1
|
Siday T, Hayes J, Schiegl F, Sandner F, Menden P, Bergbauer V, Zizlsperger M, Nerreter S, Lingl S, Repp J, Wilhelm J, Huber MA, Gerasimenko YA, Huber R. All-optical subcycle microscopy on atomic length scales. Nature 2024; 629:329-334. [PMID: 38720038 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Bringing optical microscopy to the shortest possible length and time scales has been a long-sought goal, connecting nanoscopic elementary dynamics with the macroscopic functionalities of condensed matter. Super-resolution microscopy has circumvented the far-field diffraction limit by harnessing optical nonlinearities1. By exploiting linear interaction with tip-confined evanescent light fields2, near-field microscopy3,4 has reached even higher resolution, prompting a vibrant research field by exploring the nanocosm in motion5-19. Yet the finite radius of the nanometre-sized tip apex has prevented access to atomic resolution20. Here we leverage extreme atomic nonlinearities within tip-confined evanescent fields to push all-optical microscopy to picometric spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution. On these scales, we discover an unprecedented and efficient non-classical near-field response, in phase with the vector potential of light and strictly confined to atomic dimensions. This ultrafast signal is characterized by an optical phase delay of approximately π/2 and facilitates direct monitoring of tunnelling dynamics. We showcase the power of our optical concept by imaging nanometre-sized defects hidden to atomic force microscopy and by subcycle sampling of current transients on a semiconducting van der Waals material. Our results facilitate access to quantum light-matter interaction and electronic dynamics at ultimately short spatio-temporal scales in both conductive and insulating quantum materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Siday
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Hayes
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - F Schiegl
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - F Sandner
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Menden
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - V Bergbauer
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Zizlsperger
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Nerreter
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Lingl
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Repp
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Wilhelm
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - M A Huber
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Y A Gerasimenko
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - R Huber
- Department of Physics and Regensburg Center for Ultrafast Nanoscopy (RUN), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cui Z, Xia S, Shen L, Zheng B, Chen H, Wu Y. Polariton Microfluidics for Nonreciprocal Dragging and Reconfigurable Shaping of Polaritons. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1360-1366. [PMID: 38252685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dielectric environment engineering is an efficient and general approach to manipulating polaritons. Liquids serving as the surrounding media of polaritons have been used to shift polariton dispersions and tailor polariton wavefronts. However, those liquid-based methods have so far been limited to their static states, not fully unleashing the promise offered by the mobility of liquids. Here, we propose a microfluidic strategy for polariton manipulation by merging polaritonics with microfluidics. The diffusion of fluids causes gradient refractive indices over microchannels, which breaks the symmetry of polariton dispersions and realizes the microfluidic analogue to nonreciprocal polariton dragging. Based on polariton microfluidics, we also designed a set of on-chip polaritonic elements to actively shape polaritons, including planar lenses, off-axis lenses, Janus lenses, bends, and splitters. Our strategy expands the toolkit for the manipulation of polaritons at the subwavelength scale and possesses potential in the fields of polariton biochemistry and molecular sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Sihao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Lian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wehmeier L, Liu M, Park S, Jang H, Basov DN, Homes CC, Carr GL. Ultrabroadband Terahertz Near-Field Nanospectroscopy with a HgCdTe Detector. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:4329-4339. [PMID: 38145170 PMCID: PMC10739990 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
While near-field infrared nanospectroscopy provides a powerful tool for nanoscale material characterization, broadband nanospectroscopy of elementary material excitations in the single-digit terahertz (THz) range remains relatively unexplored. Here, we study liquid-Helium-cooled photoconductive Hg1-XCdXTe (MCT) for use as a fast detector in near-field nanospectroscopy. Compared to the common T = 77 K operation, liquid-Helium cooling reduces the MCT detection threshold to ∼22 meV, improves the noise performance, and yields a response bandwidth exceeding 10 MHz. These improved detector properties have a profound impact on the near-field technique, enabling unprecedented broadband nanospectroscopy across a range of 5 to >50 THz (175 to >1750 cm-1, or <6 to 57 μm), i.e., covering what is commonly known as the "THz gap". Our approach has been implemented as a user program at the National Synchrotron Light Source II, Upton, USA, where we showcase ultrabroadband synchrotron nanospectroscopy of phonons in ZnSe (∼7.8 THz) and BaF2 (∼6.7 THz), as well as hyperbolic phonon polaritons in GeS (6-8 THz).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wehmeier
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory; Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University; Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Mengkun Liu
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory; Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University; Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Suji Park
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Houk Jang
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - D. N. Basov
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University; New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Christopher C. Homes
