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Chuan J, Li W, Pan S, Jiang Z, Shi J, Yang Z. Progress in the development of Modulators targeting Frizzleds. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107286. [PMID: 38936522 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The Frizzleds (FZDs) receptors on the cell surface belong to the class F of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are the major receptors of WNT protein that mediates the classical WNT signaling pathway and other non-classical pathways. Besides, the FZDs also play a core role in tissue regeneration and tumor occurrence. With the structure and mechanism of FZDs activation becoming clearer, a series of FZDs modulators (inhibitors and agonists) have been developed, with the hope of bringing benefits to the treatment of cancer and degenerative diseases. Most of the FZDs inhibitors (small molecules, antibodies or designed protein inhibitors) block WNT signaling through binding to the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of FZDs. Several small molecules impede FZDs activation by targeting to the third intracellular domain or the transmembrane domain of FZDs. However, three small molecules (FZM1.8, SAG1.3 and purmorphamine) activate the FZDs through direct interaction with the transmembrane domain. Another type of FZDs agonists are bivalent or tetravalent antibodies which activate the WNT signaling via inducing FZD-LRP5/6 heterodimerization. In this article, we reviewed the FZDs modulators reported in recent years, summarized the critical molecules' discovery processes and the elucidated relevant structural and pharmacological mechanisms. We believe the summaried molecular mechanisms of the relevant modulators could provide important guidance and reference for the future development of FZD modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Chuan
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Shengliu Pan
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- Hematology Department, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Shen J, Su J, Chu X, Yu X, Gao X. DNMT3A-mediated DNA methylation and transcription inhibition of FZD5 suppresses lung carcinogenesis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29733. [PMID: 38707304 PMCID: PMC11066612 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the bioinformatics prediction, this study investigates the correlation between aberrant transcription factor Frizzled 5 (FZD5) expression and the establishment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A mouse model with regard to primary NSCLC was encouraged by intraperitoneal injection of urethane. Lentivirus-based FZD5 silencing was then administrated to examine its role in tumorigenesis in the mouse lung. Silencing of FZD5 was induced in two NSCLC cell lines to examine its function in the malignant behavior pertaining to cells in vitro. Quantitative methylation-specific PCR was employed to assess the DNA methylation level within the NSCLC cells. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) that administer FZD5 were assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Consequently, overexpression of DNMT3A was introduced in mice and NSCLC cells to verify its regulation on FZD and its biological roles in NSCLC development. Results In NSCLC, FZD5 expression is elevated, and its knockdown reduced tumor incidence rate in the urethane-challenged mice. The FZD5 silencing also inhibited proliferation, migration, as well as invasion with regard to Calu-3 and NCI-H1299 cells in vitro. The aberrant upregulation with regard to FZD5 in NSCLC was due to at least partly by reduced promoter methylation level. DNMT3A, which bound to FZD5 promoter to suppress its transcription, was poorly expressed in NSCLC. Artificial upregulation of DNMT3A suppressed urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis in mice and suppressed the malignant phenotype pertaining to NSCLC cells in vitro. Conclusion This research demonstrates that the lack of DNA methylation level-induced activation of FZD5 is correlated with NSCLC's onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqiao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Jinchen Su
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiangling Chu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Xiwen Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201100, China
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3
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Zheng S, Sheng R. The emerging understanding of Frizzled receptors. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38744670 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a huge network governing development and homeostasis, dysregulation of which is associated with a myriad of human diseases. The Frizzled receptor (FZD) family comprises receptors for Wnt ligands, which indispensably mediate Wnt signaling jointly with a variety of co-receptors. Studies of FZDs have revealed that 10 FZD subtypes play diverse roles in physiological processes. At the same time, dysregulation of FZDs is also responsible for various diseases, in particular human cancers. Enormous attention has been paid to the molecular understanding and targeted therapy of FZDs in the past decade. In this review, we summarize the latest research on FZD structure, function, regulation and targeted therapy, providing a basis for guiding future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Zheng
- College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ren Sheng
- College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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Schulte G, Scharf MM, Bous J, Voss JH, Grätz L, Kozielewicz P. Frizzleds act as dynamic pharmacological entities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:419-429. [PMID: 38594145 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The Frizzled family of transmembrane receptors (FZD1-10) belongs to the class F of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). FZDs bind to and are activated by Wingless/Int1 (WNT) proteins. The WNT/FZD signaling system regulates crucial aspects of developmental biology and stem-cell regulation. Dysregulation of WNT/FZD communication can lead to developmental defects and diseases such as cancer and fibrosis. Recent insight into the activation mechanisms of FZDs has underlined that protein dynamics and conserved microswitches are essential for FZD-mediated information flow and build the basis for targeting these receptors pharmacologically. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of FZD activation, and how novel concepts merge and collide with existing dogmas in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Magdalena M Scharf
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julien Bous
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Hendrik Voss
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Grätz
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pawel Kozielewicz
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Liu HY, Sun XJ, Xiu SY, Zhang XY, Wang ZQ, Gu YL, Yi CX, Liu JY, Dai YS, Yuan X, Liao HP, Liu ZM, Pang XC, Li TC. Frizzled receptors (FZDs) in Wnt signaling: potential therapeutic targets for human cancers. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01270-3. [PMID: 38632318 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Frizzled receptors (FZDs) are key contributors intrinsic to the Wnt signaling pathway, activation of FZDs triggering the Wnt signaling cascade is frequently observed in human tumors and intimately associated with an aggressive carcinoma phenotype. It has been shown that the abnormal expression of FZD receptors contributes to the manifestation of malignant characteristics in human tumors such as enhanced cell proliferation, metastasis, chemotherapy resistance as well as the acquisition of cancer stemness. Given the essential roles of FZD receptors in the Wnt signaling in human tumors, this review aims to consolidate the prevailing knowledge on the specific status of FZD receptors (FZD1-10) and elucidate their respective functions in tumor progression. Furthermore, we delineate the structural basis for binding of FZD and its co-receptors to Wnt, and provide a better theoretical foundation for subsequent studies on related mechanisms. Finally, we describe the existing biological classes of small molecule-based FZD inhibitors in detail in the hope that they can provide useful assistance for design and development of novel drug candidates targeted FZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yu Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Si-Yu Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan-Lun Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Chu-Xiao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yu-Song Dai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hua-Peng Liao
- Yizhang County People's Hospital, Chenzhou, 424200, China
| | - Zhen-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Xiao-Cong Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100034, China.
