses significant challenges in biology and clinical settings. Our aimed to develop a self-supervised attention-based multiple instance learning (SSL-ABMIL) model to predict TMB and VHL mutation status from hematoxylin and eosin-stained histopathological images. METHODS We obtained whole slide images (WSIs) and somatic mutation data of 350 ccRCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas for developing SSL-ABMIL model. In parallel, 163 ccRCC patients from Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium cohort was used as independent external validation set. We systematically compared three different models (Wang-ABMIL, Ciga-ABMIL, and ImageNet-MIL) for their ability to predict TMB and VHL alterations. RESULTS We first identified two groups of populations with high- and low-TMB (cut-off point = 0.9). In two independent cohorts, the Wang-ABMIL model achieved the highest performance with decent generalization performance (AUROC = 0.83 ± 0.02 and 0.8 ± 0.04 in predicting TMB and VHL, respectively). Attention heatmaps revealed that the Wang-ABMIL model paid the highest attention to tumor regions in high-TMB patients, while in VHL mutation prediction, non-tumor regions were also assigned high attention, particularly the stromal regions infiltrated by lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that SSL-ABMIL can effectively extract histological features for predicting TMB and VHL mutation, demonstrating promising results in linking tumor morphology and molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Zheng
- Department of UrologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- Institute of Urologic DiseaseRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Centre for Reproductive ScienceRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of UrologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- Institute of Urologic DiseaseRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Junjie Fan
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Trusted Computing and Information Assurance LaboratoryInstitute of Software, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jingping Yuan
- Department of PathologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiuheng Liu
- Department of UrologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- Institute of Urologic DiseaseRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of UrologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- Institute of Urologic DiseaseRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhuoni Xiao
- Centre for Reproductive ScienceRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of UrologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- Institute of Urologic DiseaseRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
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Peng S, Xie Z, Jiang H, Zhang G, Chen N. Revealing the characteristics of SETD2-mutated clear cell renal cell carcinoma through tumor heterogeneity analysis. Front Genet 2024; 15:1447139. [PMID: 39119581 PMCID: PMC11306021 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1447139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most prevalent type of malignant kidney tumor in adults, with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) comprising about 75% of all cases. The SETD2 gene, which is involved in the modification of histone proteins, is often found to have alterations in ccRCC. Yet, our understanding of how these SETD2 mutations affect ccRCC characteristics and behavior within the tumor microenvironment is still not fully understood. Methods We conducted a detailed analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from ccRCC. First, the data was preprocessed using the Python package, "scanpy." High variability genes were pinpointed through Pearson's correlation coefficient. Dimensionality reduction and clustering identification were performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Leiden algorithm. Malignant cell identification was conducted with the "InferCNV" R package, while cell trajectories and intercellular communication were depicted using the Python packages "VIA" and "cellphoneDB." We then employed the R package "Deseq2" to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between groups. Using high-dimensional weighted gene correlation network analysis (hdWGCNA), co-expression modules were identified. We intersected these modules with DEGs to establish prognostic models through univariate Cox and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method. Results We identified 69 and 53 distinctive cell clusters, respectively. These were classified further into 12 unique cell types. This analysis highlighted the presence of an abnormal tumor sub-cluster (MT + group), identified by high mitochondrial-encoded protein gene expression and an indication of unfavorable prognosis. Investigation of cellular interactions spotlighted significant interactions between the MT + group and endothelial cells, macrophaes. In addition, we developed a prognostic model based on six characteristic genes. Notably, risk scores derived from these genes correlated significantly with various clinical features. Finally, a nomogram model was established to facilitate more accurate outcome prediction, incorporating four independent risk factors. Conclusion Our findings provide insight into the crucial transcriptomic characteristics of ccRCC associated with SETD2 mutation. We discovered that this mutation-induced subcluster could stimulate M2 polarization in macrophages, suggesting a heightened propensity for metastasis. Moreover, our prognostic model demonstrated effectiveness in forecasting overall survival for ccRCC patients, thus presenting a valuable clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shansen Peng
