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Ling F, Essock-Burns T, McFall-Ngai M, Katija K, Nawroth JC, Kanso E. Flow Physics Explains Morphological Diversity of Ciliated Organs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.12.528181. [PMID: 38168341 PMCID: PMC10760039 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.12.528181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Organs that pump fluids by the coordinated beat of motile cilia through the lumen are integral to animal physiology. Such organs include the human airways, brain ventricles, and reproductive tracts. Although cilia organization and duct morphology vary drastically in the animal kingdom, ducts are typically classified as either carpet or flame designs. The reason behind this dichotomy and how duct design relates to fluid pumping remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that two structural parameters -- lumen diameter and cilia-to-lumen ratio -- organize the observed duct diversity into a continuous spectrum that connects carpets to flames across all animal phyla. Using a unified fluid model, we show that carpet and flame designs maximize flow rate and pressure generation, respectively. We propose that convergence of ciliated organ designs follows functional constraints rather than phylogenetic distance, along with universal design rules for ciliary pumps.
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2
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Burns JA, Becker KP, Casagrande D, Daniels J, Roberts P, Orenstein E, Vogt DM, Teoh ZE, Wood R, Yin AH, Genot B, Gruber DF, Katija K, Wood RJ, Phillips BT. An in situ digital synthesis strategy for the discovery and description of ocean life. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj4960. [PMID: 38232174 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Revolutionary advancements in underwater imaging, robotics, and genomic sequencing have reshaped marine exploration. We present and demonstrate an interdisciplinary approach that uses emerging quantitative imaging technologies, an innovative robotic encapsulation system with in situ RNA preservation and next-generation genomic sequencing to gain comprehensive biological, biophysical, and genomic data from deep-sea organisms. The synthesis of these data provides rich morphological and genetic information for species description, surpassing traditional passive observation methods and preserved specimens, particularly for gelatinous zooplankton. Our approach enhances our ability to study delicate mid-water animals, improving research in the world's oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Burns
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Kaitlyn P Becker
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David Casagrande
- Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Joost Daniels
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Research and Development, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Paul Roberts
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Research and Development, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Eric Orenstein
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Research and Development, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Daniel M Vogt
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Ryan Wood
- PA Consulting, Concord, MA 01742, USA
| | - Alexander H Yin
- Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Baptiste Genot
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - David F Gruber
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Kakani Katija
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Research and Development, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Robert J Wood
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Brennan T Phillips
- Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
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3
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Jaspers C, Hopcroft RR, Kiørboe T, Lombard F, López-Urrutia Á, Everett JD, Richardson AJ. Gelatinous larvacean zooplankton can enhance trophic transfer and carbon sequestration. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:980-993. [PMID: 37277269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Larvaceans are gelatinous zooplankton abundant throughout the ocean. Larvaceans have been overlooked in research because they are difficult to collect and are perceived as being unimportant in biogeochemical cycles and food-webs. We synthesise evidence that their unique biology enables larvaceans to transfer more carbon to higher trophic levels and deeper into the ocean than is commonly appreciated. Larvaceans could become even more important in the Anthropocene because they eat small phytoplankton that are predicted to become more prevalent under climate change, thus moderating projected future declines in ocean productivity and fisheries. We identify critical knowledge gaps and argue that larvaceans should be incorporated into ecosystem assessments and biogeochemical models to improve predictions of the future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Jaspers
- Centre for Gelatinous Plankton Ecology & Evolution, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fabien Lombard
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Ángel López-Urrutia
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, IEO-CSIC, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jason D Everett
- School of Environment, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; CSIRO Environment, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony J Richardson
- School of Environment, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; CSIRO Environment, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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4
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Daniels J, Sainz G, Katija K. New Method for Rapid 3D Reconstruction of Semi-Transparent Underwater Animals and Structures. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad023. [PMID: 37521145 PMCID: PMC10372866 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological features are the primary identifying properties of most animals and key to many comparative physiological studies, yet current techniques for preservation and documentation of soft-bodied marine animals are limited in terms of quality and accessibility. Digital records can complement physical specimens, with a wide array of applications ranging from species description to kinematics modeling, but options are lacking for creating models of soft-bodied semi-transparent underwater animals. We developed a lab-based technique that can live-scan semi-transparent, submerged animals, and objects within seconds. To demonstrate the method, we generated full three-dimensional reconstructions (3DRs) of an object of known dimensions for verification, as well as two live marine animals-a siphonophore and an amphipod-allowing detailed measurements on each. Techniques like these pave the way for faster data capture, integrative and comparative quantitative approaches, and more accessible collections of fragile and rare biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Daniels