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Dai E, Liu M, Li S, Zhang X, Wang S, Zhao R, He Y, Peng L, Lv L, Xiao H, Yang M, Yang Z, Zhao P. Identification of Novel FZD4 Mutations in Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy and Investigating the Pathogenic Mechanisms of FZD4 Mutations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:1. [PMID: 38558095 PMCID: PMC10996936 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to report five novel FZD4 mutations identified in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) and to analyze and summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of 34 of 96 reported missense mutations in FZD4. Methods Five probands diagnosed with FEVR and their family members were enrolled in the study. Ocular examinations and targeted gene panel sequencing were conducted on all participants. Plasmids, each carrying 29 previously reported FZD4 missense mutations and five novel mutations, were constructed based on the selection of mutations from each domain of FZD4. These plasmids were used to investigate the effects of mutations on protein expression levels, Norrin/β-catenin activation capacity, membrane localization, norrin binding ability, and DVL2 recruitment ability in HEK293T, HEK293STF, and HeLa cells. Results All five novel mutations (S91F, V103E, C145S, E160K, C377F) responsible for FEVR were found to compromise Norrin/β-catenin activation of FZD4 protein. After reviewing a total of 34 reported missense mutations, we categorized all mutations based on their functional changes: signal peptide mutations, cysteine mutations affecting disulfide bonds, extracellular domain mutations influencing norrin binding, transmembrane domain (TM) 1 and TM7 mutations impacting membrane localization, and intracellular domain mutations affecting DVL2 recruitment. Conclusions We expanded the spectrum of FZD4 mutations relevant to FEVR and experimentally demonstrated that missense mutations in FZD4 can be classified into five categories based on different functional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkuan Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shujin Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rulian Zhao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunqi He
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Peng
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liting Lv
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haodong Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peiquan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Scharf MM, Humphrys LJ, Berndt S, Di Pizio A, Lehmann J, Liebscher I, Nicoli A, Niv MY, Peri L, Schihada H, Schulte G. The dark sides of the GPCR tree - research progress on understudied GPCRs. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38339984 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A large portion of the human GPCRome is still in the dark and understudied, consisting even of entire subfamilies of GPCRs such as odorant receptors, class A and C orphans, adhesion GPCRs, Frizzleds and taste receptors. However, it is undeniable that these GPCRs bring an untapped therapeutic potential that should be explored further. Open questions on these GPCRs span diverse topics such as deorphanisation, the development of tool compounds and tools for studying these GPCRs, as well as understanding basic signalling mechanisms. This review gives an overview of the current state of knowledge for each of the diverse subfamilies of understudied receptors regarding their physiological relevance, molecular mechanisms, endogenous ligands and pharmacological tools. Furthermore, it identifies some of the largest knowledge gaps that should be addressed in the foreseeable future and lists some general strategies that might be helpful in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Scharf
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura J Humphrys
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Berndt
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chemoinformatics and Protein Modelling, Department of Molecular Life Science, School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Juliane Lehmann
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute for Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alessandro Nicoli
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chemoinformatics and Protein Modelling, Department of Molecular Life Science, School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Masha Y Niv
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lior Peri
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hannes Schihada
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang H, Wang WH, Wang W, Ma JH, Su XQ, Zhang LL, Hou YL, Liu JB, Ren JJ, Luo XL, Hao M. Folate deficiency promotes cervical squamous carcinoma SiHa cells progression by targeting miR-375/FZD4/β-catenin signaling. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 124:109489. [PMID: 37926400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest an association between folate deficiency (FD) and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) progression. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Our study showed that FD-driven downregulation of miR-375 promoted proliferation of SCC SiHa cells and progression of xenograft tumors developed from SiHa; however, the exact mechanism of this process remained unclear. The current study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which FD promotes the progression of SiHa cells by downregulating miR-375 expression. The results showed that miR-375 acted as a suppressor of SCC and inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SiHa cells. The FZD4 gene was identified as a target gene of miR-375, which can reverse the anti-onco effect of miR-375 and promote the proliferation and migration of SiHa cells. Furthermore, the regulatory effects of miR-375 and FZD4 on SiHa cells may be achieved by activating the β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, FD may regulate the expression of miR-375 by regulating its DNA methylation level in the promoter region. In conclusion, our study reveals that FD regulates the miR-375/FZD4 axis by increasing the methylation of the miR-375 promoter, thereby activating β-catenin signaling to promote SiHa cells progression. This study may provide new insights into the role of folic acid in the prevention and treatment of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wen-Hao Wang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ji-Hong Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peaking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peaking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Su
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yong-Li Hou
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jian-Bing Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing-Jing Ren
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Luo
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Hao
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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Zhang Z, Lin X, Wei L, Wu Y, Xu L, Wu L, Wei X, Zhao S, Zhu X, Xu F. A framework for Frizzled-G protein coupling and implications to the PCP signaling pathways. Cell Discov 2024; 10:3. [PMID: 38182578 PMCID: PMC10770037 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The ten Frizzled receptors (FZDs) are essential in Wnt signaling and play important roles in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Among these, FZD6 is closely associated with lens development. Understanding FZD activation mechanism is key to unlock these emerging targets. Here we present the cryo-EM structures of FZD6 and FZD3 which are known to relay non-canonical planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathways as well as FZD1 in their G protein-coupled states and in the apo inactive states, respectively. Comparison of the three inactive/active pairs unveiled a shared activation framework among all ten FZDs. Mutagenesis along with imaging and functional analysis on the human lens epithelial tissues suggested potential crosstalk between the G-protein coupling of FZD6 and the PCP signaling pathways. Together, this study provides an integrated understanding of FZD structure and function, and lays the foundation for developing therapeutic modulators to activate or inhibit FZD signaling for a range of disorders including cancers and cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Lin
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wei
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohu Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjia Zhu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Cheng L, Xia F, Li Z, Shen C, Yang Z, Hou H, Sun S, Feng Y, Yong X, Tian X, Qin H, Yan W, Shao Z. Structure, function and drug discovery of GPCR signaling. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:46. [PMID: 38047990 PMCID: PMC10695916 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are versatile and vital proteins involved in a wide array of physiological processes and responses, such as sensory perception (e.g., vision, taste, and smell), immune response, hormone regulation, and neurotransmission. Their diverse and essential roles in the body make them a significant focus for pharmaceutical research and drug development. Currently, approximately 35% of marketed drugs directly target GPCRs, underscoring their prominence as therapeutic targets. Recent advances in structural biology have substantially deepened our understanding of GPCR activation mechanisms and interactions with G-protein and arrestin signaling pathways. This review offers an in-depth exploration of both traditional and recent methods in GPCR structure analysis. It presents structure-based insights into ligand recognition and receptor activation mechanisms and delves deeper into the mechanisms of canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways downstream of GPCRs. Furthermore, it highlights recent advancements in GPCR-related drug discovery and development. Particular emphasis is placed on GPCR selective drugs, allosteric and biased signaling, polyphamarcology, and antibody drugs. Our goal is to provide researchers with a thorough and updated understanding of GPCR structure determination, signaling pathway investigation, and drug development. This foundation aims to propel forward-thinking therapeutic approaches that target GPCRs, drawing upon the latest insights into GPCR ligand selectivity, activation, and biased signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ziyan Li
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenglong Shen
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqian Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanlin Hou
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Suyue Sun
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Feng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xihao Yong
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongxi Qin
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Frontiers Medical Center, Chengdu, 610212, China.
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11