- Meizhou Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Meizhou, China
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Zhouzhou Xie
- Meizhou Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Meizhou, China
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Huiming Jiang
- Meizhou Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Meizhou, China
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Guihao Zhang
- Meizhou Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Meizhou, China
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
| | - Nanhui Chen
- Meizhou Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Meizhou, China
- Department of Urology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, China
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Sturgill IR, Raab JR, Hoadley KA. Expanded detection and impact of BAP1 alterations in cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.21.568094. [PMID: 38045292 PMCID: PMC10690206 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the BAP1 tumor suppressor gene is a prominent risk factor for several tumor types and is important in tumor evolution and progression. Here we performed integrated multi-omic analyses using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for 33 cancer types and over 10,000 individuals to identify alterations leading to BAP1 disruption. We combined existing variant calls and new calls derived from a de novo local realignment pipeline across multiple independent variant callers, increasing somatic variant detection by 41% from 182 to 257, including 11 indels ≥40bp. The expanded detection of mutations highlights the power of new tools to uncover longer indels and impactful mutations. We developed an expression-based BAP1 activity score and identified a transcriptional profile associated with BAP1 disruption in cancer. BAP1 has been proposed to play a critical role in controlling tumor plasticity and normal cell fate. Leveraging human and mouse liver datasets, BAP1 loss in normal cells resulted in lower BAP1 activity scores and lower scores were associated with a less-differentiated phenotype in embryonic cells. Together, our expanded BAP1 mutant samples revealed a transcriptional signature in cancer cells, supporting BAP1's influences on cellular plasticity and cell identity maintenance.
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Yang Z, Zhang X, Zhan N, Lin L, Zhang J, Peng L, Qiu T, Luo Y, Liu C, Pan C, Hu J, Ye Y, Jiang Z, Liu X, Sun M, Zhang Y. Exosome-related lncRNA score: A value-based individual treatment strategy for predicting the response to immunotherapy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7308. [PMID: 38808948 PMCID: PMC11135019 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes play a crucial role in intercellular communication in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), while the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in tumorigenesis and progression. AIMS The purpose of this study is to construction a exosomes-related lncRNA score and a ceRNA network to predict the response to immunotherapy and potential targeted drug in ccRCC. METHODS Data of ccRCC patients were obtained from the TCGA database. Pearson correlation analysis was used to identify eExosomes-related lncRNAs (ERLRs) from Top10 exosomes-related genes that have been screened. The entire cohort was randomly divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort in equal scale. LASSO regression and multivariate cox regression was used to construct the ERLRs-based score. Differences in clinicopathological characteristics, immune microenvironment, immune checkpoints, and drug susceptibility between the high- and low-risk groups were also investigated. Finally, the relevant ceRNA network was constructed by machine learning to analyze their potential targets in immunotherapy and drug use of ccRCC patients. RESULTS A score consisting of 4ERLRs was identified, and patients with higher ERLRs-based score tended to have a worse prognosis than those with lower ERLRs-based score. ROC curves and multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the score could be considered as a risk factor for prognosis in both training and validation cohorts. Moreover, patients with high scores are predisposed to experience poor overall survival, a larger prevalence of advanced stage (III-IV), a greater tumor mutational burden, a higher infiltration of immunosuppressive cells, and a greater likelihood of responding favorably to immunotherapy. The importance of EMX2OS was determined by mechanical learning, and the ceRNA network was constructed, and EMX2OS may be a potential therapeutic target, possibly exerting its function through the EMX2OS/hsa-miR-31-5p/TLN2 axis. CONCLUSIONS Based on machine learning, a novel ERLRs-based score was constructed for predicting the survival of ccRCC patients. The ERLRs-based score is a promising potential independent prognostic factor that is closely correlated with the immune microenvironment and clinicopathological characteristics. Meanwhile, we screened out key lncRNAEMX2OS and identified the EMX2OS/hsa-miR-31-5p/TLN2 axis, which may provide new clues for the targeted therapy of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Yang
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of StomatologyZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Ning Zhan
- Stomatology Hospital, School of StomatologyZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Lining Lin
- Stomatology Hospital, School of StomatologyZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of StomatologyZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Lianjie Peng
- Stomatology Hospital, School of StomatologyZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Tao Qiu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of StomatologyZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Yaxian Luo