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Giovanna Sainz
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Kakani Katija
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
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5
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Zemann B, Le MLV, Sherlock RE, Baum D, Katija K, Stach T. Evolutionary traces of miniaturization in a giant-Comparative anatomy of brain and brain nerves in Bathochordaeus stygius (Tunicata, Appendicularia). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21598. [PMID: 37313762 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Appendicularia comprises 70 marine, invertebrate, chordate species. Appendicularians play important ecological and evolutionary roles, yet their morphological disparity remains understudied. Most appendicularians are small, develop rapidly, and with a stereotyped cell lineage, leading to the hypothesis that Appendicularia derived progenetically from an ascidian-like ancestor. Here, we describe the detailed anatomy of the central nervous system of Bathochordaeus stygius, a giant appendicularian from the mesopelagic. We show that the brain consists of a forebrain with on average smaller and more uniform cells and a hindbrain, in which cell shapes and sizes vary to a greater extent. Cell count for the brain was 102. We demonstrate the presence of three paired brain nerves. Brain nerve 1 traces into the epidermis of the upper lip region and consists of several fibers with some supportive bulb cells in its course. Brain nerve 2 innervates oral sensory organs and brain nerve 3 innervates the ciliary ring of the gill slits and lateral epidermis. Brain nerve 3 is asymmetric, with the right nerve consisting of two neurites originating posterior to the left one that contains three neurites. Similarities and differences to the anatomy of the brain of the model species Oikopleura dioica are discussed. We interpret the small number of cells in the brain of B. stygius as an evolutionary trace of miniaturization and conclude that giant appendicularians evolved from a small, progenetic ancestor that secondarily increased in size within Appendicularia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mai-Lee Van Le
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Vergleichende Elektronenmikroskopie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rob E Sherlock
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA
| | | | - Kakani Katija
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, USA
| | - Thomas Stach
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Vergleichende Elektronenmikroskopie, Berlin, Germany
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Ren Y, Jian J, Tan W, Wang J, Chen T, Zhang H, Xia W. Single-shot decoherence polarization gated imaging through turbid media. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:073706. [PMID: 37486200 DOI: 10.1063/5.0152654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method for imaging through a turbid medium by using a single-shot decoherence polarization gate (DPG). The DPG is made up of a polarizer, an analyzer, and a weakly scattering medium. Contrary to intuition, we discover that the preferential utilization of sparsely scattered photons by introducing weakly scattering mediums can lead to better image quality. The experimental results show that the visibilities of the images acquired from the DPG imaging method are obviously improved. The contrast of the bar can be increased by 50% by the DPG imaging technique. Furthermore, we study the effect of the volume concentration of the weakly scattering medium on the speckle suppression and the enhancement of the visibilities of the images. The variances of the contrasts of the image show that there exists an optimum optical depth (∼0.8) of the weakly scattering medium for DPG imaging through a specific turbid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhu Ren
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jimo Jian
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wenjiang Tan
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning-xilu 28, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Haikun Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wei Xia
- School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
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7
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Henriet S, Aasjord A, Chourrout D. Laboratory study of Fritillaria lifecycle reveals key morphogenetic events leading to genus-specific anatomy. Front Zool 2022; 19:26. [PMID: 36307829 PMCID: PMC9617304 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-022-00471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A fascinating variety of adult body plans can be found in the Tunicates, the closest existing relatives of vertebrates. A distinctive feature of the larvacean class of pelagic tunicates is the presence of a highly specialized surface epithelium that produces a cellulose test, the “larvacean house”. While substantial differences exist between the anatomy of larvacean families, most of the ontogeny is derived from the observations of a single genus, Oikopleura. We present the first study of Fritillaria development based on the observation of individuals reproduced in the laboratory. Like the other small epipelagic species Oikopleura dioica, the larvae of Fritillaria borealis grow rapidly in the laboratory, and they acquire the adult form within a day. We could show that major morphological differences exhibited by Fritillaria and Oikopleura adults originate from a key developmental stage during larval organogenesis. Here, the surface epithelium progressively retracts from the posterior digestive organs of Fritillaria larvae, and it establishes house-producing territories around the pharynx. Our results show that the divergence between larvacean genera was associated with a profound rearrangement of the mechanisms controlling the differentiation of the larval ectoderm.