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Li C, Wu Y, Wang W, Xu L, Zhou Y, Yue Y, Wu T, Yang M, Qiu Y, Huang M, Zhou F, Zhou Y, Hao P, Lin Z, Wang MW, Zhao S, Yang D, Xu F, Tao H. Structure-Based Ligand Discovery Targeting the Transmembrane Domain of Frizzled Receptor FZD7. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11855-11868. [PMID: 37669317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the essential roles of Frizzled receptors (FZDs) in mediating Wnt signaling in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, ligands targeting FZDs are rare. A few antibodies and peptide modulators have been developed that mainly bind to the family-conserved extracellular cysteine-rich domain of FZDs, while the canonical binding sites in the transmembrane domain (TMD) are far from sufficiently addressed. Based on the recent structures of FZDs, we explored small-molecule ligand discovery by targeting TMD. From the ChemDiv library with ∼1.6 million compounds, we identified compound F7H as an antagonist of FZD7 with an IC50 at 1.25 ± 0.38 μM. Focusing on this hit, the structural dissection study, together with computing studies such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and free energy perturbation calculations, defined the binding pocket with key residue recognition. Our results revealed the structural basis of ligand recognition and demonstrated the feasibility of structure-guided ligand discovery for FZD7-TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Floor 3, Sf Industrial Plant, No. 2 Hongliu Road, Fubao Community, Fubao Street, Futian District, Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Lu Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- The National Center for Drug Screening, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yue
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Meifang Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanli Qiu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Minhao Huang
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Floor 3, Sf Industrial Plant, No. 2 Hongliu Road, Fubao Community, Fubao Street, Futian District, Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiqing Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215500, China
| | - Piliang Hao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhixiong Lin
- Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd. (XtalPi), Floor 3, Sf Industrial Plant, No. 2 Hongliu Road, Fubao Community, Fubao Street, Futian District, Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203 Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Houchao Tao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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12
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Tsutsumi N, Hwang S, Waghray D, Hansen S, Jude KM, Wang N, Miao Y, Glassman CR, Caveney NA, Janda CY, Hannoush RN, Garcia K. Structure of the Wnt-Frizzled-LRP6 initiation complex reveals the basis for coreceptor discrimination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218238120. [PMID: 36893265 PMCID: PMC10089208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218238120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt morphogens are critical for embryonic development and tissue regeneration. Canonical Wnts form ternary receptor complexes composed of tissue-specific Frizzled (Fzd) receptors together with the shared LRP5/6 coreceptors to initiate β-catenin signaling. The cryo-EM structure of a ternary initiation complex of an affinity-matured XWnt8-Frizzled8-LRP6 complex elucidates the basis of coreceptor discrimination by canonical Wnts by means of their N termini and linker domains that engage the LRP6 E1E2 domain funnels. Chimeric Wnts bearing modular linker "grafts" were able to transfer LRP6 domain specificity between different Wnts and enable non-canonical Wnt5a to signal through the canonical pathway. Synthetic peptides comprising the linker domain serve as Wnt-specific antagonists. The structure of the ternary complex provides a topological blueprint for the orientation and proximity of Frizzled and LRP6 within the Wnt cell surface signalosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Tsutsumi
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama700-8530, Japan
| | - Sunhee Hwang
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA94080
| | - Deepa Waghray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Simon Hansen
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA94080
| | - Kevin M. Jude
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Caleb R. Glassman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Nathanael A. Caveney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Claudia Y. Janda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CSUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rami N. Hannoush
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA94080
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
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14
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Dmitrieva DA, Kotova TV, Safronova NA, Sadova AA, Dashevskii DE, Mishin AV. Protein Design Strategies for the Structural–Functional Studies of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:S192-S226. [PMID: 37069121 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923140110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an important family of membrane proteins responsible for many physiological functions in human body. High resolution GPCR structures are required to understand their molecular mechanisms and perform rational drug design, as GPCRs play a crucial role in a variety of diseases. That is difficult to obtain for the wild-type proteins because of their low stability. In this review, we discuss how this problem can be solved by using protein design strategies developed to obtain homogeneous stabilized GPCR samples for crystallization and cryoelectron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Dmitrieva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Kotova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Nadezda A Safronova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Sadova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E Dashevskii
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexey V Mishin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
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15
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Umar SA, Dong B, Nihal M, Chang H. Frizzled receptors in melanomagenesis: From molecular interactions to target identification. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1096134. [PMID: 36620565 PMCID: PMC9816865 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1096134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Frizzled (FZD) proteins are receptors for the WNT family ligands. Inherited human diseases and genetic experiments using knockout mice have revealed a central role of FZDs in multiple aspects of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Misregulated FZD signaling has also been found in many cancers. Recent studies on three out of the ten mammalian FZDs in melanoma have shown that they promote tumor cell proliferation and invasion, via the activation of the canonical WNT/β-catenin or non-canonical PCP signaling pathway. In this concise review, we summarize our current knowledge of individual FZDs in melanoma, discuss the involvement of both the canonical and non-canonical pathways, and describe ongoing efforts to target the FZD receptors for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh A. Umar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Minakshi Nihal
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Hao Chang,
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16
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Gone with the Wnt(less): a mechanistic perspective on the journey of Wnt. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1763-1772. [PMID: 36416660 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Wnts are short-range signaling proteins, expressed in all metazoans from sponges to humans, critical for cell development and fate. There are 19 different Wnts in the human genome with varying expression levels and patterns, and post-translational modifications. Common to essentially all Wnts is the palmitoleation of a conserved serine by the O-acyltransferase PORCN in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). All lipidated Wnts then bind a dedicated carrier Wntless (WLS), endowed with the task of transporting them from the ER to the plasma membrane, and ultimately facilitating their release to receptors on the Wnt-receiving cell to initiate signaling. Here, we will focus on the WLS-mediated transport step. There are currently two published structures, both obtained by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy of the Wnt/WLS complex: human Wnt8A-bound and human Wnt3A-bound WLS. We analyze the two Wnt/WLS structures - remarkably similar despite the sequence similarity between Wnt8A and Wnt3A being only ∼39% - to begin to understand the conserved nature of this binding mechanism, and ultimately how one carrier can accommodate a family of 19 different Wnts. By comparing how Wnt associates with WLS with how it binds to PORCN and FZD receptors, we can begin to speculate on mechanisms of Wnt transfer from PORCN to WLS, and from WLS to FZD, thus providing molecular-level insight into these essential steps of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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17
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Mind the Gap—Deciphering GPCR Pharmacology Using 3D Pharmacophores and Artificial Intelligence. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111304. [DOI: 10.3390/ph15111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are amongst the most pharmaceutically relevant and well-studied protein targets, yet unanswered questions in the field leave significant gaps in our understanding of their nuanced structure and function. Three-dimensional pharmacophore models are powerful computational tools in in silico drug discovery, presenting myriad opportunities for the integration of GPCR structural biology and cheminformatics. This review highlights success stories in the application of 3D pharmacophore modeling to de novo drug design, the discovery of biased and allosteric ligands, scaffold hopping, QSAR analysis, hit-to-lead optimization, GPCR de-orphanization, mechanistic understanding of GPCR pharmacology and the elucidation of ligand–receptor interactions. Furthermore, advances in the incorporation of dynamics and machine learning are highlighted. The review will analyze challenges in the field of GPCR drug discovery, detailing how 3D pharmacophore modeling can be used to address them. Finally, we will present opportunities afforded by 3D pharmacophore modeling in the advancement of our understanding and targeting of GPCRs.
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18
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Screening of the siGPCR library in combination with cisplatin against lung cancers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17358. [PMID: 36253428 PMCID: PMC9576725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The screening of siRNAs targeting 390 human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) was multiplexed in combination with cisplatin against lung cancer cells. While the cell viability measure hardly captured the anticancer effect of siGPCRs, the direct cell count revealed the anticancer potential of diverse GPCRs (46 hits with > twofold growth inhibition, p-value < 0.01). In combined treatment with cisplatin, siRNAs against five genes (ADRA2A, F2RL3, NPSR1, NPY and TACR3) enhanced the anti-proliferation efficacy on cancer cells and reduced the self-recovery ability of surviving cells after the removal of the combined treatment. Further on-target validation confirmed that the knockdown of TACR3 expression exhibited anticancer efficacy under both single and combined treatment with cisplatin. Q-omics ( http://qomics.io ) analysis showed that high expression of TACR3 was unfavorable for patient survival, particularly with mutations in GPCR signaling pathways. The present screening data provide a useful resource for GPCR targets and biomarkers for improving the efficacy of cisplatin treatment.