- Stomatology Hospital, School of StomatologyZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Chundi Liu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of StomatologyZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Chaoran Pan
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Junhao Hu
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Yifan Ye
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Zilong Jiang
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Mouyuan Sun
- Stomatology Hospital, School of StomatologyZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of UrologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
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10
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Ye Y, Zeng S, Hu X. Unveiling the hidden role of disulfidptosis in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma: a prognostic signature for personalized treatment. Apoptosis 2024; 29:693-708. [PMID: 38296888 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The role of disulfidptosis in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) remains unknown. This study investigated disulfidptosis-related biomarkers for KIRC prognosis prediction and individualized treatment. KIRC patients were clustered by disulfidptosis profiles. Differential expression analysis, survival models, and machine learning were used to construct the disulfidptosis-related prognostic signature (DRPS). Characterizations of the tumor immune microenvironment, genetic drivers, drug sensitivity, and immunotherapy response were explored according to the DRPS risk stratification. Markers included in the signature were validated using single-cell, spatial transcriptomics, quantitative RT-qPCR, and immunohistochemistry. In the discovery cohort, we unveiled two clusters of KIRC patients that differed significantly in disulfidptosis regulator expressions and overall survival (OS). After multiple feature selection steps, a DRPS prognostic model with four features (CHAC1, COL7A1, FOXM1, SHOX2) was constructed and validated. Combined with clinical factors, the model demonstrated robust performance in the discovery and external validation cohorts (5-year AUC = 0.793 and 0.846, respectively). KIRC patients with high-risk scores are characterized by inferior OS, less tumor purity, and increased infiltrations of fibroblasts, M1 macrophages, and B cells. High-risk patients also have higher frequencies of BAP1 and AHNAK2 mutation. Besides, the correlation between the DRPS score and the chemotherapy-response signature indicated the potential effect of Gefitinib for high-risk patients. Among the signature genes, FOXM1 is highly expressed in cycling tumor cells and exhibits spatial aggregation, while others are expressed sparsely within tumor samples. The DRPS model enables improved clinical management and personalized KIRC therapy. The identified biomarkers and immune characteristics offer new mechanistic insight into disulfidptosis in KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO.8 GongTi South Road, Beijing, 100020, China
- Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Zeng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO.8 GongTi South Road, Beijing, 100020, China
- Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO.8 GongTi South Road, Beijing, 100020, China.
- Institute of Urology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Huang X, Wang L, Yang X, Lu J, Yang G, Chi H. Letter to the editor for the article "Patient's self‑reported quality of life as a prognostic factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma initially treated with TKI: nomogram proposal". World J Urol 2024; 42:340. [PMID: 38769179 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-024-05061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Huang
- Wuxi Medical College of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiang Su, China
| | - Lexin Wang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Wuxi Medical College of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiang Su, China
| | - Jiaan Lu
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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12
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Eule CJ, Hu J, Hedges D, Jani A, Pshak T, Manley BJ, Sanchez A, Dreicer R, Myint ZW, Zakharia Y, Lam ET. Clinical and Genomic Features of Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma and Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: Analysis of a Multi-Institutional Database. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1920. [PMID: 38791999 PMCID: PMC11119962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (ACKD) are at an increased risk of developing renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but molecular alterations in RCC specimens arising from ACKD and overall survival (OS) in affected patients are not well defined. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN) Total Cancer Care® protocol, 296 consented adult patients with RCC and somatic tumor whole exome sequencing were included. Patients with ACKD were defined as those with serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL prior to RCC diagnosis. RESULTS Of 296 patients with RCC, 61 met the criteria for ACKD. The most common somatic mutations in the overall cohort were in VHL (126, 42.6%), PBRM1 (102, 34.5%), and SETD2 (54, 18.2%). BAP1 had a decreased mutational frequency in RCC specimens from patients without ACKD as compared to those with ACKD (10.6% versus 1.6%), but this was not statistically significant in univariable (OR 0.14, p = 0.056) or multivariable (OR 0.15, p = 0.067) analysis. Median OS was not reached in either cohort. CONCLUSIONS Using the clinicogenomic ORIEN database, our study found lower rates of BAP1 mutations in RCC specimens from patients with ACKD, which may reflect a BAP1-independent mutational driver of RCC in patients with ACKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin J. Eule