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory; Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - G. Lawrence Carr
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory; Upton, New York 11973, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeem M, Hayano A, Miyashita H, Nishimura M, Fukuroi K, Lin HI, Zhang L, Watanabe S. Defect Driven Opto-Critical Phases Tuned for All-Solar Utilization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305494. [PMID: 37516456 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Materials imbued with uniformly dispersed, photo-responsive nanoparticles are instrumental in sustainable energy and photonic applications. Conventional methods, however, constrain their all-solar response. An innovative alternative is proposed: submerged photo-synthesis of crystallites (SPsC). It is shown that strategic doping with copper and oxygen vacancies can induce opto-critical phases from the nonstoichiometric tungstic acids (WO3 ·H2 O). These opto-critical phases enable a dynamic equilibrium shift in lattice defect stabilization, facilitating an unprecedented a whole solar wavelength response. This response manifests as photothermal, photo-assisted water evaporation, and photo-electrochemical characteristics. Harnessing all-solar energy, this one-pot SPsC strategy may steer the design and development of advanced oxide materials, enhancing functionality across diverse application domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melbert Jeem
- Center for Advanced Research of Energy and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hayano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miyashita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mahiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kohei Fukuroi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hsueh-I Lin
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Center for Advanced Research of Energy and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Seiichi Watanabe
- Center for Advanced Research of Energy and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun R, Deng J, Wu X, Hao M, Ma K, Ma Y, Zhao C, Meng D, Ji X, Ding Y, Pang Y, Qian X, Yang R, Li G, Li Z, Dai L, Ying T, Zhao H, Du S, Li G, Jin S, Chen X. High anisotropy in electrical and thermal conductivity through the design of aerogel-like superlattice (NaOH) 0.5NbSe 2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6689. [PMID: 37865633 PMCID: PMC10590432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Interlayer decoupling plays an essential role in realizing unprecedented properties in atomically thin materials, but it remains relatively unexplored in the bulk. It is unclear how to realize a large crystal that behaves as its monolayer counterpart by artificial manipulation. Here, we construct a superlattice consisting of alternating layers of NbSe2 and highly porous hydroxide, as a proof of principle for realizing interlayer decoupling in bulk materials. In (NaOH)0.5NbSe2, the electric decoupling is manifested by an ideal 1D insulating state along the interlayer direction. Vibration decoupling is demonstrated through the absence of interlayer models in the Raman spectrum, dominant local modes in heat capacity, low interlayer coupling energy and out-of-plane thermal conductivity (0.28 W/mK at RT) that are reduced to a few percent of NbSe2's. Consequently, a drastic enhancement of CDW transition temperature (>110 K) and Pauling-breaking 2D superconductivity is observed, suggesting that the bulk crystal behaves similarly to an exfoliated NbSe2 monolayer. Our findings provide a route to achieve intrinsic 2D properties on a large-scale without exfoliation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Sun
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing (CUGB), 100083, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Deng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Munan Hao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Changchun Zhao
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing (CUGB), 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Dezhong Meng
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing (CUGB), 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, 110136, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiyang Ding
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yu Pang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Qian
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Ronggui Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilin Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Dai
- Cavendish Laboratory, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Tianping Ying
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Huaizhou Zhao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Shifeng Jin
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, 523808, Dongguan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen X, Xu S, Shabani S, Zhao Y, Fu M, Millis AJ, Fogler MM, Pasupathy AN, Liu M, Basov DN. Machine Learning for Optical Scanning Probe Nanoscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2109171. [PMID: 36333118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform nanometer-scale optical imaging and spectroscopy is key to deciphering the low-energy effects in quantum materials, as well as vibrational fingerprints in planetary and extraterrestrial particles, catalytic substances, and aqueous biological samples. These tasks can be accomplished by the scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) technique that has recently spread to many research fields and enabled notable discoveries. Herein, it is shown that the s-SNOM, together with scanning probe research in general, can benefit in many ways from artificial-intelligence (AI) and machine-learning (ML) algorithms. Augmented with AI- and ML-enhanced data acquisition and analysis, scanning probe optical nanoscopy is poised to become more efficient, accurate, and intelligent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Suheng Xu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sara Shabani
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yueqi Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
| | - Matthew Fu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
