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López-Sánchez R, Laurents DV, Mompeán M. Hydrogen bonding patterns and cooperativity in polyproline II helical bundles. Commun Chem 2024; 7:191. [PMID: 39215165 PMCID: PMC11364801 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen bond cooperativity (HBC) plays an important role in stabilizing protein assemblies built by α-helices and β-sheets, the most common secondary structures. However, whether HBC exists in other types of protein secondary structures such as polyproline II (PPII) helices remains unexplored. This is intriguing, since PPII systems as assembling blocks are continuously emerging across multiple fields. Here, using a combination of computational chemistry tools and molecular modeling corroborated by experimental observables, we characterize the distinct H-bonding patterns present in PPII helical bundles and establish that HBC stabilizes intermolecular PPII helices as seen in other protein assemblies such as amyloid fibrils. In addition to cooperative interactions in canonical CO···HN H-bonds, we show that analogous interactions in non-canonical CO···HαCα H-bonds are relevant in Gly-rich PPII bundles, thus compensating for the inability of glycine residues to create hydrophobic cores. Our results provide a mechanistic explanation for the assembly of these bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Mompeán
- Instituto de Química Física "Blas Cabrera" - CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Song C, Jiao Z, Hou Z, Xing Y, Sha X, Wang Y, Chen J, Liu S, Li Z, Yin F. Versatile Split-and-Mix Liposome PROTAC Platform for Efficient Degradation of Target Protein In Vivo. JACS AU 2024; 4:2915-2924. [PMID: 39211615 PMCID: PMC11350581 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PROTAC (Proteolysis TArgeting Chimeras) is a promising therapeutic approach for targeted protein degradation that recruits an E3 ubiquitin ligase to a specific protein of interest (POI), leading to its degradation by the proteasome. Recently, we developed a novel split-and-mix PROTAC system based on liposome self-assembly (LipoSM-PROTAC) which could achieve target protein degradation at comparable concentrations comparable to small molecules. In this study, we expanded protein targets based on the LipoSM-PROTAC platform and further examined its therapeutic effects in vivo. Notably, this platform could efficiently degrade the protein level of MEK1/2 in A375 cells or Alk in NCI-H2228 cells and display obvious tumor inhibition (60-70% inhibition rate) with negligible toxicity. This study further proved the LipoSM-PROTAC's application potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zijun Jiao
- Pingshan
Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Frontiers
Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan 610212, China
| | - Zhanfeng Hou
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yun Xing
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinrui Sha
- Pingshan
Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yuechen Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Pingshan
Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Susheng Liu
- Pingshan
Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zigang Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan
Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Feng Yin
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan
Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
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3
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Rodríguez CS, Laurents DV. Architectonic principles of polyproline II helix bundle protein domains. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 756:109981. [PMID: 38593862 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Glycine rich polyproline II helix assemblies are an emerging class of natural domains found in several proteins with different functions and diverse origins. The distinct properties of these domains relative to those composed of α-helices and β-sheets could make glycine-rich polyproline II helix assemblies a useful building block for protein design. Whereas the high population of polyproline II conformers in disordered state ensembles could facilitate glycine-rich polyproline II helix folding, the architectonic bases of these structures are not well known. Here, we compare and analyze their structures to uncover common features. These protein domains are found to be highly tolerant of distinct flanking sequences. This speaks to the robustness of this fold and strongly suggests that glycine rich polyproline II assemblies could be grafted with other protein domains to engineer new structures and functions. These domains are also well packed with few or no cavities. Moreover, a significant trend towards antiparallel helix configuration is observed in all these domains and could provide stabilizing interactions among macrodipoles. Finally, extensive networks of Cα-H···OC hydrogen bonds are detected in these domains. Despite their diverse evolutionary origins and activities, glycine-rich polyproline II helix assemblies share architectonic features which could help design novel proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas V Laurents
- Instituto de Química Física "Blas Cabrera" CSIC, Serrano 119 Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Yao H, Ren Y, Wu F, Liu J, Cao L, Yan M, Li X. The synthesis and evaluation of novel ALK inhibitors containing the sulfoxide structure. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17557-17570. [PMID: 38828277 PMCID: PMC11140455 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01556h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
With ceritinib as the lead, a series of novel compounds containing the sulfoxide structure were synthesized and evaluated as anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors. Among them, compounds 18a-d exhibited excellent anti-proliferation activities on H2228 EML4-ALK cancer cell lines with 14-28 nM of the IC50 values. In xenograft mouse models, 18a-d inhibited tumor growth with an excellent inhibitory rate of 75.0% to 86.0% at the dosage of 20 mg kg-1 as compared to 72.0% of the reference ceritinib. Using 18d as a representative, which exhibited the best in vivo results, we carried out mechanistic studies such as anti-colony formation, induced tumor cell apoptosis, ALK kinase protein phosphorylation in H2228 tumor cells, and molecular docking. All these results indicate that compound 18d is a good anti-tumor lead compound and worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jiadai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Longcai Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ming Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xingshu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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5