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Junxiao Hu
- Biostatistics Core, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Alkesh Jani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Thomas Pshak
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brandon J. Manley
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Alejandro Sanchez
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert Dreicer
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zin W. Myint
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Elaine T. Lam
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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13
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Shi TH, Sugishita H, Gotoh Y. Crosstalk within and beyond the Polycomb repressive system. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311021. [PMID: 38506728 PMCID: PMC10955045 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms depends on spatiotemporally controlled differentiation of numerous cell types and their maintenance. To generate such diversity based on the invariant genetic information stored in DNA, epigenetic mechanisms, which are heritable changes in gene function that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence, are required to establish and maintain unique gene expression programs. Polycomb repressive complexes represent a paradigm of epigenetic regulation of developmentally regulated genes, and the roles of these complexes as well as the epigenetic marks they deposit, namely H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub, have been extensively studied. However, an emerging theme from recent studies is that not only the autonomous functions of the Polycomb repressive system, but also crosstalks of Polycomb with other epigenetic modifications, are important for gene regulation. In this review, we summarize how these crosstalk mechanisms have improved our understanding of Polycomb biology and how such knowledge could help with the design of cancer treatments that target the dysregulated epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Hideyuki Shi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugishita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Liu Q, Li S. Exosomal circRNAs: Novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for urinary tumors. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216759. [PMID: 38417667 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Exosomal circRNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for urinary tumors. In this review, we explored the intricate role of exosomal circRNAs in urological cancers, focusing on their biological functions, dysregulation in tumors, and potential clinical applications. The review delves into the mechanisms by which exosomal circRNAs contribute to tumor progression and highlights their diagnostic and therapeutic implications. By synthesizing current research findings, we present a compelling case for the significance of exosomal circRNAs in the context of urinary tumors. Furthermore, the review discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with utilizing exosomal circRNAs as diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutic agents. There is a need for further research to elucidate the specific mechanisms of exosomal circRNA secretion and delivery, as well as to enhance the detection methods for clinical translational applications. Overall, this comprehensive review underscores the pivotal role of exosomal circRNAs in urinary tumors and underscores their potential as valuable biomarkers and therapeutic tools in the management of urological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- Second Ward of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110042, China; The Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research on Gastrointestinal Tumor Combining Medicine with Engineering, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110042, China.
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15
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Alhammadi MA, Bajbouj K, Talaat IM, Hamoudi R. The role of RNA-modifying proteins in renal cell carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:227. [PMID: 38503745 PMCID: PMC10951318 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Gene expression is one of the most critical cellular processes. It is controlled by complex mechanisms at the genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels. Any aberration in these mechanisms can lead to dysregulated gene expression. One recently discovered process that controls gene expression includes chemical modifications of RNA molecules by RNA-modifying proteins, a field known as epitranscriptomics. Epitranscriptomics can regulate mRNA splicing, nuclear export, stabilization, translation, or induce degradation of target RNA molecules. Dysregulation in RNA-modifying proteins has been found to contribute to many pathological conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases, among others. This article reviews the role of epitranscriptomics in the pathogenesis and progression of renal cell carcinoma. It summarizes the molecular function of RNA-modifying proteins in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna A Alhammadi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Khuloud Bajbouj
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America.
| | - Iman M Talaat
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 21131, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates.
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PS, United Kingdom.
