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Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhao S, Song J, Yao W, Wang W, Zou Z, Yang M. Melting and Rapid Solidification of Lunar Regolith Particles Returned by Chang'E-5 Mission. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0486. [PMID: 39315053 PMCID: PMC11417502 DOI: 10.34133/research.0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Melting and solidification of lunar regolith are pivotal for comprehending the evolutionary dynamics of lunar volcanism, geology, and impact history. Additionally, insights gained from these processes can contribute to the advancement of in situ resource utilization technologies, for instance additive manufacturing and resource extraction systems. Herein, we conduct the direct observation of the melting and rapid solidification of lunar particles returned by the Chang'E 5 mission. The melting temperature and melting sequence were obtained. Bubble generation, growth, and release were clearly observed, with a maximum bubble diameter of 5 µm, which is supposed to be according to the release of volatiles that embedded in the particles. During the solidification process, evident crystallization occurred with incremental crystal growth rate approximately of 27 nm/s. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy results verified that the Fe-rich mineral crystalizes first. These results would improve the understanding of the evolution of lunar volcanism, geology, and impact history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shaofan Zhao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jian Song
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
- Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengfei Yang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology,
China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
- China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100094, China
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Yue Z, Gou S, Sun S, Yang W, Chen Y, Wang Y, Lin H, Di K, Lin Y, Li X, Wu F. Geological context of the Chang'e-6 landing area and implications for sample analysis. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100663. [PMID: 39071219 PMCID: PMC11283046 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on returned samples can provide ground truth for the study of the geological evolution history of the Moon. However, previous missions all collected samples from the near side of the Moon, which is significantly different from the far side of the Moon in terms of the thickness of the lunar crust, magma activity, and composition. Therefore, the samples from the far side of the Moon are of great significance for a comprehensive understanding of the history of the Moon. China's Chang'e-6 (CE-6) probe has successfully landed on the lunar far side and will return samples in the coming days. With the precise location of the CE-6 landing site, a detailed analysis of the geological background is conducted in this research. The landing site of CE-6 is within the Apollo crater, which is inside the largest impact basin on the Moon, i.e., the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin. According to the numerical simulation of the formation process of the SPA basin, CE-6 landed at the edge of the SPA impact melting zone, which is presumably composed of impact melt of the lunar mantle. The Apollo crater subsequently excavated deep material again, which constitutes the basement of the CE-6 landing area. Later, erupted basalt covered these basement rocks, and they also constitute the main source of the CE-6 samples. Based on the dating method of crater size-frequency distribution, we find that the basalt is ∼2.50 Ga. The CE-6 samples also possibly contain basement rocks as excavated and ejected by craters, and they can provide crucial information for our understanding of lunar geological history along with the basalt samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sheng Gou
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yexin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Honglei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaichang Di
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yangting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fuyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Chen X, Yang S, Chen G, Xu W, Song L, Li A, Yin H, Xia W, Gao M, Li M, Wu H, Cui J, Zhang L, Miao L, Shui X, Xie W, Ke P, Huang Y, Sun J, Yao B, Ji M, Xiang M, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Yao W, Zou Z, Yang M, Wang W, Huo J, Wang JQ, Bai H. Massive water production from lunar ilmenite through reaction with endogenous hydrogen. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100690. [PMID: 39301119 PMCID: PMC11411434 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Finding water resources is a crucial objective of lunar missions. However, both hydroxyl (OH) and natural water (H2O) have been reported to be scarce on the Moon. We propose a potential method for obtaining water on the Moon through H2O formation via endogenous reactions in lunar regolith (LR), specifically through the reaction FeO/Fe2O3 + H → Fe + H2O. This process is demonstrated using LR samples brought back by the Chang'E-5 mission. FeO and Fe2O3 are lunar minerals containing Fe oxides. Hydrogen (H) retained in lunar minerals from the solar wind can be used to produce water. The results of this study reveal that 51-76 mg of H2O can be generated from 1 g of LR after melting at temperatures above 1,200 K. This amount is ∼10,000 times the naturally occurring OH and H2O on the Moon. Among the five primary minerals in LR returned by the Chang'E-5 mission, FeTiO3 ilmenite contains the highest amount of H, owing to its unique lattice structure with sub-nanometer tunnels. For the first time, in situ heating experiments using a transmission electron microscope reveal the concurrent formation of Fe crystals and H2O bubbles. Electron irradiation promotes the endogenous redox reaction, which is helpful for understanding the distribution of OH on the Moon. Our findings suggest that the hydrogen retained in LR is a significant resource for obtaining H2O on the Moon, which is helpful for establishing a scientific research station on the Moon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoxin Chen
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Lijian Song
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Ao Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hangboce Yin
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Weixing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Ming Li
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Haichen Wu
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Junfeng Cui
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Lijing Miao
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shui
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Weiping Xie
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Peiling Ke
- Center of Test and Analysis, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yongjiang Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bingnan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Min Ji
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Mingliang Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaofan Zhao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengfei Yang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523830, China
| | - Juntao Huo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyang Bai