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Parvaresh H, Roozitalab G, Golandam F, Behzadi P, Jabbarzadeh Kaboli P. Unraveling the Potential of ALK-Targeted Therapies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Comprehensive Insights and Future Directions. Biomedicines 2024; 12:297. [PMID: 38397899 PMCID: PMC10887432 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: This review comprehensively explores the intricate landscape of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), focusing specifically on its pivotal role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tracing ALK's discovery, from its fusion with nucleolar phosphoprotein (NPM)-1 in anaplastic large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ALCL) in 1994, the review elucidates the subsequent impact of ALK gene alterations in various malignancies, including inflammatory myofibroblastoma and NSCLC. Approximately 3-5% of NSCLC patients exhibit complex ALK rearrangements, leading to the approval of six ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) by 2022, revolutionizing the treatment landscape for advanced metastatic ALK + NSCLC. Notably, second-generation TKIs such as alectinib, ceritinib, and brigatinib have emerged to address resistance issues initially associated with the pioneer ALK-TKI, crizotinib. Methods: To ensure comprehensiveness, we extensively reviewed clinical trials on ALK inhibitors for NSCLC by 2023. Additionally, we systematically searched PubMed, prioritizing studies where the terms "ALK" AND "non-small cell lung cancer" AND/OR "NSCLC" featured prominently in the titles. This approach aimed to encompass a spectrum of relevant research studies, ensuring our review incorporates the latest and most pertinent information on innovative and alternative therapeutics for ALK + NSCLC. Key Content and Findings: Beyond exploring the intricate details of ALK structure and signaling, the review explores the convergence of ALK-targeted therapy and immunotherapy, investigating the potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors in ALK-altered NSCLC tumors. Despite encouraging preclinical data, challenges observed in trials assessing combinations such as nivolumab-crizotinib, mainly due to severe hepatic toxicity, emphasize the necessity for cautious exploration of these novel approaches. Additionally, the review explores innovative directions such as ALK molecular diagnostics, ALK vaccines, and biosensors, shedding light on their promising potential within ALK-driven cancers. Conclusions: This comprehensive analysis covers molecular mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and immune interactions associated with ALK-rearranged NSCLC. As a pivotal resource, the review guides future research and therapeutic interventions in ALK-targeted therapy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannaneh Parvaresh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
- Division of Cancer Discovery Network, Dr. Parham Academy, Taichung 40602, Taiwan; (G.R.)
| | - Ghazaal Roozitalab
- Division of Cancer Discovery Network, Dr. Parham Academy, Taichung 40602, Taiwan; (G.R.)
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 7461686688, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Golandam
- Division of Cancer Discovery Network, Dr. Parham Academy, Taichung 40602, Taiwan; (G.R.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 37541-374, Iran;
| | - Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli
- Division of Cancer Discovery Network, Dr. Parham Academy, Taichung 40602, Taiwan; (G.R.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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6
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Danneskiold-Samsøe NB, Kavi D, Jude KM, Nissen SB, Wat LW, Coassolo L, Zhao M, Santana-Oikawa GA, Broido BB, Garcia KC, Svensson KJ. AlphaFold2 enables accurate deorphanization of ligands to single-pass receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.16.531341. [PMID: 36993313 PMCID: PMC10055078 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.16.531341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteins play crucial roles in paracrine and endocrine signaling; however, identifying novel ligand-receptor interactions remains challenging. Here, we benchmarked AlphaFold as a screening approach to identify extracellular ligand-binding pairs using a structural library of single-pass transmembrane receptors. Key to the approach is the optimization of AlphaFold input and output for screening ligands against receptors to predict the most probable ligand-receptor interactions. Importantly, the predictions were performed on ligand-receptor pairs not used for AlphaFold training. We demonstrate high discriminatory power and a success rate of close to 90 % for known ligand-receptor pairs and 50 % for a diverse set of experimentally validated interactions. These results demonstrate proof-of-concept of a rapid and accurate screening platform to predict high-confidence cell-surface receptors for a diverse set of ligands by structural binding prediction, with potentially wide applicability for the understanding of cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Banhos Danneskiold-Samsøe
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Deniz Kavi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M. Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Silas Boye Nissen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lianna W. Wat
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laetitia Coassolo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katrin J. Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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7
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Bergaggio E, Tai WT, Aroldi A, Mecca C, Landoni E, Nüesch M, Mota I, Metovic J, Molinaro L, Ma L, Alvarado D, Ambrogio C, Voena C, Blasco RB, Li T, Klein D, Irvine DJ, Papotti M, Savoldo B, Dotti G, Chiarle R. ALK inhibitors increase ALK expression and sensitize neuroblastoma cells to ALK.CAR-T cells. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:2100-2116.e10. [PMID: 38039964 PMCID: PMC10793157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Selection of the best tumor antigen is critical for the therapeutic success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor is expressed by most neuroblastomas while virtually absent in most normal tissues. ALK is an oncogenic driver in neuroblastoma and ALK inhibitors show promising clinical activity. Here, we describe the development of ALK.CAR-T cells that show potent efficacy in monotherapy against neuroblastoma with high ALK expression without toxicity. For neuroblastoma with low ALK expression, combination with ALK inhibitors specifically potentiates ALK.CAR-T cells but not GD2.CAR-T cells. Mechanistically, ALK inhibitors impair tumor growth and upregulate the expression of ALK, thereby facilitating the activity of ALK.CAR-T cells against neuroblastoma. Thus, while neither ALK inhibitors nor ALK.CAR-T cells will likely be sufficient as monotherapy in neuroblastoma with low ALK density, their combination specifically enhances therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bergaggio
