1
|
Barkley AE, Winckler G, Recasens C, Kaplan MR, Koffman BG, Calabozo F, Middleton JL, Anderson RF, Cai Y, Bolge L, Longman J, Goldstein SL. Patagonian dust, Agulhas Current, and Antarctic ice-rafted debris contributions to the South Atlantic Ocean over the past 150,000 years. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402120121. [PMID: 39042680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402120121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Disentangling inputs of aeolian dust, ice-rafted debris (IRD), and eroded continental detritus delivered by ocean currents to marine sediments provide important insights into Earth System processes and climate. This study uses Sr-Nd-Pb isotope ratios of the continent-derived (lithogenic) fraction in deep-sea core TN057-6 from the subantarctic Southern Ocean southwest of Africa over the past 150,000 y to identify source regions and quantify their relative contributions and fluxes utilizing a mixing model set in a Bayesian framework. The data are compared with proxies from parallel core Ocean Drilling Program Site 1090 and newly presented data from potential South America aeolian dust source areas (PSAs), allowing for an integrated investigation into atmospheric, oceanic, and cryospheric dynamics. PSA inputs varied on glacial/interglacial timescales, with southern South American sources dominating up to 88% of the lithogenic fraction (mainly Patagonia, which provided up to 68%) during cold periods, while southern African sources were more important during interglacials. During the warmer Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 of the last glacial period, lithogenic fluxes were twice that of colder MIS2 and MIS4 at times, and showed unique isotope ratios best explained by Antarctic-derived IRD, likely from the Weddell Sea. The IRD intrusions contributed up to 41% at times and followed Antarctic millennial warming events that raised temperatures, causing instability of icesheet margins. High IRD was synchronous with increased bioavailable iron, nutrient utilization, high biological productivity, and decreased atmospheric CO2. Overall, TN057-6 sediments record systematic Southern Hemisphere climate shifts and cryospheric changes that impacted biogeochemical cycling on both glacial/interglacial and subglacial timescales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Barkley
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
| | - Gisela Winckler
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Cristina Recasens
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
| | - Michael R Kaplan
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
| | - Bess G Koffman
- Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901
| | - Fernando Calabozo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5016CGA, Argentina
| | - Jennifer L Middleton
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
| | - Robert F Anderson
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Yue Cai
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Louise Bolge
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
| | - Jack Longman
- Marine Isotope Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L Goldstein
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clark PU, Shakun JD, Rosenthal Y, Köhler P, Bartlein PJ. Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years. Science 2024; 383:884-890. [PMID: 38386742 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of Cenozoic climate is based on the record of δ18O measured in benthic foraminifera. However, this measurement reflects a combined signal of global temperature and sea level, thus preventing a clear understanding of the interactions and feedbacks of the climate system in causing global temperature change. Our new reconstruction of temperature change over the past 4.5 million years includes two phases of long-term cooling, with the second phase of accelerated cooling during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (1.5 to 0.9 million years ago) being accompanied by a transition from dominant 41,000-year low-amplitude periodicity to dominant 100,000-year high-amplitude periodicity. Changes in the rates of long-term cooling and variability are consistent with changes in the carbon cycle driven initially by geologic processes, followed by additional changes in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter U Clark
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jeremy D Shakun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Yair Rosenthal
- Department of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers The State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers The State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Peter Köhler
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gong L, Holbourn A, Kuhnt W, Opdyke B, Zhang Y, Ravelo AC, Zhang P, Xu J, Matsuzaki K, Aiello I, Beil S, Andersen N. Middle Pleistocene re-organization of Australian Monsoon. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2002. [PMID: 37037802 PMCID: PMC10086051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to changing climate boundary conditions remains controversial due to limited understanding of forcing processes and past variability. Here, we reconstruct austral summer monsoonal discharge and wind-driven winter productivity across the Middle Pleistocene Transition (MPT) in a sediment sequence drilled off NW Australia. We show that monsoonal precipitation and runoff primarily responded to precessional insolation forcing until ~0.95 Ma, but exhibited heightened sensitivity to ice volume and pCO2 related feedbacks following intensification of glacial-interglacial cycles. Our records further suggest that summer monsoon variability at the precessional band was closely tied to the thermal evolution of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool and strength of the Walker circulation over the past ~1.6 Myr. By contrast, productivity proxy records consistently tracked glacial-interglacial variability, reflecting changing rhythms in polar ice fluctuations and Hadley circulation strength. We conclude that the Australian Monsoon underwent a major re-organization across the MPT and that extratropical feedbacks were instrumental in driving short- and long-term variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ann Holbourn
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Kuhnt
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bradley Opdyke
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Ana Christina Ravelo
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Institute of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Kenji Matsuzaki