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19
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Zheng S, Lin J, Pang Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Ma L, Zhang H, Zhang X, Chen M, Zhang X, Zhao C, Qi J, Cao L, Wang M, He X, Sheng R. Aberrant Cholesterol Metabolism and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Coalesce via Frizzled5 in Supporting Cancer Growth. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200750. [PMID: 35975457 PMCID: PMC9534957 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Frizzled (Fzd) proteins are Wnt receptors and play essential roles in development, homeostasis, and oncogenesis. How Wnt/Fzd signaling is coupled to physiological regulation remains unknown. Cholesterol is reported as a signaling molecule regulating morphogen such as Hedgehog signaling. Despite the elusiveness of the in-depth mechanism, it is well-established that pancreatic cancer specially requires abnormal cholesterol metabolism levels for growth. In this study, it is unexpectedly found that among ten Fzds, Fzd5 has a unique capacity to bind cholesterol specifically through its conserved extracellular linker region. Cholesterol-binding enables Fzd5 palmitoylation, which is indispensable for receptor maturation and trafficking to the plasma membrane. In Wnt-addicted pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), cholesterol stimulates tumor growth via Fzd5-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. A natural oxysterol, 25-hydroxylsterol competes with cholesterol and inhibits Fzd5 maturation and Wnt signaling, thereby alleviating PDAC growth. This cholesterol-receptor interaction and ensuing receptor lipidation uncover a novel mechanism by which Fzd5 acts as a cholesterol sensor and pivotal connection coupling lipid metabolism to morphogen signaling. These findings further suggest that cholesterol-targeting may provide new therapeutic opportunities for treating Wnt-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Zheng
- College of Life and Health ScienceNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- College of Life and Health ScienceNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819P. R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Pang
- College of Life and Health ScienceNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Life and Health ScienceNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819P. R. China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- College of Life and Health ScienceNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819P. R. China
| | - Lanjing Ma
- College of Life and Health ScienceNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819P. R. China
| | - Haijiao Zhang
- College of Life and Health ScienceNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of SciencesNortheastern UniversityShenyang110004P. R. China
| | - Maorong Chen
- F.M Kirby Neurobiology CenterBoston Children's HospitalDepartment of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of EducationNational Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchun130021P. R. China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer BiologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02215USA
| | - Liu Cao
- Institute of Translational MedicineKey Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Healthand Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of EducationLiaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyang110112P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryAffiliated Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang AveWuhan430030P. R. China
| | - Xi He
- F.M Kirby Neurobiology CenterBoston Children's HospitalDepartment of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Ren Sheng
- College of Life and Health ScienceNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819P. R. China
- F.M Kirby Neurobiology CenterBoston Children's HospitalDepartment of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
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20
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van der Ende SR, Meyers BS, Capasso JE, Sasongko M, Yonekawa Y, Pihlblad M, Huey J, Bedoukian EC, Krantz ID, Ngo MH, McMaster CR, Levin AV, Robitaille JM. Severe Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy, Congenital Hearing Loss, and Developmental Delay in a Child With Biallelic Variants in FZD4. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022; 140:889-893. [PMID: 35951321 PMCID: PMC9372905 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Question Are FZD4 variants associated with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) with extraocular features? Findings This case series included a patient with biallelic FZD4 variants with severe FEVR in infancy, congenital hearing loss, and developmental delay. Each parent was carrying 1 of the alleles and manifested mild FEVR; cell-based FZD4 receptor-activation assays determined that FZD4 function was dramatically decreased in the presence of these compound heterozygous variants. Meaning Biallelic variants in FZD4 can result in a severe ocular phenotype with systemic features, which may represent a novel syndrome. Importance Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a nonsyndromic autosomal dominant retinal disorder commonly caused by variants in the FZD4 gene. This study investigates the potential role beyond ocular abnormalities for FZD4 gene variants in patients with FEVR. Objective To evaluate the role of FZD4 in symptoms beyond those associated with FEVR through a patient with biallelic variants in FZD4. Design, Setting, and Participants This case series included the DNA testing and phenotyping of 1 patient proband and her parents, combined with signaling assays, to determine the association of patient-derived compound heterozygous variants on FZD4 signaling and biologic function. Main Outcomes and Measures FZD4 genes were tested using next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Cell-based assays measured the effect of the variants on FZD4 signaling. Results The proband presented with absent red reflexes from complete tractional retinal detachments diagnosed at 3 days of age and failed the newborn screening hearing test. Auditory brainstem response at 6 months of age showed bilateral mild to moderate high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. The patient manifested developmental delays in speech and walking. Intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA) of the patient’s parents detected stage 1 FEVR. Genetic testing revealed 2 FZD4 variants in the patient, each variant found in 1 parent. Signaling assays confirmed that the presence of both variants was associated with significantly worse signaling activity compared with the heterozygous state. Conclusions and Relevance Results of this case series suggest that extraocular syndromic FEVR was associated with FZD4 variants. The decrease in FZD4 signaling owing to the biallelic nature of the disease resulted in hearing deficits, developmental delays, and a more severe retinal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R van der Ende
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Meyers
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jenina E Capasso
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.,Pediatric Genetics, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Yoshihiro Yonekawa
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Pihlblad
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Huey
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle
| | - Emma C Bedoukian
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian D Krantz
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael H Ngo
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christopher R McMaster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alex V Levin
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Johane M Robitaille
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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21
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Mieszczanek J, Strutt H, Rutherford TJ, Strutt D, Bienz M, Gammons MV. Selective function of the PDZ domain of Dishevelled in noncanonical Wnt signalling. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259547. [PMID: 35542970 PMCID: PMC9234668 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dishevelled is a cytoplasmic hub that transduces Wnt signals to cytoplasmic effectors, which can be broadly characterised as canonical (β-catenin dependent) and noncanonical, to specify cell fates and behaviours during development. To transduce canonical Wnt signals, Dishevelled binds to the intracellular face of Frizzled through its DEP domain and polymerises through its DIX domain to assemble dynamic signalosomes. Dishevelled also contains a PDZ domain, whose function remains controversial. Here, we use genome editing to delete the PDZ domain-encoding region from Drosophila dishevelled. Canonical Wingless signalling is entirely normal in these deletion mutants; however, they show defects in multiple contexts controlled by noncanonical Wnt signalling, such as planar polarity. We use nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify bona fide PDZ-binding motifs at the C termini of different polarity proteins. Although deletions of these motifs proved aphenotypic in adults, we detected changes in the proximodistal distribution of the polarity protein Flamingo (also known as Starry night) in pupal wings that suggest a modulatory role of these motifs in polarity signalling. We also provide new genetic evidence that planar polarity relies on the DEP-dependent recruitment of Dishevelled to the plasma membrane by Frizzled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliusz Mieszczanek
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Helen Strutt
- University of Sheffield, School of Biosciences,Firth Court,Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Trevor J. Rutherford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - David Strutt
- University of Sheffield, School of Biosciences,Firth Court,Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mariann Bienz
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Melissa V. Gammons
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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22
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Restrepo LJ, DePew AT, Moese ER, Tymanskyj SR, Parisi MJ, Aimino MA, Duhart JC, Fei H, Mosca TJ. γ-secretase promotes Drosophila postsynaptic development through the cleavage of a Wnt receptor. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1643-1660.e7. [PMID: 35654038 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing synapses mature through the recruitment of specific proteins that stabilize presynaptic and postsynaptic structure and function. Wnt ligands signaling via Frizzled (Fz) receptors play many crucial roles in neuronal and synaptic development, but whether and how Wnt and Fz influence synaptic maturation is incompletely understood. Here, we show that Fz2 receptor cleavage via the γ-secretase complex is required for postsynaptic development and maturation. In the absence of γ-secretase, Drosophila neuromuscular synapses fail to recruit postsynaptic scaffolding and cytoskeletal proteins, leading to behavioral deficits. Introducing presenilin mutations linked to familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease into flies leads to synaptic maturation phenotypes that are identical to those seen in null alleles. This conserved role for γ-secretase in synaptic maturation and postsynaptic development highlights the importance of Fz2 cleavage and suggests that receptor processing by proteins linked to neurodegeneration may be a shared mechanism with aspects of synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Restrepo
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alison T DePew
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Moese
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Stephen R Tymanskyj
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael J Parisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael A Aimino
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hong Fei
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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23
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Ko SB, Mihara E, Park Y, Roh K, Kang C, Takagi J, Bang I, Choi HJ. Functional role of the Frizzled linker domain in the Wnt signaling pathway. Commun Biol 2022; 5:421. [PMID: 35513706 PMCID: PMC9072438 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays a critical role in the developmental and physiological processes of metazoans. We previously reported that the Frizzled4 (FZD4) linker domain plays an important role in Norrin binding and signaling. However, the question remains whether the FZD linker contributes to Wnt signaling in general. Here, we show that the FZD linker is involved in Wnt binding and affects downstream Wnt signaling. A FZD4 chimera, in which the linker was swapped with that of the non-canonical receptor FZD6, impairs the binding with WNT3A and suppresses the recruitment of LRP6 and Disheveled, resulting in reduced canonical signaling. A similar effect was observed for non-canonical signaling. A FZD6 chimera containing the FZD1 linker showed reduced WNT5A binding and impaired signaling in ERK, JNK, and AKT mediated pathways. Altogether, our results suggest that the FZD linker plays an important role in specific Wnt binding and intracellular Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Bum Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Emiko Mihara
- Laboratory for Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yedarm Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeonghwan Roh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Laboratory for Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Injin Bang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, 10016, NY, USA.