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wang BW, Zhang QWL, Chen Y, Zhao W, Liu Y, Tang GQ, Ma HX, Su B, Hui H, Delano JW, Wu FY, Li XH, He Y, Li QL. Returned samples indicate volcanism on the Moon 120 million years ago. Science 2024; 385:1077-1080. [PMID: 39236185 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk6635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
There is extensive geologic evidence of ancient volcanic activity on the Moon, but it is unclear how long that volcanism persisted. Magma fountains produce volcanic glasses, which have previously been found in samples of the Moon's surface. We investigated ~3000 glass beads in lunar soil samples collected by the Chang'e-5 mission and identified three as having a volcanic origin on the basis of their textures, chemical compositions, and sulfur isotopes. Uranium-lead dating of the three volcanic glass beads shows that they formed 123 ± 15 million years ago. We measured high abundances of rare earth elements and thorium in these volcanic glass beads, which could indicate that such recent volcanism was related to local enrichment of heat-generating elements in the mantle sources of the magma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian W L Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong-Xia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hejiu Hui
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - John W Delano
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Fu-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyang He
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiu-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Lin Y, Yang W, Zhang H, Hui H, Hu S, Xiao L, Liu J, Xiao Z, Yue Z, Zhang J, Liu Y, Yang J, Lin H, Zhang A, Guo D, Gou S, Xu L, He Y, Zhang X, Qin L, Ling Z, Li X, Du A, He H, Zhang P, Cao J, Li X. Return to the Moon: New perspectives on lunar exploration. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:2136-2148. [PMID: 38777682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Lunar exploration is deemed crucial for uncovering the origins of the Earth-Moon system and is the first step for advancing humanity's exploration of deep space. Over the past decade, the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP), also known as the Chang'e (CE) Project, has achieved remarkable milestones. It has successfully developed and demonstrated the engineering capability required to reach and return from the lunar surface. Notably, the CE Project has made historic firsts with the landing and on-site exploration of the far side of the Moon, along with the collection of the youngest volcanic samples from the Procellarum KREEP Terrane. These achievements have significantly enhanced our understanding of lunar evolution. Building on this success, China has proposed an ambitious crewed lunar exploration strategy, aiming to return to the Moon for scientific exploration and utilization. This plan encompasses two primary phases: the first crewed lunar landing and exploration, followed by a thousand-kilometer scale scientific expedition to construct a geological cross-section across the lunar surface. Recognizing the limitations of current lunar exploration efforts and China's engineering and technical capabilities, this paper explores the benefits of crewed lunar exploration while leveraging synergies with robotic exploration. The study refines fundamental lunar scientific questions that could lead to significant breakthroughs, considering the respective engineering and technological requirements. This research lays a crucial foundation for defining the objectives of future lunar exploration, emphasizing the importance of crewed missions and offering insights into potential advancements in lunar science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hejiu Hui
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Long Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Zongyu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Honglei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Aicheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research and School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dijun Guo
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sheng Gou
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lin Xu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuyang He
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianguo Zhang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liping Qin
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory / CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zongcheng Ling
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiongyao Li
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Aimin Du
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huaiyu He
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jinbin Cao
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Zheng X, Zhao C, Sun X, Dong W. Lunar Regolith Geopolymer Concrete for In-Situ Construction of Lunar Bases: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1582. [PMID: 38891528 PMCID: PMC11174982 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction of lunar bases represents a fundamental challenge for deep space exploration, lunar research, and the exploitation of lunar resources. In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) technology constitutes a pivotal tool for constructing lunar bases. Using lunar regolith to create geopolymers as construction materials offers multiple advantages as an ISRU technique. This paper discusses the principle of geopolymer for lunar regolith, focusing on the reaction principle of geopolymer. It also analyzes the applicability of geopolymer under the effects of the lunar surface environment and the differences between the highland and mare lunar regolith. This paper summarizes the characteristics of existing lunar regolith simulants and the research on the mechanical properties of lunar regolith geopolymers using lunar regolith simulants. Highland lunar regolith samples contain approximately 36% amorphous substances, the content of silicon is approximately 28%, and the ratios of Si/Al and Si/Ca are approximately 1.5 and 2.6, respectively. They are more suitable as precursor materials for geopolymers than mare samples. The compressive strength of lunar regolith geopolymer is mainly in the range of 18~30 MPa. Sodium silicate is the most commonly utilized activator for lunar regolith geopolymers; alkalinity in the range of 7% to 10% and modulus in the range of 0.8 to 2.0 are suitable. A vacuum environment and multiple temperature cycles reduce the mechanical properties of geopolymers by 8% to 70%. Future research should be concentrated on the precision control of the lunar regolith's chemical properties and the alkali activation efficacy of geopolymers in the lunar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zheng
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cong Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of New Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Weiwei Dong
- Centre for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310063, China
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7