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Tien Tai
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Aroldi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Carmen Mecca
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elisa Landoni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Manuel Nüesch
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ines Mota
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jasna Metovic
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Molinaro
- Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Leyuan Ma
- Koch Institute and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudia Voena
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Rafael B Blasco
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tongqing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daryl Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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8
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Feng L, Chen X, Sheng G, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yao K, Wu Z, Zhang R, Kiboku T, Kawasaki A, Horimoto K, Tang Y, Sun M, Han F, Chen D. Synthesis and Bioevaluation of 3-(Arylmethylene)indole Derivatives: Discovery of a Novel ALK Modulator with Antiglioblastoma Activities. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14609-14622. [PMID: 37861443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common brain tumor, with high recurrence and low survival rates. An integrative bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a promising therapeutic target for glioblastoma. We designed and synthesized a series of 3-(arylmethylene)indole derivatives, which were further evaluated for antiproliferative activity using glioma cell lines. Among them, compound 4a significantly inhibited the viability of glioblastoma cells. With favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics and blood-brain barrier permeability, 4a improved the survival rate and inhibited the growth of orthotopic glioblastoma. The Phospho-Totum system revealed that ALK was a potential target for the antiglioblastoma activity of 4a. Further experiments indicated that 4a might be a novel ALK modulator, which interacted with the extracellular ligand-binding domain of ALK, thus selectively induced ERK-mediated autophagy and apoptosis. Our findings provide an alternative ALK-based targeting strategy and a new drug candidate for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Feng
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China, International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China, International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Gang Sheng
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China, International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yingchun Li
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China, International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China, International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215001, China
| | - Kun Yao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhouyue Wu
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China, International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China, International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | | | | | - Katsuhisa Horimoto
- Socium Inc., Tokyo 1350064, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 1350064, Japan
| | - Yamin Tang
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China, International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Meiling Sun
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Feng Han
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China, International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215001, China
- Institute of Brain Science, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dongyin Chen
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China, International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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9
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Katic L, Priscan A. Multifaceted Roles of ALK Family Receptors and Augmentor Ligands in Health and Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1490. [PMID: 37892172 PMCID: PMC10605310 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review commemorates the 10-year anniversary of the discovery of physiological ligands Augα (Augmentor α; ALKAL2; Fam150b) and Augβ (Augmentor β; ALKAL1; Fam150a) for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK), previously considered orphan receptors. This manuscript provides an in-depth review of the biophysical and cellular properties of ALK family receptors and their roles in cancer, metabolism, pain, ophthalmology, pigmentation, central nervous system (CNS) function, and reproduction. ALK and LTK receptors are implicated in the development of numerous cancers, and targeted inhibition of their signaling pathways can offer therapeutic benefits. Additionally, ALK family receptors are involved in regulating body weight and metabolism, modulating pain signaling, and contributing to eye development and pigmentation. In the CNS, these receptors play a role in synapse modulation, neurogenesis, and various psychiatric pathologies. Lastly, ALK expression is linked to reproductive functions, with potential implications for patients undergoing ALK inhibitor therapy. Further research is needed to better understand the complex interactions of ALK family receptors and Aug ligands and to repurpose targeted therapy for a wide range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Katic
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Morningside/West, 1000 Tenth Avenue, New York, NY 10019, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Anamarija Priscan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
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10
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Rygiel KA, Elkins JM. Recent advances in the structural biology of tyrosine kinases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 82:102665. [PMID: 37562149 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The past few years have seen exciting discoveries in the area of tyrosine kinase structural biology including the first high resolution models of full-length receptor tyrosine kinases and new mechanistic insights into the structural mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinase activation. Despite being a mature area of research, the application of new technologies continues to advance our understanding. In this article we highlight a selection of recent studies that illustrate the current areas of research interest, focussing in particular on the exciting progress made possible by cryo-electron-microscopy. These new discoveries may herald a wave of new design ideas for therapeutics acting through novel mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A Rygiel