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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24
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del Alamo D, Sala D, Mchaourab HS, Meiler J. Sampling alternative conformational states of transporters and receptors with AlphaFold2. eLife 2022; 11:75751. [PMID: 35238773 PMCID: PMC9023059 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrium fluctuations and triggered conformational changes often underlie the functional cycles of membrane proteins. For example, transporters mediate the passage of molecules across cell membranes by alternating between inward- and outward-facing states, while receptors undergo intracellular structural rearrangements that initiate signaling cascades. Although the conformational plasticity of these proteins has historically posed a challenge for traditional de novo protein structure prediction pipelines, the recent success of AlphaFold2 (AF2) in CASP14 culminated in the modeling of a transporter in multiple conformations to high accuracy. Given that AF2 was designed to predict static structures of proteins, it remains unclear if this result represents an underexplored capability to accurately predict multiple conformations and/or structural heterogeneity. Here, we present an approach to drive AF2 to sample alternative conformations of topologically diverse transporters and G-protein-coupled receptors that are absent from the AF2 training set. Whereas models of most proteins generated using the default AF2 pipeline are conformationally homogeneous and nearly identical to one another, reducing the depth of the input multiple sequence alignments by stochastic subsampling led to the generation of accurate models in multiple conformations. In our benchmark, these conformations spanned the range between two experimental structures of interest, with models at the extremes of these conformational distributions observed to be among the most accurate (average template modeling score of 0.94). These results suggest a straightforward approach to identifying native-like alternative states, while also highlighting the need for the next generation of deep learning algorithms to be designed to predict ensembles of biophysically relevant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego del Alamo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Davide Sala
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Hassane S Mchaourab
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
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25
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Daggubati V, Raleigh DR, Sever N. Sterol regulation of developmental and oncogenic Hedgehog signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 196:114647. [PMID: 34111427 PMCID: PMC8648856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of lipid-modified signaling proteins directs embryonic tissue patterning and postembryonic tissue homeostasis, and dysregulated Hh signaling drives familial and sporadic cancers. Hh ligands bind to and inhibit the tumor suppressor Patched and allow the oncoprotein Smoothened (SMO) to accumulate in cilia, which in turn activates the GLI family of transcription factors. Recent work has demonstrated that endogenous cholesterol and oxidized cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols) bind and modulate SMO activity. Here we discuss the myriad sterols that activate or inhibit the Hh pathway, with emphasis on endogenous 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol and 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, and propose models of sterol regulation of SMO. Synthetic inhibitors of SMO have long been the focus of drug development efforts. Here, we discuss the possible utility of steroidal SMO ligands or inhibitors of enzymes involved in sterol metabolism as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Daggubati
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R. Raleigh
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Navdar Sever
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author: Navdar Sever, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, LHRRB 405, Boston, MA 02115, USA, , Telephone: (617) 432-1612
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26
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Bruguera ES, Mahoney JP, Weis WI. Reconstitution of purified membrane protein dimers in lipid nanodiscs with defined stoichiometry and orientation using a split GFP tether. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101628. [PMID: 35074428 PMCID: PMC8980801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many membrane proteins function as dimers or larger oligomers, including transporters, channels, certain signaling receptors, and adhesion molecules. In some cases, the interactions between individual proteins may be weak and/or dependent on specific lipids, such that detergent solubilization used for biochemical and structural studies disrupts functional oligomerization. Solubilized membrane protein oligomers can be captured in lipid nanodiscs, but this is an inefficient process that can produce stoichiometrically and topologically heterogeneous preparations. Here, we describe a technique to obtain purified homogeneous membrane protein dimers in nanodiscs using a split GFP (sGFP) tether. Complementary sGFP tags associate to tether the coexpressed dimers and control both stoichiometry and orientation within the nanodiscs, as assessed by quantitative Western blotting and negative-stain EM. The sGFP tether confers several advantages over other methods: it is highly stable in solution and in SDS-PAGE, which facilitates screening of dimer expression and purification by fluorescence, and also provides a dimer-specific purification handle for use with GFP nanobody–conjugated resin. We used this method to purify a Frizzled-4 homodimer and a Frizzled-4/low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 6 heterodimer in nanodiscs. These examples demonstrate the utility and flexibility of this method, which enables subsequent mechanistic molecular and structural studies of membrane protein pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise S Bruguera
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jacob P Mahoney
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA 94305
| | - William I Weis
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA 94305.
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27
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Tao T, Meng X, Xu N, Li J, Cheng Y, Chen Y, Huang L. Ocular phenotype and genetical analysis in patients with retinopathy of prematurity. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:22. [PMID: 35022017 PMCID: PMC8753894 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a multifactorial retinal disease, involving both environmental and genetic factors; The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical presentations and genetic variants in Chinese patients with ROP. Methods A total of 36 patients diagnosed with ROP were enrolled in this study, their medical and ophthalmic histories were obtained, and comprehensive clinical examinations were performed. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood of ROP patients, polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of the associated pathogenic genes (FZD4, TSPAN12, and NDP) were performed. Results All patients exhibited the clinical manifestations of ROP. No mutations were detected in the TSPAN12 and NDP genes in all patients; Interestingly, three novel missense mutations were identified in the FZD4 gene (p.A2P, p.L79M, and p.Y378C) in four patients, for a detection rate of 11.1% (4/36). Conclusions This study expands the genotypic spectrum of FZD4 gene in ROP patients, and our findings underscore the importance of obtaining molecular analyses and comprehensive health screening for this retinal disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12886-022-02252-x.
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28
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Topin J, Bouysset C, Pacalon J, Kim Y, Rhyu MR, Fiorucci S, Golebiowski J. Functional molecular switches of mammalian G protein-coupled bitter-taste receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7605-7615. [PMID: 34687318 PMCID: PMC11073308 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are a poorly understood subgroup of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The experimental structure of these receptors has yet to be determined, and key-residues controlling their function remain mostly unknown. We designed an integrative approach to improve comparative modeling of TAS2Rs. Using current knowledge on class A GPCRs and existing experimental data in the literature as constraints, we pinpointed conserved motifs to entirely re-align the amino-acid sequences of TAS2Rs. We constructed accurate homology models of human TAS2Rs. As a test case, we examined the accuracy of the TAS2R16 model with site-directed mutagenesis and in vitro functional assays. This combination of in silico and in vitro results clarifies sequence-function relationships and proposes functional molecular switches that encode agonist sensing and downstream signaling mechanisms within mammalian TAS2Rs sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Topin
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Nice, France.
| | - Cédric Bouysset
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Nice, France
| | - Jody Pacalon
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Nice, France
| | - Yiseul Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Ra Rhyu
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sébastien Fiorucci
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Nice, France.