| | - Abhay N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Papaj M, Lewandowski C. Probing correlated states with plasmons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3262. [PMID: 37126543 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of strongly correlated states in flat-band materials (such as moiré heterostructures) is at the forefront of both experimental and theoretical pursuits. While magnetotransport, scanning probe, and optical techniques are often very successful in investigating the properties of the underlying order, the exact nature of the ground state often remains unknown. Here, we propose to leverage strong light-matter coupling present in the flat-band systems to gain insight through dynamical dielectric response into the structure of the many-body ground state. We argue that because of the enlargement of the effective lattice of the system arising from correlations, conventional long-range plasmon becomes "folded" to yield a multiband plasmon spectrum. We detail several mechanisms through which the structure of the plasmon spectrum and that of the dynamical dielectric response is susceptible to the underlying order, revealing valued insights such as the interaction-driven band gaps, spin-structure, and the order periodicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Papaj
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cyprian Lewandowski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo X, Lyu W, Chen T, Luo Y, Wu C, Yang B, Sun Z, García de Abajo FJ, Yang X, Dai Q. Polaritons in Van der Waals Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2201856. [PMID: 36121344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
2D monolayers supporting a wide variety of highly confined plasmons, phonon polaritons, and exciton polaritons can be vertically stacked in van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) with controlled constituent layers, stacking sequence, and even twist angles. vdWHs combine advantages of 2D material polaritons, rich optical structure design, and atomic scale integration, which have greatly extended the performance and functions of polaritons, such as wide frequency range, long lifetime, ultrafast all-optical modulation, and photonic crystals for nanoscale light. Here, the state of the art of 2D material polaritons in vdWHs from the perspective of design principles and potential applications is reviewed. Some fundamental properties of polaritons in vdWHs are initially discussed, followed by recent discoveries of plasmons, phonon polaritons, exciton polaritons, and their hybrid modes in vdWHs. The review concludes with a perspective discussion on potential applications of these polaritons such as nanophotonic integrated circuits, which will benefit from the intersection between nanophotonics and materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tinghan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering and QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rappoport TG, Morgado TA, Lannebère S, Silveirinha MG. Engineering Transistorlike Optical Gain in Two-Dimensional Materials with Berry Curvature Dipoles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:076901. [PMID: 36867823 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.076901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transistors are key elements of electronic circuits as they enable, for example, the isolation or amplification of voltage signals. While conventional transistors are point-type (lumped-element) devices, it may be interesting to realize a distributed transistor-type optical response in a bulk material. Here, we show that low-symmetry two-dimensional metallic systems may be the ideal solution to implement such a distributed-transistor response. To this end, we use the semiclassical Boltzmann equation approach to characterize the optical conductivity of a two-dimensional material under a static electric bias. Similar to the nonlinear Hall effect, the linear electro-optic (EO) response depends on the Berry curvature dipole and can lead to nonreciprocal optical interactions. Most interestingly, our analysis uncovers a novel non-Hermitian linear EO effect that can lead to optical gain and to a distributed transistor response. We study a possible realization based on strained bilayer graphene. Our analysis reveals that the optical gain for incident light transmitted through the biased system depends on the light polarization, and can be quite large, especially for multilayer configurations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana G Rappoport
- University of Lisbon and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, Lisboa, 1049-001 Portugal
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68528, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Tiago A Morgado
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sylvain Lannebère
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário G Silveirinha
- University of Lisbon and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, Lisboa, 1049-001 Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paul NK, Gomez-Diaz JS. Tunable optical traps over nonreciprocal surfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:46344-46356. [PMID: 36558591 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose engineering optical traps over plasmonic surfaces and precisely controlling the trap position with an external bias by inducing in-plane nonreciprocity on the surface. The platform employs an incident Gaussian beam to polarize targeted nanoparticles, and exploits the interplay between nonreciprocal and spin-orbit lateral recoil forces to construct stable optical traps and manipulate their position within the surface. To model this process, we develop a theoretical framework based on the Lorentz force combined with nonreciprocal Green's functions and apply it to calculate the trapping potential. Rooted on this formalism, we explore the exciting possibilities offered by graphene to engineer stable optical traps using low-power laser beams in the mid-IR and to manipulate the trap position in a continuous manner by applying a longitudinal drift bias. Nonreciprocal metasurfaces may open new possibilities to trap, assemble and manipulate nanoparticles and overcome many challenges faced by conventional optical tweezers while dealing with nanoscale objects.