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- BIMAI-Lab, Biomedically Informed Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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16
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Takeda K, Bastacky S, Dhir R, Mohebnasab M, Quiroga-Garza GM. Morphological characteristics of SETD2-mutated locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Comparison with BAP1-mutated clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2024; 68:152223. [PMID: 37976977 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2023.152223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
SET-domain containing 2 (SETD2) and BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1), both chromatin remodeling genes, are frequently mutated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and involved in tumor progression and metastasis. Herein, we studied clinicopathologic features of 7 cases of locally advanced ccRCC with single SETD2 mutation, and compared to 7 cases of locally advanced ccRCC with single BAP1 mutation. SETD2-mutated ccRCC showed high-grade transformation, comprising of enlarged tumor cells with voluminous clear cytoplasm, enlarged irregular nuclei with prominent nucleoli, eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules, arranged in various architectural patterns such as large nested, tubular, tubulopapillary and solid. 71 % (5 of 7 cases) of SETD2-mutated ccRCC showed a rhabdoid morphology. SETD2-mutated ccRCC have striking propensity for invasive growth; all cases have vascular invasion and perirenal (extracapsular) adipose tissue invasion. After nephrectomy, distant metastasis was found in 67 % (4 of 7 cases) of patients with SETD2-mutated ccRCC. The most common metastatic site was the lung (3 cases), followed by precaval lymph nodes (1 case). BAP1-mutated ccRCC also showed a similar high-grade morphology, with rhabdoid and/or sarcomatoid features. Their high-grade features mostly overlapped with those of SETD2-mutated ccRCC, which makes difficult to predict the presence of BAP1 or SETD2 mutation solely from morphology. These findings justify the use of molecular testing to detect these mutations, especially when we encounter high-grade ccRCC. Detecting SETD2 and BAP1 mutation in ccRCC is useful for risk stratification and proper therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Takeda
- Department of Pathology, Genitourinary Pathology Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Sheldon Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, Genitourinary Pathology Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Rajiv Dhir
- Department of Pathology, Genitourinary Pathology Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Maedeh Mohebnasab
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Genetics Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Gabriela M Quiroga-Garza
- Department of Pathology, Genitourinary Pathology Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
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17
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Rosellini M, Mollica V, Marchetti A, Coluccelli S, Giunchi F, Tassinari E, Ricci C, Fiorentino M, Tallini G, De Biase D, Massari F. Chromosome 3p gene alterations as biomarkers for immunocombinations in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A hypothesis-generating analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155142. [PMID: 38277752 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying biomarkers for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is an unmet need in actual immunotherapy era. Available data regarding chromosome 3p genes (i.e., VHL, PBRM1, SETD2) mutations as potential predictors for therapy response is conflicting. We describe the impact of these mutations on clinical outcomes in mRCC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-doublet or ICI/tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) combinations. METHODS We performed a single-center retrospective analysis on mRCC patients treated with first line ICI/ICI or ICI/TKI. A multi-gene panel was used, allowing the amplification of 841 amplicons (54.93 kb, human reference sequence hg19/GRCh37) in the coding sequences of the following genes: ATM, BAP1, KDM5C, MET, MTOR, NF2, PBRM1, PIK3CA, PTEN, SETD2, SMARCB1, TP53, TSC1, TSC2, VHL. RESULTS 18 patients undergoing ICI/ICI and ICI/TKI who had tumor tissue adequate for molecular analysis were included. Histology was 100% clear cell. IMDC risk was 50% intermediate, 33.4% good, 16.6% poor. First line therapy was 89% ICI/TKI, 11% ICI/ICI. 83.3% pts (n = 15) carried genomic alterations (GA). Most common GA included VHL in 44% (n = 8; 7 pathogenic - PAT and 1 variant of unknown significance - VUS), PBRM1 in 44% (n = 8; 5 PAT and 3 VUS) and SETD2 in 33% (n = 6; 4 PAT and 2 VUS). With the limit of a small sample that did not allow proper statistical analyses, SETD2-mutated patients had lower median progression free (mPFS) and overall survival (mOS) than non-SETD2 mutated patients. Higher mPFS and mOS were shown with VHL or PBRM1 GA, especially in PBRM1 +VHL mutated pts. CONCLUSIONS Our data shows a possible negative predictive role of SETD2 GA for ICI-based therapy in RCC. Concomitant VHL and PBRM1 GA could act as a predictor for ICI/TKI efficacy. Our hypothesis-generating analysis highlights the need of an integrated evaluation of these genes as promising biomarkers in RCC. Further larger studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rosellini