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ivano Aiello
- Department of Geological Oceanography, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Sebastian Beil
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils Andersen
- Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huth A, Adcroft A, Sergienko O, Khan N. Ocean currents break up a tabular iceberg. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq6974. [PMID: 36260681 PMCID: PMC9581483 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In December 2020, giant tabular iceberg A68a (surface area 3900 km2) broke up in open ocean much deeper than its keel, indicating that the breakage was not immediately caused by collision with the seafloor. Giant icebergs with lengths exceeding 18.5 km account for most of the calved ice mass from the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Upon calving, they drift away and transport freshwater into the Southern Ocean, modifying ocean circulation, disrupting sea ice and the marine biosphere, and potentially triggering changes in climate. Here, we demonstrate that the A68a breakup event may have been triggered by ocean-current shear, a new breakup mechanism not previously reported. We also introduce methods to represent giant icebergs within climate models that currently do not have any representation of them. These methods open opportunities to explore the interactions between icebergs and other components of the climate system and will improve the fidelity of global climate simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Huth
- AOS Program, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | | | - Olga Sergienko
- AOS Program, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Nuzhat Khan
- Macaulay Honors College at Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10023, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sunlight-driven nitrate loss records Antarctic surface mass balance. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4274. [PMID: 35879324 PMCID: PMC9314437 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard proxies for reconstructing surface mass balance (SMB) in Antarctic ice cores are often inaccurate or coarsely resolved when applied to more complicated environments away from dome summits. Here, we propose an alternative SMB proxy based on photolytic fractionation of nitrogen isotopes in nitrate observed at 114 sites throughout East Antarctica. Applying this proxy approach to nitrate in a shallow core drilled at a moderate SMB site (Aurora Basin North), we reconstruct 700 years of SMB changes that agree well with changes estimated from ice core density and upstream surface topography. For the under-sampled transition zones between dome summits and the coast, we show that this proxy can provide past and present SMB values that reflect the immediate local environment and are derived independently from existing techniques.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bailey I, Hemming S, Reilly BT, Rollinson G, Williams T, Weber ME, Raymo ME, Peck VL, Ronge TA, Brachfeld S, O'Connell S, Tauxe L, Warnock JP, Armbrecht L, Cardillo FG, Du Z, Fauth G, Garcia M, Glueder A, Guitard M, Gutjahr M, Hernández‐Almeida I, Hoem FS, Hwang J, Iizuka M, Kato Y, Kenlee B, Martos YM, Pérez LF, Seki O, Tripathi S, Zheng X. Episodes of Early Pleistocene West Antarctic Ice Sheet Retreat Recorded by Iceberg Alley Sediments. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY 2022; 37:e2022PA004433. [PMID: 36247355 PMCID: PMC9544630 DOI: 10.1029/2022pa004433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ice loss in the Southern Hemisphere has been greatest over the past 30 years in West Antarctica. The high sensitivity of this region to climate change has motivated geologists to examine marine sedimentary records for evidence of past episodes of West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) instability. Sediments accumulating in the Scotia Sea are useful to examine for this purpose because they receive iceberg-rafted debris (IBRD) sourced from the Pacific- and Atlantic-facing sectors of West Antarctica. Here we report on the sedimentology and provenance of the oldest of three cm-scale coarse-grained layers recovered from this sea at International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1538. These layers are preserved in opal-rich sediments deposited ∼1.2 Ma during a relatively warm regional climate. Our microCT-based analysis of the layer's in-situ fabric confirms its ice-rafted origin. We further infer that it is the product of an intense but short-lived episode of IBRD deposition. Based on the petrography of its sand fraction and the Phanerozoic 40Ar/39Ar ages of hornblende and mica it contains, we conclude that the IBRD it contains was likely sourced from the Weddell Sea and/or Amundsen Sea embayment(s) of West Antarctica. We attribute the high concentrations of IBRD in these layers to "dirty" icebergs calved from the WAIS following its retreat inland from its modern grounding line. These layers also sit at the top of a ∼366-m thick Pliocene and early Pleistocene sequence that is much more dropstone-rich than its overlying sediments. We speculate this fact may reflect that WAIS mass-balance was highly dynamic during the ∼41-kyr (inter)glacial world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bailey
- Camborne School of MinesUniversity of ExeterPenryn CampusCornwallUK
| | - Sidney Hemming
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - Brendan T. Reilly
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Gavyn Rollinson
- Camborne School of MinesUniversity of ExeterPenryn CampusCornwallUK
| | - Trevor Williams
- International Ocean Discovery ProgramTexas AM UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Michael E. Weber
- Department of Geochemistry and PetrologyInstitute for GeosciencesUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Maureen E. Raymo
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | | | - Thomas A. Ronge
- Alfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐und MeeresforschungBremerhavenGermany
| | | | - Suzanne O'Connell
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesWesleyan UniversityMiddletownCTUSA
| | - Lisa Tauxe
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | - Linda Armbrecht
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaBattery PointTASAustralia
| | - Fabricio G. Cardillo
- Departmento OceanografiaServicio de Hidrografia NavalMinisterio de DefensaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Zhiheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric ScienceNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesLanzhouChina
| | - Gerson Fauth
- Geology ProgramUniversity of Vale do Rio dos SinosSão LeopoldoBrazil