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li J, Zhang Z, Xu G, Sun H, Dai L, Li T, Qiu CW. Tunable Rectification of Diffusion-Wave Fields by Spatiotemporal Metamaterials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:256601. [PMID: 36608240 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.256601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion process is the basis of many branches of science and engineering, and generally obeys reciprocity between two ports of a linear time-invariant medium. Recent research on classical wave dynamics has explored the spatiotemporal modulation to exhibit preferred directions in photons and plasmons. Here we report a distinct rectification effect on diffusion-wave fields by modulating the conductivity and observe nonreciprocal transport of charges. We experimentally create a spatiotemporal diffusion metamaterial, in which a mode transition to zero frequency is realized. A direct current component thereby emerges, showcasing a biased effect on the charge diffusion when the incident fundamental frequency is a multiple of the system modulation frequency. These results may find applications spanning a plethora of diffusive fields in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhanxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lizhou Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Surface plasmons, which allow tight confinement of light, suffer from high intrinsic electronic losses. It has been shown that stimulated emission from excited electrons can transfer energy to plasmons and compensate for the high intrinsic losses. To-date, these realizations have relied on introducing an external gain media coupled to the surface plasmon. Here, we propose that plasmons in two-dimensional materials with closely located electron and hole Fermi pockets can be amplified, when an electrical current bias is applied along the displaced electron-hole pockets, without the need for an external gain media. As a prototypical example, we consider WTe2 from the family of 1T[Formula: see text]-MX2 materials, whose electronic structure can be described within a type-II tilted massive Dirac model. We find that the nonlocal plasmonic response experiences prominent gain for experimentally accessible currents on the order of mAμm-1. Furthermore, the group velocity of the plasmon found from the isofrequency curves imply that the amplified plasmons are highly collimated along a direction perpendicular to the Dirac node tilt when the electrical current is applied along it.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shi K, Chen Z, Xing Y, Yang J, Xu X, Evans JS, He S. Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Modulation with an Ultrahigh Dynamic Range through Mode Mismatching. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7753-7760. [PMID: 36162118 PMCID: PMC9562469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Modulating near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) with a high dynamic range is challenging in nanoscale thermal science and engineering. Modulation depths [(maximum value - minimum value)/(maximum value + minimum value) × 100%] of ≈2% to ≈15.7% have been reported with matched modes, but breaking the constraint of mode matching theoretically allows for higher modulation depth. We demonstrate a modulation depth of ≈32.2% by a pair of graphene-covered SU8 heterostructures at a gap distance of ≈80 nm. Dissimilar Fermi levels tuned by bias voltages enable mismatched surface plasmon polaritons which improves the modulation. The modulation depth when switching from a matched mode to a mismatched mode is ≈4.4-fold compared to that when switching between matched modes. This work shows the importance of symmetry in polariton-mediated NFRHT and represents the largest modulation depth to date in a two-body system with fixed gap distance and temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kezhang Shi
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research
Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of
Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Xing
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research
Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shanghai
Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of
Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinan Xu
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research
Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Julian S. Evans
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research
Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research
Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shanghai
Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department
of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm S-100 44, Sweden
- Email.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu H, Chen N, Teng H, Yu R, Qu Y, Sun J, Xue M, Hu D, Wu B, Li C, Chen J, Liu M, Sun Z, Liu Y, Li P, Fan S, García de Abajo FJ, Dai Q. Doping-driven topological polaritons in graphene/α-MoO 3 heterostructures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:940-946. [PMID: 35982316 PMCID: PMC9477736 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Control over charge carrier density provides an efficient way to trigger phase transitions and modulate the optoelectronic properties of materials. This approach can also be used to induce topological transitions in the optical response of photonic systems. Here we report a topological transition in the isofrequency dispersion contours of hybrid polaritons supported by a two-dimensional heterostructure consisting of graphene and α-phase molybdenum trioxide. By chemically changing the doping level of graphene, we observed that the topology of polariton isofrequency surfaces transforms from open to closed shapes as a result of doping-dependent polariton hybridization. Moreover, when the substrate was changed, the dispersion contour became dominated by flat profiles at the topological transition, thus supporting tunable diffractionless polariton propagation and providing local control over the optical contour topology. We achieved subwavelength focusing of polaritons down to 4.8% of the free-space light wavelength by using a 1.5-μm-wide silica substrate as an in-plane lens. Our findings could lead to on-chip applications in nanoimaging, optical sensing and manipulation of energy transfer at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Grants
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFB2205701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51902065, 52172139, 51925203, U2032206, 52072083, and 51972072)
- Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2202062), and Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB36000000, XDB30000000).