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchetti
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Coluccelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Giunchi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Tassinari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Costantino Ricci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Pathology Unit, Maggiore Hospital-AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Pathology Unit, Maggiore Hospital-AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario De Biase
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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18
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Yan W, Hou N, Zheng J, Zhai W. Predictive genomic biomarkers of therapeutic effects in renal cell carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:1559-1575. [PMID: 37223875 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there have been great improvements in the therapy of renal cell carcinoma. Nevertheless, the therapeutic effect varies significantly from person to person. To discern the effective treatment for different populations, predictive molecular biomarkers in response to target, immunological, and combined therapies are widely studied. CONCLUSION This review summarized those studies from three perspectives (SNPs, mutation, and expression level) and listed the relationship between biomarkers and therapeutic effect, highlighting the great potential of predictive molecular biomarkers in metastatic RCC therapy. However, due to a series of reasons, most of these findings require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Yan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naiqiao Hou
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhua Zheng
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Rao H, Liu C, Wang A, Ma C, Xu Y, Ye T, Su W, Zhou P, Gao WQ, Li L, Ding X. SETD2 deficiency accelerates sphingomyelin accumulation and promotes the development of renal cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7572. [PMID: 37989747 PMCID: PMC10663509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43378-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) encounter a high risk of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), a malignant tumor with dysregulated lipid metabolism. SET domain-containing 2 (SETD2) has been identified as an important tumor suppressor and an immunosuppressor in ccRCC. However, the role of SETD2 in ccRCC generation in PKD remains largely unexplored. Herein, we perform metabolomics, lipidomics, transcriptomics and proteomics within SETD2 loss induced PKD-ccRCC transition mouse model. Our analyses show that SETD2 loss causes extensive metabolic reprogramming events that eventually results in enhanced sphingomyelin biosynthesis and tumorigenesis. Clinical ccRCC patient specimens further confirm the abnormal metabolic reprogramming and sphingomyelin accumulation. Tumor symptom caused by Setd2 knockout is relieved by myriocin, a selective inhibitor of serine-palmitoyl-transferase and sphingomyelin biosynthesis. Our results reveal that SETD2 deficiency promotes large-scale metabolic reprogramming and sphingomyelin biosynthesis during PKD-ccRCC transition. This study introduces high-quality multi-omics resources and uncovers a regulatory mechanism of SETD2 on lipid metabolism during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Tianbao Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiong Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Zhou
- Division of Kidney Transplant, Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Xianting Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Abstract
Bromodomains are acetyl-lysine binding modules that are found in different classes of chromatin-interacting proteins. Among these are large chromatin remodeling complexes such as BAF and PBAF (variants of human SWI/SNF). Previous work has identified chemical probes targeting a subset of the bromodomains present in the BAF and PBAF complexes. Selective inhibitors of the individual bromodomains have proven challenging to discover, as the domains are highly similar. Here, elaboration of an aminopyridazine scaffold used previously to develop probes for the bromodomains of SMARCA2, SMARCA4, and the fifth bromodomain of PBRM1 yielded compounds with both potency and unusual selectivity for the second bromodomain of PBRM1. One of these, GNE-235, and its enantiomer control GNE-234 are suggested for initial cellular investigations of the function of the second bromodomain of PBRM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Cochran
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Megan Flynn
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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21