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Xu JY, Li QL, Lu K, Li XH. Chang'e-5 basalt-like non-KREEP young lunar meteorite. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:601-605. [PMID: 38171964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Ministry of Education), School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qiu-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Liu X, Gu L, Tian HC, Li J, Tang X, Hu S, Lin Y. First classification of iron meteorite fragment preserved in Chang'e-5 lunar soils. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:554-561. [PMID: 38158289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lunar soil preserves numerous fragments of meteorites impacting on the Moon, providing a unique opportunity to investigate the distribution of the types of projectiles over billions of years. Here we report the first discovery of an iron meteorite fragment from the Chang'e-5 lunar soil, which consists mainly of martensite (quenched from taenite), kamacite, and schreibersite, with a trace of pentlandite. The meteorite fragment is Ni- and P-rich, S-poor, and based on its mineral chemistry and bulk composition, can be classified into the IID-group, a rare and carbonaceous group of iron meteorite originating in the outer Solar System. This meteorite fragment experienced only limited partial melting followed by fast cooling, suggestive of efficient preservation of intact remnants of iron meteorites impacting on the porous lunar regolith. Alternatively, it is a relic of a low-velocity impact of submillimeter-sized metal grains originated from an IID-like iron meteorite. Our observations demonstrate that it is feasible to achieve the type distribution of meteorites impacting on the Moon via systematically analyzing a large number of metal grains separated from lunar soils, thus shedding light on the dynamic evolution of the Solar System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Heng-Ci Tian
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yangting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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9
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Wang C, Jia Y, Xue C, Lin Y, Liu J, Fu X, Xu L, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Gao R, Wei Y, Tang Y, Yu D, Zou Y. Scientific objectives and payload configuration of the Chang'E-7 mission. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad329. [PMID: 38384740 PMCID: PMC10880881 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As the cornerstone mission of the fourth phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, Chang'E-7 (CE-7) was officially approved, and implementation started in 2022, including a main probe and a communication relay satellite. The main probe, consisting of an orbiter, a lander, a rover and a mini-flying probe, is scheduled to be launched in 2026. The lander will land on Shackleton crater's illuminated rim near the lunar south pole, along with the rover and mini-flying probe. The relay satellite (named Queqiao-2) will be launched in February 2024 as an independent mission to support relay communication during scientific exploration undertaken by Chang'E-4, the upcoming Chang'E-6 in 2024 and subsequent lunar missions. The CE-7 mission is mainly aimed at scientific and resource exploration of the lunar south pole. We present CE-7's scientific objectives, the scientific payloads configuration and the main functions for each scientific payload with its key technical specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yingzhuo Jia
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Changbin Xue
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yangting Lin
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Xiaohui Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lin Xu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yun Huang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuhua Tang
- Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dengyun Yu
- China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yongliao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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10
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Zhao R, Shen L, Xiao D, Chang C, Huang Y, Yu J, Zhang H, Liu M, Zhao S, Yao W, Lu Z, Sun B, Bai H, Zou Z, Yang M, Wang W. Diverse glasses revealed from Chang'E-5 lunar regolith. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad079. [PMID: 37954203 PMCID: PMC10632798 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lunar glasses with different origins act as snapshots of their formation processes, providing a rich archive of the Moon's formation and evolution. Here, we reveal diverse glasses from Chang'E-5 (CE-5) lunar regolith, and clarify their physical origins of liquid quenching, vapor deposition and irradiation damage respectively. The series of quenched glasses, including rotation-featured particles, vesicular agglutinates and adhered melts, record multiple-scale impact events. Abundant micro-impact products, like micron- to nano-scale glass droplets or craters, highlight that the regolith is heavily reworked by frequent micrometeorite bombardment. Distinct from Apollo samples, the indigenous ultra-elongated glass fibers drawn from viscous melts and the widespread ultra-thin deposited amorphous rims without nanophase iron particles both indicate a relatively gentle impact environment at the CE-5 landing site. The clarification of multitype CE-5 glasses also provides a catalogue of diverse lunar glasses, meaning that more of the Moon's mysteries, recorded in glasses, could be deciphered in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laiquan Shen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dongdong Xiao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Chang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jihao Yu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huaping Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shaofan Zhao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baoan Sun
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Haiyang Bai
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengfei Yang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
- China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
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11
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Li Y, Wang Z, Zhang W, Zhou L, Zong K, Feng L, Li J, He Q, She Z, Wu X, Hu Z, Xiao L, Wu Y, Liu Y. Rb-Sr isotopes record complex thermal modification of Chang'e-5 lunar soils. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2724-2728. [PMID: 37852824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zaicong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Lian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Keqing Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lanping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qi He
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhenbing She
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhaochu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Long Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuanbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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12
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Yang C, Zhang X, Bruzzone L, Liu B, Liu D, Ren X, Benediktsson JA, Liang Y, Yang B, Yin M, Zhao H, Guan R, Li C, Ouyang Z. Comprehensive mapping of lunar surface chemistry by adding Chang'e-5 samples with deep learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7554. [PMID: 37985761 PMCID: PMC10661975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lunar surface chemistry is essential for revealing petrological characteristics to understand the evolution of the Moon. Existing chemistry mapping from Apollo and Luna returned samples could only calibrate chemical features before 3.0 Gyr, missing the critical late period of the Moon. Here we present major oxides chemistry maps by adding distinctive 2.0 Gyr Chang'e-5 lunar soil samples in combination with a deep learning-based inversion model. The inferred chemical contents are more precise than the Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) maps and are closest to returned samples abundances compared to existing literature. The verification of in situ measurement data acquired by Chang'e 3 and Chang'e 4 lunar rover demonstrated that Chang'e-5 samples are indispensable ground truth in mapping lunar surface chemistry. From these maps, young mare basalt units are determined which can be potential sites in future sample return mission to constrain the late lunar magmatic and thermal history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lorenzo Bruzzone
- Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jon Atli Benediktsson
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iceland, 102, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Yanchun Liang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minghao Yin
- College of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Haishi Zhao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Renchu Guan
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chunlai Li
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ziyuan Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
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13
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Su B, Zhang D, Chen Y, Yang W, Mao Q, Li XH, Wu FY. Low Ni and Co olivine in Chang'E-5 basalts reveals the origin of the young volcanism on the Moon. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1918-1927. [PMID: 37487790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Mare basalts returned by the Chang'E-5 (CE5) mission extend the duration of lunar volcanism almost one billion years longer than previously dated. Recent studies demonstrated that the young volcanism was related neither to radiogenic heating nor to hydrous melting. These findings beg the question of how the young lunar volcanism happened. Here we perform high-precision minor element analyses of olivine in the CE5 basalts, focusing on Ni and Co. Our results reveal that the CE5 basalt olivines have overall lower Ni and Co than those in the Apollo low-Ti basalts. The distinctive olivine chemistry with recently reported bulk-rock chemistry carries evidence for more late-stage clinopyroxene-ilmenite cumulates of the lunar magma ocean (LMO) in the CE5 mantle source. The involvement of these Fe-rich cumulates could lower the mantle melting temperature and produce low MgO magma, inhibiting Ni and Co partitioning into the magma during lunar mantle melting and forming low Ni and Co olivines for the CE5 basalts. Moreover, the CE5 olivines show a continuous decrease of Ni and Co with crystallization proceeding. Fractional crystallization modeling indicates that Co decreasing with crystallization resulted from CaO and TiO2 enrichment (with MgO and SiO2 depletion) in the CE5 primary magma. This further supports the significant contribution of late-stage LMO cumulates to the CE5 volcanic formation. We suggest that adding easily melted LMO components resulting in mantle melting point depression is a key pathway for driving prolonged lunar volcanism. This study highlights the usefulness of olivine for investigating magmatic processes on the Moon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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14
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Wang Z, Tian W, Wang WR, Ma B, Liu PP, Pei J, Chen Z, Wu J, Wei C. Crystallization kinetics of a fastest-cooling young mare basalt of Chang'E-5. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1621-1624. [PMID: 37453826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wang
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wei-Rz Wang
- Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ben Ma
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ping-Ping Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junling Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunjing Wei
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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15
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Tian HC, Zhang C, Yang W, Du J, Chen Y, Xiao Z, Mitchell RN, Hui H, Changela HG, Zhang TX, Tang X, Zhang D, Lin Y, Li X, Wu F. Surges in volcanic activity on the Moon about two billion years ago. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3734. [PMID: 37349323 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of mare volcanism critically informs the thermal evolution of the Moon. However, young volcanic eruptions are poorly constrained by remote observations and limited samples, hindering an understanding of mare eruption flux over time. The Chang'e-5 mission returned the youngest lunar basalts thus far, offering a window into the Moon's late-stage evolution. Here, we investigate the mineralogy and geochemistry of 42 olivine and pyroxene crystals from the Chang'e-5 basalts. We find that almost all of them are normally zoned, suggesting limited magma recharge or shallow-level assimilation. Most olivine grains record a short timescale of cooling. Thermal modeling used to estimate the thickness and volume of the volcanism sampled by Chang'e-5 reveals enhanced magmatic flux ~2 billion years ago, suggesting that while overall lunar volcanic activity may decrease over time, episodic eruptions at the final stage could exhibit above average eruptive fluxes, thus revising models of lunar thermal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Ci Tian
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Du
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 519080, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ross N Mitchell
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Hejiu Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research and Lunar and Planetary Science Institute, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Hitesh G Changela
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tian-Xin Zhang
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, 100043, Beijing, China
- Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center, China National Space Administration, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yangting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Xianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Fuyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
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16
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Guo Z, Li C, Li Y, Wu Y, Zhu C, Wen Y, Fa W, Li X, Liu J, Ouyang Z. Vapor-deposited digenite in Chang'e-5 lunar soil. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:723-729. [PMID: 36964089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Frequent impacts on the Moon have changed the physical and chemical properties of the lunar regolith, with new materials deposited from the impact-induced vapor phase. Here, we combined nanoscale chemical and structural analysis to identify the mineral digenite (4Cu2S·CuS) in Chang'e-5 lunar soil. This is the first report of digenite in a lunar sample. The surface-correlated digenite phase is undifferentiated in distribution and compositionally distinct from its hosts, suggesting that it originated from vapor-phase deposition. The presence of an Al-rich impact glass bead suggests that a thermal effect provided by impact ejecta is the main heat source for the evaporation of Cu-S components from a cupriferous troilite precursor, and the digenite condensed from these Cu-S vapors. A large pure metallic iron (Fe0) particle and high Cu content within the studied Cu-Fe-S grain suggest that this grain was most likely derived from a highly differentiated and reduced melt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Guo