- Z.P.S. acknowledges the Academy of Finland (Grant Nos. 314810, 333982, 336144, and 336818), The Business Finland (ALDEL), the Academy of Finland Flagship Programme (320167, PREIN), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (820423, S2QUIP; 965124, FEMTOCHIP), the EU H2020-MSCA-RISE-872049 (IPN-Bio), and the ERC (834742).
- P.N.L acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grantno.62075070)
- S.F. acknowledges the support of the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-07ER46426.
- F.J.G.A. acknowledges the ERC (Advanced Grant 789104-eNANO), the Spanish MINECO (SEV2015-0522), and the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchao Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Renwen Yu
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Yunpeng Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhe Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengfei Xue
- The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Debo Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Chen
- The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peining Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain.
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu L, Xu G, Huang J, Qiu CW. Diffusive Fizeau Drag in Spatiotemporal Thermal Metamaterials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:145901. [PMID: 35476493 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.145901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fizeau drag means that the speed of light can be regulated by the flow of water, owing to the momentum interaction between photons and moving media. However, the dragging of heat is intrinsically elusive, due to the absence of momentum in thermal diffusion. Here, we design a spatiotemporal thermal metamaterial based on heat transfer in porous media to demonstrate the diffusive analog to Fizeau drag. The space-related inhomogeneity and time-related advection enable the diffusive Fizeau drag effect. Thanks to the spatiotemporal coupling, different propagating speeds of temperature fields can be observed in two opposite directions, thus facilitating nonreciprocal thermal profiles. The phenomenon of diffusive Fizeau drag stands robustly even when the direction of advection is perpendicular to the propagation of temperature fields. These results could pave an unexpected way toward realizing the nonreciprocal and directional transport of mass and energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luo W, Jiang X, Fan J, Zhang N, Cai W, Xu J. Phase-shift-mediated sensitive detection of propagating ultra-confined graphene plasmons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:1228-1234. [PMID: 35209287 DOI: 10.1364/oe.444855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ultra-confined plasmon field supported by graphene provides an ideal platform for enhanced light-matter interactions and studies of fundamental physical phenomena. On the other hand, the intrinsic ultra-short plasmon wavelength obstructs in-plane detectability of plasmon behaviors, like wavelength variations induced by biomolecule or dragging current. The detection of plasmon wavefront and its spatial shift relies on scattering-type scanning near-field microscopy with a spatial resolution of 20 nm. Here we propose a configuration which can efficiently separate ultra-confined plasmon region from detection region, guaranteeing both field confinement and in-plane sensitive detection of wavelength variations. As an example, the application in detecting Fizeau drag effect is demonstrated. Our study can be applied for detecting strong light-matter interactions, including fundamental physical studies and biosensing applications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lannebère S, Fernandes DE, Morgado TA, Silveirinha MG. Nonreciprocal and Non-Hermitian Material Response Inspired by Semiconductor Transistors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:013902. [PMID: 35061473 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.013902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, inspired by the operation of conventional semiconductor transistors, we introduce a novel class of bulk materials with nonreciprocal and non-Hermitian electromagnetic response. Our analysis shows that material nonlinearities combined with a static electric bias may lead to a linearized permittivity tensor that lacks the Hermitian and transpose symmetries. Remarkably, the material can either dissipate or generate energy, depending on the relative phase of the electric field components. We introduce a simple design for an electromagnetic isolator based on an idealized "MOSFET-metamaterial" and show that its performance can in principle surpass conventional Faraday isolators due to the material gain. Furthermore, it is suggested that analogous material responses may be engineered in natural media in nonequilibrium situations. Our solution determines an entirely novel paradigm to break the electromagnetic reciprocity in a bulk nonlinear material using a static electric bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Lannebère
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David E Fernandes