| | - Marga Garcia
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Science (CSIC‐UGR)GranadaSpain
- Cádiz Oceanographic Centre (IEO‐CSIC)CádizSpain
| | - Anna Glueder
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
| | - Michelle Guitard
- College of Marine ScienceUniversity of South FloridaSt. PetersburgFLUSA
| | - Marcus Gutjahr
- GEOMARHelmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchUniversity of KielKielGermany
| | | | - Frida S. Hoem
- Department of Earth Science, Marine Palynology and PaleoceanographyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ji‐Hwan Hwang
- Earth Environmental SciencesKorea Basic Science InstituteChungbuk CheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Yuji Kato
- Faculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Bridget Kenlee
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of California RiversideRiversideCAUSA
| | - Yasmina M. Martos
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterPlanetary Magnetospheres LaboratoryGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of AstronomyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Lara F. Pérez
- British Antarctic SurveyCambridgeUK
- Department of Marine GeologyGeological Survey of Denmark and GreenlandAarhus University CityAarhusDenmark
| | - Osamu Seki
- Institute of Low Temperature ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Shubham Tripathi
- Marine Stable Isotope LabNational Centre for Polar and Ocean ResearchMinistry of Earth SciencesVasco Da GamaIndia
| | - Xufeng Zheng
- South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barbat MM, Mata MM. Iceberg drift and melting rates in the northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctica: Novel automated regional estimates through machine learning. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20211586. [PMID: 35648997 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220211586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming and its consequences on polar regions have been thoroughly discussed in recent times. One of those consequences is the freshwater flux and the associated cooling and freshening that result from iceberg melting. Despite the potential impact, large uncertainties exist resulting mostly from the complexity to follow icebergs from space, which make the few existing estimates essentially model-based. This study takes advantage of state-of-art machine learning methods to present novel prevalent trajectories and potential freshwater input from 450 icebergs ranging from 1 to 2765 km2 across the northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. The main results highlight the predominance of a northward flux and the entrance of icebergs up to 10 km2 into Bransfield Strait associated with the main current systems along the Antarctic Peninsula. The present analysis on such a large number of icebergs unveils an average drift speed of 3.4 ± 2.7 km day-1 and an average disintegration rate of ~62% per year, representing an integrated potential regional freshwater input of 133.62 Gt yr-1. Altogether, this study adds new knowledge to the complex problem of autonomous applications for iceberg detection and tracking, further exploring such methods on a very dynamic region of singular importance for the ocean and climate studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro M Barbat
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima (LEOC), Instituto de Oceanografia, Avenida Itália, Km 8, s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Criosfera, Grupo de Estudos do Oceano Austral e Gelo Marinho, Av. Itália, Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio M Mata
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima (LEOC), Instituto de Oceanografia, Avenida Itália, Km 8, s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Criosfera, Grupo de Estudos do Oceano Austral e Gelo Marinho, Av. Itália, Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van der Lubbe HJL, Hall IR, Barker S, Hemming SR, Baars TF, Starr A, Just J, Backeberg BC, Joordens JCA. Indo-Pacific Walker circulation drove Pleistocene African aridification. Nature 2021; 598:618-623. [PMID: 34707316 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Today, the eastern African hydroclimate is tightly linked to fluctuations in the zonal atmospheric Walker circulation1,2. A growing body of evidence indicates that this circulation shaped hydroclimatic conditions in the Indian Ocean region also on much longer, glacial-interglacial timescales3-5, following the development of Pacific Walker circulation around 2.2-2.0 million years ago (Ma)6,7. However, continuous long-term records to determine the timing and mechanisms of Pacific-influenced climate transitions in the Indian Ocean have been unavailable. Here we present a seven-million-year-long record of wind-driven circulation of the tropical Indian Ocean, as recorded in Mozambique Channel Throughflow (MCT) flow-speed variations. We show that the MCT flow speed was relatively weak and steady until 2.1 ± 0.1 Ma, when it began to increase, coincident with the intensification of the Pacific Walker circulation6,7. Strong increases during glacial periods, which reached maxima after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (0.9-0.64 Ma; ref. 8), were punctuated by weak flow speeds during interglacial periods. We provide a mechanism explaining that increasing MCT flow speeds reflect synchronous development of the Indo-Pacific Walker cells that promote aridification in Africa. Our results suggest that after about 2.1 Ma, the increasing aridification is punctuated by pronounced humid interglacial periods. This record will facilitate testing of hypotheses of climate-environmental drivers for hominin evolution and dispersal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J L van der Lubbe
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. .,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - I R Hall
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - S Barker
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S R Hemming
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - T F Baars
- Department of Geosciences and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, TU Delft, the Netherlands
| | - A Starr
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Just
- Department of Geosciences, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - B C Backeberg
- Deltares, Delft, the Netherlands.,Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway.,Nansen-Tutu Centre for Marine Environmental Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J C A Joordens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|