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Chen Li
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yang Li
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Yanxue Wu
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yuanyun Wen
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Wenzhe Fa
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiongyao Li
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziyuan Ouyang
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
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17
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Nie J, Cui Y, Senetakis K, Guo D, Wang Y, Wang G, Feng P, He H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Li C, Zheng H, Hu W, Niu F, Liu Q, Li A. Predicting residual friction angle of lunar regolith based on Chang'e-5 lunar samples. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:730-739. [PMID: 36964088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of human lunar exploration projects, the lunar base establishment and resource utilization are on the way, and hence it is urgent and significant to reasonably predict engineering properties of the lunar regolith, which remains to be unclear due to limited lunar samples currently accessible for geotechnical tests. In this contribution, we aim to address this outstanding challenge from the perspective of granular material mechanics. To this end, the 3D multi-aspect geometrical characteristics and mechanical properties of Chang'e-5 lunar samples are for the first time evaluated with a series of non-destructive microscopic tests. Based on the measured particle surface roughness and Young's modulus, the interparticle friction coefficients of lunar regolith particles are well predicted through an experimental fitting approach using previously published data on terrestrial geomaterials or engineering materials. Then the residual friction angle of the lunar regolith under low confining pressure is predicted as 53° to 56° according to the particle overall regularity and interparticle coefficient of Chang'e-5 lunar samples. The presented results provide a novel cross-scale method to predict engineering properties of lunar regolith from particle scale information to serve for the future lunar surface engineering construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yifei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Kostas Senetakis
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Dan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Process, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Feng
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaiyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Cunhui Li
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hu Zheng
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Fujun Niu
- South China Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Quanxing Liu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Anyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
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18
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Srivastava Y, Basu Sarbadhikari A, Day JMD, Yamaguchi A, Takenouchi A. A changing thermal regime revealed from shallow to deep basalt source melting in the Moon. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7594. [PMID: 36494367 PMCID: PMC9734159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sample return missions have provided the basis for understanding the thermochemical evolution of the Moon. Mare basalt sources are likely to have originated from partial melting of lunar magma ocean cumulates after solidification from an initially molten state. Some of the Apollo mare basalts show evidence for the presence in their source of a late-stage radiogenic heat-producing incompatible element-rich layer, known for its enrichment in potassium, rare-earth elements, and phosphorus (KREEP). Here we show the most depleted lunar meteorite, Asuka-881757, and associated mare basalts, represent ancient (~3.9 Ga) partial melts of KREEP-free Fe-rich mantle. Petrological modeling demonstrates that these basalts were generated at lower temperatures and shallower depths than typical Apollo mare basalts. Calculated mantle potential temperatures of these rocks suggest a relatively cooler mantle source and lower surface heat flow than those associated with later-erupted mare basalts, suggesting a fundamental shift in melting regime in the Moon from ~3.9 to ~3.3 Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Srivastava
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | | | - James M D Day
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0244, USA
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takenouchi
- National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
- The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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19
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Chen J, Ling Z, Liu J, Chen S, Ding X, Chen J, Cheng W, Li B, Zhang J, Sun L, Liu C, Cao H, Bi X, Liu L, Wan S, Qi X, Zhao Z, Guo D, Ji J, Liu J, Wang J, Zhang K, Zhang J, Sun P, Zhu K, Lu T, Wu C, Han K, Xu K, Jin M, Wang Y, Zhang C, Deng J, Song Y, Ouyang Z. Digital and global lithologic mapping of the Moon at a 1:2,500,000 scale. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:2050-2054. [PMID: 36546102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Zongcheng Ling
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Lunar and Planetary Science, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Shengbo Chen
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Science, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Xiaozhong Ding
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weiming Cheng
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lingzhi Sun
- Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu HI 96826, USA
| | - Changqing Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Haijun Cao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiangyu Bi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Li Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Sheng Wan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiaobin Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Zixu Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Dijun Guo
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinzhu Ji
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Science, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; School of Mining, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Science, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juntao Wang
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pengju Sun
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tianqi Lu
- College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Congzhe Wu
- Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kunying Han
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Kejuan Xu
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiayin Deng
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Song
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ziyuan Ouyang
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Science, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
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20