| | - Jérôme Golebiowski
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Nice, France
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, 333, Techno JungAng, Daero, HyeongPoong Myeon, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea
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29
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Xu L, Chen B, Schihada H, Wright SC, Turku A, Wu Y, Han GW, Kowalski-Jahn M, Kozielewicz P, Bowin CF, Zhang X, Li C, Bouvier M, Schulte G, Xu F. Cryo-EM structure of constitutively active human Frizzled 7 in complex with heterotrimeric G s. Cell Res 2021; 31:1311-1314. [PMID: 34239071 PMCID: PMC8648716 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Grants
- 32071194 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- P18-0098 Svenska Sällskapet för Medicinsk Forskning (Swedish Society for Medical Research)
- FDN-148431 CIHR
- Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Research Council (2017-04676; 2019-01190), the Swedish Cancer Society (CAN2017/561, 20 1102 PjF, 20 0264P), the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF17OC0026940; NNF20OC0063168), The Swedish Society of Medical Research (SSMF; P19-0055), the Lars Hierta Memorial Foundation (FO2019-0086, FO2020-0304), The Alex and Eva Wallström Foundation for Scientific Research and Education (2020-00228). and the German Research Foundation (DFG, 427840891; KO 5463/1-1)
- CIHR (FDN-148431)
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hannes Schihada
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shane C Wright
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ainoleena Turku
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Orion Pharma R&D, Espoo, Finland
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gye-Won Han
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Kowalski-Jahn
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pawel Kozielewicz
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Bowin
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xianjun Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chao Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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30
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Yang J, Hao R, Zhang Y, Deng H, Teng W, Wang Z. Construction of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and identification of novel potential biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:611. [PMID: 34801043 PMCID: PMC8605517 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying circular RNAs (circRNAs)-related competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms of pathogenesis and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unclear. Methods Differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs) in two Gene Expression Omnibus datasets (GSE101684 and GSE112214) were identified by utilizing R package (Limma). Circinteractome and StarBase databases were used to predict circRNA associated-miRNAs and mRNAs, respectively. Then, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of hub genes and ceRNA network were constructed by STRING and Cytoscape. Also, analyses of functional enrichment, genomic mutation and diagnostic ROC were performed. TIMER database was used to analyze the association between immune infiltration and target genes. Kaplan–Meier analysis, cox regression and the nomogram prediction model were used to evaluate the prognostic value of target genes. Finally, the expression of potential circRNAs and target genes was validated in cell lines and tissues by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. Results In this study, 15 DECs were identified between NSCLC tissues and adjacent-normal tissues in two GEO datasets. Following the qRT-PCR corroboration, 7 DECs (hsa_circ_0002017, hsa_circ_0069244, hsa_circ_026337, hsa_circ_0002346, hsa_circ_0007386, hsa_circ_0008234, hsa_circ_0006857) were dramatically downregulated in A549 and SK-MES-1 compared with HFL-1 cells. Then, 12 circRNA-sponged miRNAs were screened by Circinteractome and StarBase, especially, hsa-miR-767-3p and hsa-miR-767-5p were significantly up-regulated and relevant to the prognosis. Utilizing the miRDB and Cytoscape, 12 miRNA-target genes were found. Functional enrichment, genomic mutation and diagnostic analyses were also performed. Among them, FNBP1, AKT3, HERC1, COL4A1, TOLLIP, ARRB1, FZD4 and PIK3R1 were related to the immune infiltration via TIMER database. The expression of ARRB1, FNBP1, FZD4, and HERC1 was correlated with poor overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients by cox regression and nomogram. Furthermore, the hub-mRNAs were validated in cell lines and tissues. Conclusion We constructed the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network that might provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of NSCLC and reveal promising immune infiltration and prognostic biomarkers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02278-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South of Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Hao
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South of Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Deng
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South of Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Teng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhongqi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South of Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
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Kowalski-Jahn M, Schihada H, Turku A, Huber T, Sakmar TP, Schulte G. Frizzled BRET sensors based on bioorthogonal labeling of unnatural amino acids reveal WNT-induced dynamics of the cysteine-rich domain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj7917. [PMID: 34757789 PMCID: PMC8580317 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Frizzleds (FZD1–10) are G protein–coupled receptors containing an extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) binding Wingless/Int-1 lipoglycoproteins (WNTs). Despite the role of WNT/FZD signaling in health and disease, our understanding of how WNT binding is translated into receptor activation and transmembrane signaling remains limited. Current hypotheses dispute the roles for conformational dynamics. To clarify how WNT binding to FZD translates into receptor dynamics, we devised conformational FZD-CRD biosensors based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Using FZD with N-terminal nanoluciferase (Nluc) and fluorescently labeled unnatural amino acids in the linker domain and extracellular loop 3, we show that WNT-3A and WNT-5A induce similar CRD conformational rearrangements despite promoting distinct signaling pathways and that CRD dynamics are not required for WNT/β-catenin signaling. Thus, these FZD-CRD biosensors provide insights into binding, activation, and signaling processes in FZDs. The sensor design is broadly applicable to explore ligand-induced dynamics also in other membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kowalski-Jahn
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Biomedicum 6D, S-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Schihada
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Biomedicum 6D, S-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ainoleena Turku
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Biomedicum 6D, S-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas P. Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, S-17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Biomedicum 6D, S-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
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Liu D, Qian D, Shen H, Gong D. Structure of the human Meckel-Gruber protein Meckelin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj9748. [PMID: 34731008 PMCID: PMC8565905 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Meckelin gene account for most cases of the Meckel-Gruber syndrome, the most severe ciliopathy with a 100% mortality rate. Here, we report a 3.3-Å cryo–electron microscopy structure of human Meckelin (also known as TMEM67 and MKS3). The structure reveals a unique protein fold consisting of an unusual cysteine-rich domain that folds as an arch bridge stabilized by 11 pairs of disulfide bonds, a previously uncharacterized domain named β sheet–rich domain, a previously unidentified seven-transmembrane fold wherein TM4 to TM6 are broken near the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane, and a coiled-coil domain placed below the transmembrane domain. Meckelin forms a stable homodimer with an extensive dimer interface. Our structure establishes a framework for dissecting the function and disease mechanisms of Meckelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Dandan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huaizong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Deshun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Corresponding author.
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33
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Sompel K, Elango A, Smith AJ, Tennis MA. Cancer chemoprevention through Frizzled receptors and EMT. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:32. [PMID: 34604862 PMCID: PMC8429367 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frizzled (FZD) transmembrane receptors are well known for their role in β-catenin signaling and development and now understanding of their role in the context of cancer is growing. FZDs are often associated with the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) through β-catenin, but some also influence EMT through non-canonical pathways. With ten different FZDs, there is a wide range of activity from oncogenic to tumor suppressive depending on the tissue context. Alterations in FZD signaling can occur during development of premalignant lesions, supporting their potential as targets of chemoprevention agents. Agonizing or antagonizing FZD activity may affect EMT, which is a key process in lesion progression often targeted by chemoprevention agents. Recent studies identified a specific FZD as important for activity of an EMT inhibiting chemopreventive agent and other studies have highlighted the previously unrecognized potential for targeting small molecules to FZD receptors. This work demonstrates the value of investigating FZDs in chemoprevention and here we provide a review of FZDs in cancer EMT and their potential as chemoprevention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Sompel
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th AVE, RC2 Box C272, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - A. Elango
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th AVE, RC2 Box C272, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - A. J. Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th AVE, RC2 Box C272, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - M. A. Tennis
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E 19th AVE, RC2 Box C272, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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34
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Zhong Q, Zhao Y, Ye F, Xiao Z, Huang G, Xu M, Zhang Y, Zhan X, Sun K, Wang Z, Cheng S, Feng S, Zhao X, Zhang J, Lu P, Xu W, Zhou Q, Ma D. Cryo-EM structure of human Wntless in complex with Wnt3a. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4541. [PMID: 34315898 PMCID: PMC8316347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wntless (WLS), an evolutionarily conserved multi-pass transmembrane protein, is essential for secretion of Wnt proteins. Wnt-triggered signaling pathways control many crucial life events, whereas aberrant Wnt signaling is tightly associated with many human diseases including cancers. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of human WLS in complex with Wnt3a, the most widely studied Wnt, at 2.2 Å resolution. The transmembrane domain of WLS bears a GPCR fold, with a conserved core cavity and a lateral opening. Wnt3a interacts with WLS at multiple interfaces, with the lipid moiety on Wnt3a traversing a hydrophobic tunnel of WLS transmembrane domain and inserting into membrane. A β-hairpin of Wnt3a containing the conserved palmitoleoylation site interacts with WLS extensively, which is crucial for WLS-mediated Wnt secretion. The flexibility of the Wnt3a loop/hairpin regions involved in the multiple binding sites indicates induced fit might happen when Wnts are bound to different binding partners. Our findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanism of Wnt palmitoleoylation, secretion and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhong
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zaiyu Xiao
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaoxingyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiechao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, The Biomedical Research Core Facility, Center for Research Equipment and Facilities, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, The Biomedical Research Core Facility, Center for Research Equipment and Facilities, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jizhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peilong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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35
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Turku A, Schihada H, Kozielewicz P, Bowin CF, Schulte G. Residue 6.43 defines receptor function in class F GPCRs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3919. [PMID: 34168128 PMCID: PMC8225760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The class Frizzled of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), consisting of ten Frizzled (FZD1-10) subtypes and Smoothened (SMO), remains one of the most enigmatic GPCR families. While SMO relies on cholesterol binding to the 7TM core of the receptor to activate downstream signaling, underlying details of receptor activation remain obscure for FZDs. Here, we aimed to investigate the activation mechanisms of class F receptors utilizing a computational biology approach and mutational analysis of receptor function in combination with ligand binding and downstream signaling assays in living cells. Our results indicate that FZDs differ substantially from SMO in receptor activation-associated conformational changes. SMO manifests a preference for a straight TM6 in both ligand binding and functional readouts. Similar to the majority of GPCRs, FZDs present with a kinked TM6 upon activation owing to the presence of residue P6.43. Functional comparison of FZD and FZD P6.43F mutants in different assay formats monitoring ligand binding, G protein activation, DVL2 recruitment and TOPflash activity, however, underlines further the functional diversity among FZDs and not only between FZDs and SMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoleena Turku
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum 6D, Stockholm, Sweden
- Orion Pharma R&D, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hannes Schihada
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum 6D, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pawel Kozielewicz
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum 6D, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Bowin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum 6D, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum 6D, Stockholm, Sweden.