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8
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Afzal SS, Akbar W, Rodriguez O, Doumet M, Ha U, Ghaffarivardavagh R, Adib F. Battery-free wireless imaging of underwater environments. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5546. [PMID: 36163186 PMCID: PMC9512789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging underwater environments is of great importance to marine sciences, sustainability, climatology, defense, robotics, geology, space exploration, and food security. Despite advances in underwater imaging, most of the ocean and marine organisms remain unobserved and undiscovered. Existing methods for underwater imaging are unsuitable for scalable, long-term, in situ observations because they require tethering for power and communication. Here we describe underwater backscatter imaging, a method for scalable, real-time wireless imaging of underwater environments using fully-submerged battery-free cameras. The cameras power up from harvested acoustic energy, capture color images using ultra-low-power active illumination and a monochrome image sensor, and communicate wirelessly at net-zero-power via acoustic backscatter. We demonstrate wireless battery-free imaging of animals, plants, pollutants, and localization tags in enclosed and open-water environments. The method’s self-sustaining nature makes it desirable for massive, continuous, and long-term ocean deployments with many applications including marine life discovery, submarine surveillance, and underwater climate change monitoring. The authors present an approach to underwater imaging, which does not require tethering or batteries. The low-power camera uses power from harvested acoustic energy and communicates colour images wirelessly via acoustic backscatter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Saad Afzal
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Waleed Akbar
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Program in Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Osvy Rodriguez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mario Doumet
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Unsoo Ha
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Fadel Adib
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Program in Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,MIT Sea Grant, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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9
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Gruber DF, Wood RJ. Advances and future outlooks in soft robotics for minimally invasive marine biology. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabm6807. [PMID: 35584202 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abm6807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This Viewpoint describes interdisciplinary research that aims to maximize understanding of deep marine life, while concurrently being minimally invasive. We describe the synthesis of multiple modern approaches (spanning robotics, biology, biomechanics, engineering, imaging, and genomic sequencing) and present future directions that hold the potential for a paradigm shift in marine biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Gruber
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College and Graduate Center, PhD Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Robert J Wood
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Irisson JO, Ayata SD, Lindsay DJ, Karp-Boss L, Stemmann L. Machine Learning for the Study of Plankton and Marine Snow from Images. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2022; 14:277-301. [PMID: 34460314 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-041921-013023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative imaging instruments produce a large number of images of plankton and marine snow, acquired in a controlled manner, from which the visual characteristics of individual objects and their in situ concentrations can be computed. To exploit this wealth of information, machine learning is necessary to automate tasks such as taxonomic classification. Through a review of the literature, we highlight the progress of those machine classifiers and what they can and still cannot be trusted for. Several examples showcase how the combination of quantitative imaging with machine learning has brought insights on pelagic ecology. They also highlight what is still missing and how images could be exploited further through trait-based approaches. In the future, we suggest deeper interactions with the computer sciences community, the adoption of data standards, and the more systematic sharing of databases to build a global community of pelagic image providers and users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Olivier Irisson
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; , ,
| | - Sakina-Dorothée Ayata
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; , ,
| | - Dhugal J Lindsay
- Advanced Science-Technology Research (ASTER) Program, Institute for Extra-Cutting-Edge Science and Technology Avant-Garde Research (X-STAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0021, Japan;
| | - Lee Karp-Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA;
| | - Lars Stemmann
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; , ,
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11
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Hamann L, Blanke A. Suspension feeders: diversity, principles of particle separation and biomimetic potential. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210741. [PMID: 35078340 PMCID: PMC8790370 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspension feeders (SFs) evolved a high diversity of mechanisms, sometimes with remarkably convergent morphologies, to retain plankton, detritus and man-made particles with particle sizes ranging from less than 1 µm to several centimetres. Based on an extensive literature review, also including the physical and technical principles of solid-liquid separation, we developed a set of 18 ecological and technical parameters to review 35 taxa of suspension-feeding Metazoa covering the diversity of morphological and functional principles. This includes passive SFs, such as gorgonians or crinoids that use the ambient flow to encounter particles, and sponges, bivalves or baleen whales, which actively create a feeding current. Separation media can be flat or funnel-shaped, built externally such as the filter houses in larvaceans, or internally, like the pleated gills in bivalves. Most SFs feed in the intermediate flow region of Reynolds number 1-50 and have cleaning mechanisms that allow for continuous feeding. Comparison of structure-function patterns in SFs to current filtration technologies highlights potential solutions to common technical design challenges, such as mucus nets which increase particle adhesion in ascidians, vanes which reduce pressure losses in whale sharks and changing mesh sizes in the flamingo beak which allow quick adaptation to particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Hamann