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Su B, Yuan J, Chen Y, Yang W, Mitchell RN, Hui H, Wang H, Tian H, Li XH, Wu FY. Fusible mantle cumulates trigger young mare volcanism on the cooling Moon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn2103. [PMID: 36269823 PMCID: PMC9586486 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Chang'E-5 (CE5) mission has demonstrated that lunar volcanism was still active until two billion years ago, much younger than the previous isotopically dated lunar basalts. How the small Moon retained enough heat to drive such late volcanism is unknown, particularly as the CE5 mantle source was anhydrous and depleted in heat-producing elements. We conduct fractional crystallization and mantle melting simulations that show that mantle melting point depression by the presence of fusible, easily melted components could trigger young volcanism. Enriched in calcium oxide and titanium dioxide compared to older Apollo magmas, the young CE5 magma was, thus, sourced from the overturn of the late-stage fusible cumulates of the lunar magma ocean. Mantle melting point depression is the first mechanism to account for young volcanism on the Moon that is consistent with the newly returned CE5 basalts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiangyan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ross N. Mitchell
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hejiu Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research and Lunar and Planetary Science Institute, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hengci Tian
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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21
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Spectral interpretation of late-stage mare basalt mineralogy unveiled by Chang'E-5 samples. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5965. [PMID: 36216953 PMCID: PMC9550791 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The western maria of lunar near-side are widely covered with late-stage mare basalts. Due to the lack of returned samples, the mineralogy of the late-stage basalts was previously speculated as having high abundance of olivine based on remote sensing observation. However, here we show that Chang'E-5 (CE-5) lunar soil samples, the ground truth from past unsampled lunar late-stage mare region, give a different interpretation. Our laboratory spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the CE-5 soil samples demonstrate that their special spectral signatures are representative of iron-rich high-Ca pyroxene rather than olivine. Considering the spectral and compositional similarities between CE-5 soil samples and lunar late-stage basalts, the mineralogy and petrology of CE-5 samples may be able to be generalized to entire lunar late-stage basalts. Our study would provide a constraint on the thermal evolution of the Moon, especially the young lunar volcanism.
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22
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Long T, Qian Y, Norman MD, Miljkovic K, Crow C, Head JW, Che X, Tartèse R, Zellner N, Yu X, Xie S, Whitehouse M, Joy KH, Neal CR, Snape JF, Zhou G, Liu S, Yang C, Yang Z, Wang C, Xiao L, Liu D, Nemchin A. Constraining the formation and transport of lunar impact glasses using the ages and chemical compositions of Chang'e-5 glass beads. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2542. [PMID: 36170359 PMCID: PMC9519047 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Impact glasses found in lunar soils provide a possible window into the impact history of the inner solar system. However, their use for precise reconstruction of this history is limited by an incomplete understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for their origin and distribution and possible relationships to local and regional geology. Here, we report U-Pb isotopic dates and chemical compositions of impact glasses from the Chang'e-5 soil and quantitative models of impact melt formation and ejection that account for the compositions of these glasses. The predominantly local provenance indicated by their compositions, which constrains transport distances to <~150 kilometers, and the age-frequency distribution are consistent with formation mainly in impact craters 1 to 5 kilometers in diameter. Based on geological mapping and impact cratering theory, we tentatively identify specific craters on the basaltic unit sampled by Chang'e-5 that may have produced these glasses and compare their ages with the impact record of the asteroid belt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Long
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yuqi Qian
- Planetary Science Institute, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Marc D. Norman
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Katarina Miljkovic
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Carolyn Crow
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - James W. Head
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Xiaochao Che
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Romain Tartèse
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicolle Zellner
- Department of Physics, Albion College, Albion, MI 49224, USA
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Shiwen Xie
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Martin Whitehouse
- Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine H. Joy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Clive R. Neal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Joshua F. Snape
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Guisheng Zhou
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zhiqing Yang
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Long Xiao
- Planetary Science Institute, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dunyi Liu
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
- Shandong Institute of Geological Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Alexander Nemchin
- Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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23
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Chang’E-5 samples reveal high water content in lunar minerals. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5336. [PMID: 36088436 PMCID: PMC9464205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and distribution of lunar surficial water remains ambiguous. Here, we show the prominence of water (OH/H2O) attributed to solar wind implantation on the uppermost surface of olivine, plagioclase, and pyroxene grains from Chang’E-5 samples. The results of spectral and microstructural analyses indicate that solar wind-derived water is affected by exposure time, crystal structure, and mineral composition. Our estimate of a minimum of 170 ppm water content in lunar soils in the Chang’E-5 region is consistent with that reported by the Moon Minerology Mapper and Chang’E-5 lander. By comparing with remote sensing data and through lunar soil maturity analysis, the amount of water in Chang’E-5 provides a reference for the distribution of surficial water in middle latitude of the Moon. We conclude that minerals in lunar soils are important reservoirs of water, and formation and retention of water originating from solar wind occurs on airless bodies. Lunar soils returned by China’s Chang’E−5 (CE5) mission record the unique information of solar wind essential to understanding the preservation and distribution of lunar surficial water. Here the authors report abundant water formed by solar wind implantation in minerals of CE5 lunar soils; the water content in CE5 lunar soils is estimated to be ~ 170 ppm.