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36
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Xiao S, Liu Y, Wang A, Liu Y, Li X, Liu Z, Li X, Yang Y, Wang J. The response of tartary buckwheat and 19 bZIP genes to abscisic acid (ABA). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4341-4350. [PMID: 34097202 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat is a kind of plant which can be used as medicine as well as edible. Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling plays an important role in the response of plants such as tartary buckwheat to drought and other stress. However, there are not many studies on tartary buckwheat by ABA treatment. In this study, the germination, root length, stoma, and anthocyanin accumulation of tartary buckwheat were all significantly affected by ABA. ABA signaling is important for plants to respond to drought and other stresses, the bZIP gene family is an important member of the ABA signaling pathway. Through the analysis of the origin relationship between tartary buckwheat bZIP family and its related species, 19 bZIP genes in tartary buckwheat were found to be relatively conserved, which laid a foundation for further study of bZIP family. The qRT-PCR results showed that most of the group members were induced by ABA treatment, including 0, 15, 30, 50, 70 µM ABA and 0, 0.5, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 h ABA treatment. These results suggested that ABA could affect the growth and development of tartary buckwheat, and FtbZIPs might have different functions in the response of tartary buckwheat to drought. This study will be helpful to further analyze the genetic breeding and economic value of tartary buckwheat resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Anhu Wang
- Xichang College, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Yaodong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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The structural biology of canonical Wnt signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1765-1780. [PMID: 32725184 PMCID: PMC7458405 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signalling pathways are of great importance in embryonic development and oncogenesis. Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways are known, with the canonical (or β-catenin dependent) pathway being perhaps the best studied of these. While structural knowledge of proteins and interactions involved in canonical Wnt signalling has accumulated over the past 20 years, the pace of discovery has increased in recent years, with the structures of several key proteins and assemblies in the pathway being released. In this review, we provide a brief overview of canonical Wnt signalling, followed by a comprehensive overview of currently available X-ray, NMR and cryoEM data elaborating the structures of proteins and interactions involved in canonical Wnt signalling. While the volume of structures available is considerable, numerous gaps in knowledge remain, particularly a comprehensive understanding of the assembly of large multiprotein complexes mediating key aspects of pathway, as well as understanding the structure and activation of membrane receptors in the pathway. Nonetheless, the presently available data affords considerable opportunities for structure-based drug design efforts targeting canonical Wnt signalling.
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38
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Bayle E, Svensson F, Atkinson BN, Steadman D, Willis NJ, Woodward HL, Whiting P, Vincent JP, Fish PV. Carboxylesterase Notum Is a Druggable Target to Modulate Wnt Signaling. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4289-4311. [PMID: 33783220 PMCID: PMC8172013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway is critically important for a number of cellular processes in both development and adult mammalian biology. This Perspective will provide a summary of current and emerging therapeutic opportunities in modulating Wnt signaling, especially through inhibition of Notum carboxylesterase activity. Notum was recently shown to act as a negative regulator of Wnt signaling through the removal of an essential palmitoleate group. Inhibition of Notum activity may represent a new approach to treat disease where aberrant Notum activity has been identified as the underlying cause. Reliable screening technologies are available to identify inhibitors of Notum, and structural studies are accelerating the discovery of new inhibitors. A selection of these hits have been optimized to give fit-for-purpose small molecule inhibitors of Notum. Three noteworthy examples are LP-922056 (26), ABC99 (27), and ARUK3001185 (28), which are complementary chemical tools for exploring the role of Notum in Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott
D. Bayle
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Benjamin N. Atkinson
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - David Steadman
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Nicky J. Willis
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Hannah L. Woodward
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Paul Whiting
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Jean-Paul Vincent
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
| | - Paul V. Fish
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
- The
Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, Kings Cross, London NW1 1AT, U.K.
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Tsukiyama T, Koo BK, Hatakeyama S. Post-translational Wnt receptor regulation: Is the fog slowly clearing?: The molecular mechanism of RNF43/ZNRF3 ubiquitin ligases is not yet fully elucidated and still controversial. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000297. [PMID: 33569855 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays pivotal roles during our entire lives, from conception to death, through the regulation of morphogenesis in developing embryos and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in adults. The regulation of Wnt signaling occurs on several levels: at the receptor level on the plasma membrane, at the β-catenin protein level in the cytoplasm, and through transcriptional regulation in the nucleus. Several recent studies have focused on the mechanisms of Wnt receptor regulation, following the discovery that the Wnt receptor frizzled (Fzd) is a target of the ubiquitin ligases, RNF43 and ZNRF3. RNF43 and ZNRF3 are homologous genes that are mutated in several cancers. The details underlying their mechanism of action continue to unfold, while at the same time raising many new questions. In this review, we discuss advances and controversies in our understanding of Wnt receptor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadasuke Tsukiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Shigetsugu Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Yang D, Zhou Q, Labroska V, Qin S, Darbalaei S, Wu Y, Yuliantie E, Xie L, Tao H, Cheng J, Liu Q, Zhao S, Shui W, Jiang Y, Wang MW. G protein-coupled receptors: structure- and function-based drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:7. [PMID: 33414387 PMCID: PMC7790836 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most successful therapeutic target families, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have experienced a transformation from random ligand screening to knowledge-driven drug design. We are eye-witnessing tremendous progresses made recently in the understanding of their structure-function relationships that facilitated drug development at an unprecedented pace. This article intends to provide a comprehensive overview of this important field to a broader readership that shares some common interests in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Viktorija Labroska
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanaz Darbalaei
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Elita Yuliantie
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Linshan Xie
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China.
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41
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Nygaard R, Yu J, Kim J, Ross DR, Parisi G, Clarke OB, Virshup DM, Mancia F. Structural Basis of WLS/Evi-Mediated Wnt Transport and Secretion. Cell 2021; 184:194-206.e14. [PMID: 33357447 PMCID: PMC7797000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnts are evolutionarily conserved ligands that signal at short range to regulate morphogenesis, cell fate, and stem cell renewal. The first and essential steps in Wnt secretion are their O-palmitoleation and subsequent loading onto the dedicated transporter Wntless/evenness interrupted (WLS/Evi). We report the 3.2 Å resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of palmitoleated human WNT8A in complex with WLS. This is accompanied by biochemical experiments to probe the physiological implications of the observed association. The WLS membrane domain has close structural homology to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A Wnt hairpin inserts into a conserved hydrophobic cavity in the GPCR-like domain, and the palmitoleate protrudes between two helices into the bilayer. A conformational switch of highly conserved residues on a separate Wnt hairpin might contribute to its transfer to receiving cells. This work provides molecular-level insights into a central mechanism in animal body plan development and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nygaard
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel R Ross
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Giacomo Parisi
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Oliver B Clarke
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David M Virshup
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Filippo Mancia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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42
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Deconvolution of WNT-induced Frizzled conformational dynamics with fluorescent biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 177:112948. [PMID: 33486136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors Frizzled1-10 (FZD1-10) act as molecular checkpoints mediating intracellular signaling induced by 19 mammalian, secreted Wingless/Int-1 lipoglycoproteins (WNTs). Despite the vital roles of these signaling components in health and disease, our knowledge about WNT/FZD selectivity, and the mechanisms of receptor activation and intracellular signal propagation by individual ligand/receptor pairs is limited due to the current lack of suitable biophysical techniques. Here, we developed fluorescence-based biosensors that detect WNT-induced FZD conformational changes in living cells in order to assess WNT action via FZDs at the most proximal level, i.e. the receptor conformation. By testing a panel of recombinant ligands on conformational biosensors representing all four homology clusters of FZDs, we discover yet unappreciated selectivities of WNTs to their receptors and, surprisingly, identify distinct ligand-induced receptor conformations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FZDs can undergo conformational changes upon WNT binding without being dependent on the WNT co-receptors LRP5/6. This sensor toolbox provides an advanced platform for a thorough investigation of the 190 possible WNT/FZD pairings and for future screening campaigns targeting synthetic FZD ligands. Furthermore, our findings shed new light on the complexity of the WNT/FZD signaling system and have substantial implications for our understanding of fundamental biological processes including embryonal development and tumorigenesis.