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Blanke
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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12
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Yoerger DR, Govindarajan AF, Howland JC, Llopiz JK, Wiebe PH, Curran M, Fujii J, Gomez-Ibanez D, Katija K, Robison BH, Hobson BW, Risi M, Rock SM. A hybrid underwater robot for multidisciplinary investigation of the ocean twilight zone. Sci Robot 2021; 6:6/55/eabe1901. [PMID: 34135116 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abe1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mesobot, an autonomous underwater vehicle, addresses specific unmet needs for observing and sampling a variety of phenomena in the ocean's midwaters. The midwater hosts a vast biomass, has a role in regulating climate, and may soon be exploited commercially, yet our scientific understanding of it is incomplete. Mesobot has the ability to survey and track slow-moving animals and to correlate the animals' movements with critical environmental measurements. Mesobot will complement existing oceanographic assets such as towed, remotely operated, and autonomous vehicles; shipboard acoustic sensors; and net tows. Its potential to perform behavioral studies unobtrusively over long periods with substantial autonomy provides a capability that is not presently available to midwater researchers. The 250-kilogram marine robot can be teleoperated through a lightweight fiber optic tether and can also operate untethered with full autonomy while minimizing environmental disturbance. We present recent results illustrating the vehicle's ability to automatically track free-swimming hydromedusae (Solmissus sp.) and larvaceans (Bathochordaeus stygius) at depths of 200 meters in Monterey Bay, USA. In addition to these tracking missions, the vehicle can execute preprogrammed missions collecting image and sensor data while also carrying substantial auxiliary payloads such as cameras, sonars, and samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana R Yoerger
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | | | | | - Joel K Llopiz
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Peter H Wiebe
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Molly Curran
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Justin Fujii
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | - Kakani Katija
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Bruce H Robison
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Brett W Hobson
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Michael Risi
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Stephen M Rock
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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13
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Razghandi K, Janßen N, Le MLV, Stach T. The filter-house of the larvacean Oikopleura dioica. A complex extracellular architecture: From fiber production to rudimentary state to inflated house. J Morphol 2021; 282:1259-1273. [PMID: 34041785 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While cellulose is the most abundant macromolecule in the biosphere, most animals are unable to produce cellulose with the exception of tunicates. Some tunicates have evolved the ability to secrete a complex house containing cellulosic fibers, yet little is known about the early stages of the house building process. Here, we investigate the rudimentary house of Oikopleura dioica for the first time using complementary light and electron microscopic techniques. In addition, we digitally modeled the arrangement of chambers, nets, and filters of the functional, expanded house in three dimensions based on life-video-imaging. Combining 3D-reconstructions based on serial histological semithin-sections, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM, we were able to elucidate the arrangement of structural components, including cellulosic fibers, of the rudimentary house with a focus on the food concentration filter. We developed a model for the arrangement of folded structures in the house rudiment and show it is a precisely preformed structure with identifiable components intricately correlated with specific cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that structural details of the apical surfaces of Nasse cells provide the exact locations and shapes to produce the fibers of the house and interact among each other, with Giant Fol cells, and with the fibers to arrange them in the precise positions necessary for expansion of the house rudiment into the functional state. The presented data and hypotheses advance our knowledge about the interrelation of structure and function on different biological levels and prompt investigations into this astonishing biological object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Razghandi
- Biomaterials Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Matters of Activity. Image Space Material", Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Janßen
- Biomaterials Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mai-Lee Van Le
- Institut für Biologie, AG Vergleichende Zoologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Stach