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24
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Guo JG, Ying T, Gao H, Chen X, Song Y, Lin T, Zhang Q, Zheng Q, Li C, Xu Y, Chen X. Surface microstructures of lunar soil returned by Chang'e-5 mission reveal an intermediate stage in space weathering process. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1696-1701. [PMID: 36546049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lunar soils evolution over time is mainly caused by space weathering that includes the impacts of varying-sized meteoroids and charged particles implantation of solar/cosmic winds as well. It has long been established that space weathering leads to the formation of outmost amorphous layers (50-200 nm in thickness) embedded nanophase iron (npFe0) around the mineral fragments, albeit the origin of the npFe0 remains controversial . The Chang'e-5 (CE-5) mission returned samples feature the youngest mare basalt and the highest latitude sampling site , providing an opportunity to seek the critical clues for understanding the evolution of soils under space weathering. Here, we report the surface microstructures of the major minerals including olivine, pyroxene, anorthite, and glassy beads in the lunar soil of CE-5. Unlike the previous observations, only olivine in all crystals is surrounded by a thinner outmost amorphous SiO2 layer (∼10 nm thick) and embedded wüstite nanoparticles FeO (np-FeO, 3-12 nm in size) instead of npFe0. No foreign volatile elements deposition layer and solar flare tracks can be found on the surface or inside the olivine and other minerals. This unique rim structure has not been reported for any other lunar, terrestrial, Martian, or meteorite samples so far. The observation of wüstite FeO and the microstructures support the existence of an intermediate stage in space weathering for lunar minerals by thermal decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gang Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Tianping Ying
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hanbin Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanpeng Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chunlai Li
- Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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25
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Shallow Regolith Structure and Obstructions Detected by Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar at Chang’E-5 Drilling Site. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14143378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work analyzes the observations from the Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar (LRPR) onboard Chang’E-5 to reconstruct the subsurface structure of the regolith under the lander at the drilling site. This is the first stationary Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) array to operate on the Moon. Imaging results of pre-drilling and post-drilling measurements show that the thickness of local regolith is larger than 2 m. Within the LRPR’s detection range, we do not find any continuous layer. Instead, irregular, high-density zones are identified in the regolith. Two of these zones are on the drilling trajectory at ~30 cm and ~70 cm, consistent with the recorded drilling process. We speculate a rock fragment from the deeper, high-density zone obstructed the drill, which led to an early termination of the drilling. Based on our interpretation of subsurface structure, we modeled the LRPR echoes using a finite-difference time-domain method. The same imaging algorithm was also applied to the simulation data. The modeled data verify our inference of the regolith structure under the lander.
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26
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Yao Y, Xiao C. 中子活化分析揭秘嫦娥五号月壤成分. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Yao Y, Xiao C, Wang P, Li C, Zhou Q. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Chang'E-5 Lunar Regolith Samples. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5478-5484. [PMID: 35298150 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Chang'E-5 (CE-5) lunar samples were analyzed nondestructively for more than 40 elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) with a strict quality assurance and quality control. Based on the INAA results, some new observations and discoveries were made. Major, minor, and trace elements in CE-5 are very different from those of the Earth and Apollo lunar samples. The rare earth element (REE) pattern indicated that the CE-5 lunar samples are mare basalts with a clear negative anomaly in Eu. Element correlations are a very interesting discovery; for example, the ratios of Ba/La and FeO/MnO in CE-5 are almost identical to those of the Apollo lunar samples. These observations and discoveries will enrich the understanding of the formation and evolution of the Moon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Yao
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Caijin Xiao
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Pingsheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Chunlai Li
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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28
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29
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Lunar Mare Fecunditatis: A Science-Rich Region and a Concept Mission for Long-Distance Exploration. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14051062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mare Fecunditatis is a ~310,000 km2 flat basalt plain located in the low-latitude area of the Moon. Plenty of volcanic features (multiple episodes of mare basalts, sinuous rilles, lava tubes, pyroclastic deposits, domes, irregular mare patches (IMP), ring-moat dome structures (RMDS), floor-fractured craters), tectonic features (grabens and wrinkle ridges), impact-related features, and other features (swirls, pit craters) are identified in Mare Fecunditatis. An in-situ mission to Mare Fecunditatis is scientifically significant to better understand the lunar thermal histories and other questions. All previous in-situ and human missions (Apollo, Luna, Chang’E) were limited to small areas, and no traverse longer than 40 km has been made yet. With the development of technology, long-distance movement will be possible in the future on the lunar surface, providing opportunities to explore multiple sites at one mission with complete documentation of the regional geology. Eight high-value targets (pit crater, IMPs, RMDSs, young basalts, high-Al basalts, pyroclastic deposits, swirls, and fresh craters) were found in Mare Fecunditatis, and a ~1400 km-traverse in 5 years is proposed to explore them to solve the most fundamental lunar questions.