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Zamora-Fuentes JM, Hernández-Lemus E, Espinal-Enríquez J. Methylation-related genes involved in renal carcinoma progression. Front Genet 2023; 14:1225158. [PMID: 37693315 PMCID: PMC10486271 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1225158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal carcinomas are a group of malignant tumors often originating in the cells lining the small tubes in the kidney responsible for filtering waste from the blood and urine production. Kidney tumors arise from the uncontrolled growth of cells in the kidneys and are responsible for a large share of global cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving renal carcinoma progression results crucial for the development of targeted therapies leading to an improvement of patient outcomes. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation are known factors underlying the development of several cancer types. There is solid experimental evidence of relevant biological functions modulated by methylation-related genes, associated with the progression of different carcinomas. Those mechanisms can often be associated to different epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation sites or chromatin conformation patterns. Currently, there is no definitive method to establish clear relations between genetic and epigenetic factors that influence the progression of cancer. Here, we developed a data-driven method to find methylation-related genes, so we could find relevant bonds between gene co-expression and methylation-wide-genome regulation patterns able to drive biological processes during the progression of clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRC). With this approach, we found out genes such as ITK oncogene that appear hypomethylated during all four stages of ccRC progression and are strongly involved in immune response functions. Also, we found out relevant tumor suppressor genes such as RAB25 hypermethylated, thus potentially avoiding repressed functions in the AKT signaling pathway during the evolution of ccRC. Our results have relevant implications to further understand some epigenetic-genetic-affected roles underlying the progression of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Hernández-Lemus
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Espinal-Enríquez
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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22
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Nguyen VT, Tessema M, Weissman BE. The SWI/SNF Complex: A Frequently Mutated Chromatin Remodeling Complex in Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 190:211-244. [PMID: 38113003 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The switch/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex is a global regulator of gene expression known to maintain nucleosome-depleted regions at active enhancers and promoters. The mammalian SWI/SNF protein subunits are encoded by 29 genes and 11-15 subunits including an ATPase domain of either SMARCA4 (BRG1) or SMARCA2 (BRM) are assembled into a complex. Based on the distinct subunits, SWI/SNF are grouped into 3 major types (subfamilies): the canonical BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF/cBAF), polybromo-associated BAF (PBAF), and non-canonical BAF (GBAF/ncBAF). Pan-cancer genome sequencing studies have shown that nearly 25% of all cancers bear mutations in subunits of the SWI/SNF complex, many of which are loss of function (LOF) mutations, suggesting a tumor suppressor role. Inactivation of SWI/SNF complex subunits causes widespread epigenetic dysfunction, including increased dependence on antagonistic components such as polycomb repressor complexes (PRC1/2) and altered enhancer regulation, likely promoting an oncogenic state leading to cancer. Despite the prevalence of mutations, most SWI/SNF-mutant cancers lack targeted therapeutic strategies. Defining the dependencies created by LOF mutations in SWI/SNF subunits will identify better targets for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh The Nguyen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mathewos Tessema
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bernard Ellis Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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23
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Yu M, Qian K, Wang G, Xiao Y, Zhu Y, Ju L. Histone methyltransferase SETD2: An epigenetic driver in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1114461. [PMID: 37025591 PMCID: PMC10070805 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1114461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SET domain-containing 2 (SETD2) is a lysine methyltransferase that catalyzes histone H3 lysine36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) and has been revealed to play important roles in the regulation of transcriptional elongation, RNA splicing, and DNA damage repair. SETD2 mutations have been documented in several cancers, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). SETD2 deficiency is associated with cancer occurrence and progression by regulating autophagy flux, general metabolic activity, and replication fork speed. Therefore, SETD2 is considered a potential epigenetic therapeutic target and is the subject of ongoing research on cancer-related diagnosis and treatment. This review presents an overview of the molecular functions of SETD2 in H3K36me3 regulation and its relationship with ccRCC, providing a theoretical basis for subsequent antitumor therapy based on SETD2 or H3K36me3 targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Yu
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiyu Qian
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Zhu, ; Lingao Ju,
| | - Lingao Ju
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Zhu, ; Lingao Ju,
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