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43
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Agostino M, Pohl SÖG. Activation barriers in Class F G protein-coupled receptors revealed by umbrella sampling simulations. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9816-9825. [PMID: 33290484 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02175j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Class F G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) include Smoothened and the ten Frizzled receptors, which are major cell membrane receptors in the Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways respectively and of enormous interest in embryonic development and as therapeutic targets in cancer. Recent crystal structures of Smoothened provide the opportunity to investigate the structural biology of Class F GPCRs in more detail, in turn, informing the development of therapeutics. A key question in this area is how one receptor may trigger distinct pathways - particularly relevant for Wnt signalling, in which signals may be transduced from a Frizzled via Dishevelled or G proteins, depending on the context. In this study, we employ adiabatic biased molecular dynamics and umbrella sampling to investigate the activation of Smoothened and Frizzled-7 in both the native state and bound to endogenous ligands, as well as how the clinically used Smoothened antagonist vismodegib alters this signalling. The results highlight key energetic barriers in the activation of these receptors, and the molecular features of the receptors mediating these barriers, demonstrating our approach as a robust means of investigating signalling through these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Agostino
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), and Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.
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44
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Sun Y, Wang W, Zhao C. Frizzled Receptors in Tumors, Focusing on Signaling, Roles, Modulation Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapies. Oncol Res 2020; 28:661-674. [PMID: 32998794 PMCID: PMC7962935 DOI: 10.3727/096504020x16014648664459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt molecules play crucial roles in development and adult homeostasis through their receptors Frizzled proteins (Fzds). Fzds mediate canonical β-catenin pathway and various noncanonical β-catenin-independent pathways. Aberrant Fzd signaling is involved in many diseases including cancer. Wnt/β-catenin is a well-established oncogenic pathway involved in almost every aspect of tumor development. However, Fzd-mediated noncanonical Wnt pathways function as both tumor promoters and tumor suppressors depending on cellular context. Fzd-targeted therapies have proven to be effective on cultured tumor cells, tumor cell xenografts, mouse tumor models, and patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Moreover, Fzd-targeted therapies synergize with chemotherapy in preclinical models. However, the occurrence of fragility fractures in patients treated with Fzd-targeted agents such as OMP-54F28 and OMP-18R5 limits the development of this combination. Along with new insights on signaling, roles, and modulation mechanisms of Fzds in human tumors, more Fzd-related therapeutic targets will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Chenghai Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
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45
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CCL18-induced LINC00319 promotes proliferation and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma via the miR-199a-5p/FZD4 axis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:777. [PMID: 32948745 PMCID: PMC7501282 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which may be modulated by chemokines, are key regulators in many cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). An understanding of lncRNAs involved in chemokine (CC motif) ligand 18 (CCL18)-induced OSCC promotion remains elusive. The present study using lncRNA sequencing found LINC00319 to be significantly upregulated in OSCC cells subjected to rCCL18 stimulation. Furthermore, LINC00319 knockdown was found to attenuate the carcinogenic function of CCL18 in OSCC, reducing OSCC proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis. LINC00319 was demonstrated to act as a ceRNA in OSCC, which directly responded to miR-199a-5p and rescued the repression of FZD4 by miR-199a-5p. Functionally, in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that LINC00319 promoted OSCC growth and metastasis via downregulating miR-199a-5p and upregulating FZD4. In vitro rescue assays demonstrated that miR-199a-5p inhibitor or FZD4 overexpression reversed the effects of LINC00319 silencing in OSCC. Importantly, the expression of miR-199a-5p and FZD4 were found to be mediated by CCL18, and miR-199a-5p mimics inhibited the CCL18-promoting effects in oral cancer cells. Taken together, these results evidenced a mechanism of CCL18 action in OSCC mediated through the LINC00319/miR-199a-5p/FZD4 signaling pathway, which may comprise a potential target for OSCC therapeutic development.
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Tsutsumi N, Mukherjee S, Waghray D, Janda CY, Jude KM, Miao Y, Burg JS, Aduri NG, Kossiakoff AA, Gati C, Garcia KC. Structure of human Frizzled5 by fiducial-assisted cryo-EM supports a heterodimeric mechanism of canonical Wnt signaling. eLife 2020; 9:e58464. [PMID: 32762848 PMCID: PMC7442489 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Frizzleds (Fzd) are the primary receptors for Wnt morphogens, which are essential regulators of stem cell biology, yet the structural basis of Wnt signaling through Fzd remains poorly understood. Here we report the structure of an unliganded human Fzd5 determined by single-particle cryo-EM at 3.7 Å resolution, with the aid of an antibody chaperone acting as a fiducial marker. We also analyzed the topology of low-resolution XWnt8/Fzd5 complex particles, which revealed extreme flexibility between the Wnt/Fzd-CRD and the Fzd-TM regions. Analysis of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in response to Wnt3a versus a 'surrogate agonist' that cross-links Fzd to LRP6, revealed identical structure-activity relationships. Thus, canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling appears to be principally reliant on ligand-induced Fzd/LRP6 heterodimerization, versus the allosteric mechanisms seen in structurally analogous class A G protein-coupled receptors, and Smoothened. These findings deepen our mechanistic understanding of Wnt signal transduction, and have implications for harnessing Wnt agonism in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Deepa Waghray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Claudia Y Janda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - John S Burg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Nanda Gowtham Aduri
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Bioscience DivisionMenlo ParkUnited States
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Bioscience DivisionMenlo ParkUnited States
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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47
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang J. Discovery of a novel three-long non-coding RNA signature for predicting the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 11:760-769. [PMID: 32953159 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-20-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence demonstrates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a predictive role in the prognosis of gastric cancer (GC). The present study aims to construct a lncRNA-based model via mining data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methods Differentially expressed lncRNAs were first identified, followed by univariate Cox analysis, Robust likelihood-based survival model and multivariate Cox analysis to construct a signature composed of lncRNAs. Results A three-lncRNA based predictive signature (OVAAL, FLJ16779, FAM230D) was established to stratify GC patients into high- and low-risk groups. Patients in the high-risk group had markedly shorter overall survival (OS) than those in the low-risk group, which was verified by the ROC curve. Then, we validated the predictive power of the scoring system in other two cohorts. Multivariate Cox analysis also indicated that the 3-lncRNA signature was an independent prognostic factor for survival prediction in GC patients. Moreover, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that diverse metabolic pathways significantly clustered in the low-risk group, which might explain how the 3-lncRNA signature promoted gastric carcinogenesis. Conclusions We established a robust three-lncRNA model to predict the OS of GC patients, which might benefit the clinical decision making for personalized treatment and prognostic prediction for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of gastroenterology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
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48
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Errey JC, Fiez-Vandal C. Production of membrane proteins in industry: The example of GPCRs. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 169:105569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Zhao Y, Ren J, Hillier J, Lu W, Jones EY. Antiepileptic Drug Carbamazepine Binds to a Novel Pocket on the Wnt Receptor Frizzled-8. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3252-3260. [PMID: 32049522 PMCID: PMC7104226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Misregulation of Wnt signaling is common in human cancer. The development of small molecule inhibitors against the Wnt receptor, frizzled (FZD), may have potential in cancer therapy. During small molecule screens, we observed binding of carbamazepine to the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of the Wnt receptor FZD8 using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Cellular functional assays demonstrated that carbamazepine can suppress FZD8-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We determined the crystal structure of the complex at 1.7 Å resolution, which reveals that carbamazepine binds at a novel pocket on the FZD8 CRD. The unique residue Tyr52 discriminates FZD8 from the closely related FZD5 and other FZDs for carbamazepine binding. The first small molecule-bound FZD structure provides a basis for anti-FZD drug development. Furthermore, the observed carbamazepine-mediated Wnt signaling inhibition may help to explain the phenomenon of bone loss and increased adipogenesis in some patients during long-term carbamazepine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural
Biology,
Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural
Biology,
Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - James Hillier
- Division of Structural
Biology,
Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Weixian Lu
- Division of Structural
Biology,
Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - E. Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural
Biology,
Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University
of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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50
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Evaluation of chemical cross-linkers for in-depth structural analysis of G protein-coupled receptors through cross-linking mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1102:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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