- Institut für Biologie, AG Vergleichende Elektronenmikroskopie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Byron ML, Murphy DW, Katija K, Hoover AP, Daniels J, Garayev K, Takagi D, Kanso E, Gemmell BJ, Ruszczyk M, Santhanakrishnan A. Metachronal motion across scales: current challenges and future directions. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1674-1688. [PMID: 34048537 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachronal motion is used across a wide range of organisms for a diverse set of functions. However, despite its ubiquity, analysis of this behavior has been difficult to generalize across systems. Here we provide an overview of known commonalities and differences between systems that use metachrony to generate fluid flow. We also discuss strategies for standardizing terminology and defining future investigative directions that are analogous to other established subfields of biomechanics. Lastly, we outline key challenges that are common to many metachronal systems, opportunities that have arisen due to the advent of new technology (both experimental and computational), and next steps for community development and collaboration across the nascent network of metachronal researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W Murphy
- University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Kakani Katija
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | | | - Joost Daniels
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Kuvvat Garayev
- University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Daisuke Takagi
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822
| | - Eva Kanso
- University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, CA, 90007
| | | | - Melissa Ruszczyk
- Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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15
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Daniels J, Aoki N, Havassy J, Katija K, Osborn KJ. Metachronal Swimming with Flexible Legs: A Kinematics Analysis of the Midwater Polychaete Tomopteris. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1658-1673. [PMID: 33956943 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic animals have developed a wide array of adaptations specific to life underwater, many of which are related to moving in the water column. Different swimming methods have emerged, such as lift-based flapping, drag-based body undulations, and paddling. Patterns occur across scales and taxa, where animals with analogous body features use similar locomotory methods. Metachronal paddling is one such wide-spread propulsion mechanism, occurring in taxa as diverse as ctenophores, crustaceans, and polychaetes. Sequential movement of multiple, near identical appendages allows for steady swimming through phase-offsets between adjacent propulsors. The soft-bodied, holopelagic polychaete Tomopteris has two rows of segmental appendages (parapodia) positioned on opposite sides along its flexible body that move in a metachronal pattern. The outer one-third of their elongate parapodia consist of two paddle-like pinnules that can be spread or, when contracted, fold together to change the effective width of the appendage. Along with metachronal paddling, tomopterid bodies undulate laterally, and by using high speed video and numerical modeling, we seek to understand how these two behaviors combine to generate effective swimming. We collected animals using deep-diving remotely operated vehicles, and recorded video data in shore- and ship-based imaging laboratories. Kinematics were analyzed using landmark tracking of features in the video data. We determined that parapodia are actively moved to generate thrust and pinnules are actively spread and contracted to create differences in drag between power and recovery strokes. At the same time, the body wave increases the parapodium stroke angle and extends the parapodia into undisturbed water adjacent to the body, enhancing thrust. Based on kinematics measurements used as input to a 1 D numerical model of drag-based swimming, we found that spreading of the pinnules during the power stroke provides a significant contribution to propulsion, similar to the contribution provided by the body wave. We conclude that tomopterids combine two different propulsive modes, which are enabled by their flexible body plan. This makes their anatomy and kinematics of interest not only for biologists, but also for soft materials and robotics engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Daniels
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
| | - Nadège Aoki
- Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA
| | - Josh Havassy
- Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA
| | - Kakani Katija
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA.,Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA
| | - Karen J Osborn
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA.,Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA
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16
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Turko A. A mucous house built for feeding. J Exp Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.214544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Turko
- University of Windsor and McMaster University
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17
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Cerullo AR, Lai TY, Allam B, Baer A, Barnes WJP, Barrientos Z, Deheyn DD, Fudge DS, Gould J, Harrington MJ, Holford M, Hung CS, Jain G, Mayer G, Medina M, Monge-Nájera J, Napolitano T, Espinosa EP, Schmidt S, Thompson EM, Braunschweig AB. Comparative Animal Mucomics: Inspiration for Functional Materials from Ubiquitous and Understudied Biopolymers. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5377-5398. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R. Cerullo
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Tsoi Ying Lai
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, United States
| | - Alexander Baer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - W. Jon P. Barnes
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Zaidett Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Mercedes de Montes de Oca, San José 474-2050, Costa Rica
| | - Dimitri D. Deheyn
- Marine Biology Research Division-0202, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Douglas S. Fudge
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - John Gould
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Mandë Holford
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, United States
- The PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Chia-Suei Hung
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Julian Monge-Nájera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Mercedes de Montes de Oca, San José 474-2050, Costa Rica
| | - Tanya Napolitano
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, United States
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric M. Thompson
- Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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