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Gu Y, Yang R, Geng H, Wang Q, Hui H. Geological processes and products recorded in lunar soils: A review. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Though the lunar samples returned by the Apollo and Luna missions have been studied for more than 50 years, scientists are discovering new clues into the early evolution of the Moon by looking through the lens of modern analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabb C Prissel
- Jacobs-JETS, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Kelsey B Prissel
- Jacobs-JETS, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Hu S, He H, Ji J, Lin Y, Hui H, Anand M, Tartèse R, Yan Y, Hao J, Li R, Gu L, Guo Q, He H, Ouyang Z. A dry lunar mantle reservoir for young mare basalts of Chang'e-5. Nature 2021; 600:49-53. [PMID: 34666337 PMCID: PMC8636271 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of water in the Moon's interior carries implications for the origin of the Moon1, the crystallization of the lunar magma ocean2 and the duration of lunar volcanism2. The Chang'e-5 mission returned some of the youngest mare basalt samples reported so far, dated at 2.0 billion years ago (Ga)3, from the northwestern Procellarum KREEP Terrane, providing a probe into the spatiotemporal evolution of lunar water. Here we report the water abundances and hydrogen isotope compositions of apatite and ilmenite-hosted melt inclusions from the Chang'e-5 basalts. We derive a maximum water abundance of 283 ± 22 μg g-1 and a deuterium/hydrogen ratio of (1.06 ± 0.25) × 10-4 for the parent magma. Accounting for low-degree partial melting of the depleted mantle followed by extensive magma fractional crystallization4, we estimate a maximum mantle water abundance of 1-5 μg g-1, suggesting that the Moon's youngest volcanism was not driven by abundant water in its mantle source. Such a modest water content for the Chang'e-5 basalt mantle source region is at the low end of the range estimated from mare basalts that erupted from around 4.0 Ga to 2.8 Ga (refs. 5,6), suggesting that the mantle source of the Chang'e-5 basalts had become dehydrated by 2.0 Ga through previous melt extraction from the Procellarum KREEP Terrane mantle during prolonged volcanic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Earth and Planetary Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Huicun He
- Key Laboratory of the Earth and Planetary Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of the Earth and Planetary Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangting Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Earth and Planetary Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hejiu Hui
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research & Lunar and Planetary Science Institute, School of the Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, China
| | - Mahesh Anand
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Romain Tartèse
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Yihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Earth and Planetary Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jialong Hao
- Key Laboratory of the Earth and Planetary Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiying Li
- Key Laboratory of the Earth and Planetary Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Gu
- Key Laboratory of the Earth and Planetary Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyuan Ouyang
- Center for Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
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Jiang Y, Li Y, Liao S, Yin Z, Hsu W. Mineral chemistry and 3D tomography of a Chang’E 5 high-Ti basalt: implication for the lunar thermal evolution history. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 67:755-761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mitchell RN. Chang'E-5 reveals the Moon's secrets to a longer life. Innovation (N Y) 2021; 2:100177. [PMID: 34806060 PMCID: PMC8590072 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ross N Mitchell
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract
The Moon has a magmatic and thermal history that is distinct from that of the terrestrial planets1. Radioisotope dating of lunar samples suggests that most lunar basaltic magmatism ceased by around 2.9-2.8 billion years ago (Ga)2,3, although younger basalts between 3 Ga and 1 Ga have been suggested by crater-counting chronology, which has large uncertainties owing to the lack of returned samples for calibration4,5. Here we report a precise lead-lead age of 2,030 ± 4 million years ago for basalt clasts returned by the Chang'e-5 mission, and a 238U/204Pb ratio (µ value)6 of about 680 for a source that evolved through two stages of differentiation. This is the youngest crystallization age reported so far for lunar basalts by radiometric dating, extending the duration of lunar volcanism by approximately 800-900 million years. The µ value of the Chang'e-5 basalt mantle source is within the range of low-titanium and high-titanium basalts from Apollo sites (µ value of about 300-1,000), but notably lower than those of potassium, rare-earth elements and phosphorus (KREEP) and high-aluminium basalts7 (µ value of about 2,600-3,700), indicating that the Chang'e-5 basalts were produced by melting of a KREEP-poor source. This age provides a pivotal calibration point for crater-counting chronology in the inner Solar System and provides insight on the volcanic and thermal history of the Moon.
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