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago A Morgado
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário G Silveirinha
- University of Lisbon-Instituto Superior Técnico and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Department of Electrical Engineering, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tang G, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Chen J, Chan CT. Near-Field Energy Transfer between Graphene and Magneto-Optic Media. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:247401. [PMID: 34951812 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.247401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We consider the near-field radiative energy transfer between two separated parallel plates: graphene supported by a substrate and a magneto-optic medium. We first study the scenario in which the two plates have the same temperature. An electric current through the graphene gives rise to nonequilibrium fluctuations and induces energy transfer. Both the magnitude and direction of the energy flux can be controlled by the electric current and an in-plane magnetic field in the magneto-optic medium. This is due to the interplay between the nonreciprocal photon occupation number in the graphene and nonreciprocal surface modes in the magneto-optic plate. Furthermore, we report that a tunable thermoelectric current can be generated in the graphene in the presence of a temperature difference between the two plates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaomin Tang
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Thermophysics, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - C T Chan
- Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu S, McLeod AS, Chen X, Rizzo DJ, Jessen BS, Yao Z, Wang Z, Sun Z, Shabani S, Pasupathy AN, Millis AJ, Dean CR, Hone JC, Liu M, Basov DN. Deep Learning Analysis of Polaritonic Wave Images. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18182-18191. [PMID: 34714043 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning (DL) is an emerging analysis tool across the sciences and engineering. Encouraged by the successes of DL in revealing quantitative trends in massive imaging data, we applied this approach to nanoscale deeply subdiffractional images of propagating polaritonic waves in complex materials. Utilizing the convolutional neural network (CNN), we developed a practical protocol for the rapid regression of images that quantifies the wavelength and the quality factor of polaritonic waves. Using simulated near-field images as training data, the CNN can be made to simultaneously extract polaritonic characteristics and material parameters in a time scale that is at least 3 orders of magnitude faster than common fitting/processing procedures. The CNN-based analysis was validated by examining the experimental near-field images of charge-transfer plasmon polaritons at graphene/α-RuCl3 interfaces. Our work provides a general framework for extracting quantitative information from images generated with a variety of scanning probe methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suheng Xu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alexander S McLeod
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Daniel J Rizzo
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Bjarke S Jessen
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ziheng Yao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Zhicai Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sara Shabani
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Abhay N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim G, Lee M. Suppressed Transmission of Long-Range Surface Plasmon Polariton by TE-Induced Edge Plasmon. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101198. [PMID: 34683249 PMCID: PMC8538496 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Work on controlling the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) through the use of external stimuli has attracted much attention due to the potential use of SPPs in nanoplasmonic integrated circuits. We report that the excitation of edge plasmon by TE-polarized light passing across gapped-SPP waveguides (G-SPPWs) leads to the suppressed transmission of long-range SPPs (LRSPPs) propagating along G-SPPWs. The induced current density by highly confined edge plasmon is numerically investigated to characterize the extended radiation length of decoupled LRSPPs by the TE-induced edge plasmon. The suppressed transmission of LRSPPs is confirmed using the measured extinction ratio of the plasmonic signals which are generated from the modulated optical signals, when compared to the extended radiation length calculated for a wide range of the input power. It is also shown that LRSPP transmission is sensitive to the excited power of edge plasmon in the gap through the permittivity change near the gap. Such a control of SPPs through the use of light could be boosted by the hybridized edge plasmon mode and a huge field enhancement using nanogap, gratings or metasurfaces, and could provide opportunities for ultrafast nano-plasmonic signal generation that is compatible with pervasive optical communication systems.
Collapse
|
21
|
|