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Jonathan M Elkins
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
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11
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Smiles WJ, Catalano L, Stefan VE, Weber DD, Kofler B. Metabolic protein kinase signalling in neuroblastoma. Mol Metab 2023; 75:101771. [PMID: 37414143 PMCID: PMC10362370 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma is a paediatric malignancy of incredibly complex aetiology. Oncogenic protein kinase signalling in neuroblastoma has conventionally focussed on transduction through the well-characterised PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, in which the latter has been implicated in treatment resistance. The discovery of the receptor tyrosine kinase ALK as a target of genetic alterations in cases of familial and sporadic neuroblastoma, was a breakthrough in the understanding of the complex genetic heterogeneity of neuroblastoma. However, despite progress in the development of small-molecule inhibitors of ALK, treatment resistance frequently arises and appears to be a feature of the disease. Moreover, since the identification of ALK, several additional protein kinases, including the PIM and Aurora kinases, have emerged not only as drivers of the disease phenotype, but also as promising druggable targets. This is particularly the case for Aurora-A, given its intimate engagement with MYCN, a driver oncogene of aggressive neuroblastoma previously considered 'undruggable.' SCOPE OF REVIEW Aided by significant advances in structural biology and a broader understanding of the mechanisms of protein kinase function and regulation, we comprehensively outline the role of protein kinase signalling, emphasising ALK, PIM and Aurora in neuroblastoma, their respective metabolic outputs, and broader implications for targeted therapies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Despite massively divergent regulatory mechanisms, ALK, PIM and Aurora kinases all obtain significant roles in cellular glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism and neuroblastoma progression, and in several instances are implicated in treatment resistance. While metabolism of neuroblastoma tends to display hallmarks of the glycolytic "Warburg effect," aggressive, in particular MYCN-amplified tumours, retain functional mitochondrial metabolism, allowing for survival and proliferation under nutrient stress. Future strategies employing specific kinase inhibitors as part of the treatment regimen should consider combinatorial attempts at interfering with tumour metabolism, either through metabolic pathway inhibitors, or by dietary means, with a view to abolish metabolic flexibility that endows cancerous cells with a survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Smiles
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Luca Catalano
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Victoria E Stefan
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela D Weber
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Hernandez S, Conde E, Alonso M, Illarramendi A, Bote de Cabo H, Zugazagoitia J, Paz-Ares L, Lopez-Rios F. A narrative review of methods for the identification of ALK fusions in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2023; 12:1549-1562. [PMID: 37577307 PMCID: PMC10413037 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-22-855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective This narrative review is intended to provide pragmatic knowledge of current methods for the search of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusions in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). This information is very timely, because a recent survey has identified that almost 50% of patients with advanced NSCLC were not candidates for targeted therapies because of biomarker testing issues. Methods PubMed was searched from January 1st, 2012 to February 28th, 2023 using the following keywords: "ALK" and "lung", including reviews and our own work. Key Content and Findings Testing rates have not reached 85% among patients' candidates to ALK inhibition. The advantages and disadvantages of the different analytical options [immunohistochemistry (IHC), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), real-time polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing (NGS)] are discussed. The key factor for success in ALK testing is a deep understanding of the concept of "molecular redundancy". This notion has been recommended and endorsed by all the major professional organizations in the field and can be summarized as follows: "laboratories should ensure that test results that are unexpected, discordant, equivocal, or otherwise of low confidence are confirmed or resolved using an alternative method or sample". In-depth knowledge of the different ALK testing methodologies can help clinical and molecular tumor boards implement and maintain sensible algorithms for a rapid and effective detection of predictive biomarkers in patients with NSCLC. Conclusions Multimodality testing has the potential to increase both the testing rate and the accuracy of ALK fusion identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Hernandez
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Conde
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Ciberonc, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Helena Bote de Cabo
- Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12)/Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Zugazagoitia
- Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12)/Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Ciberonc, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12)/Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Ciberonc, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Lopez-Rios
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Ciberonc, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Treviño MÁ, López-Sánchez R, Moya MR, Pantoja-Uceda D, Mompeán M, Laurents DV. Insight into polyproline II helical bundle stability in an antifreeze protein denatured state. Biophys J 2022; 121:4560-4568. [PMID: 36815707 PMCID: PMC9748357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of polyproline II (PPII) helices in protein design is currently hindered by limitations in our understanding of their conformational stability and folding. Recent studies of the snow flea antifreeze protein (sfAFP), a useful model system composed of six PPII helices, suggested that a low denatured state entropy contributes to folding thermodynamics. Here, circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed minor populations of PPII like conformers at low temperature. To get atomic level information on the conformational ensemble and entropy of the reduced, denatured state of sfAFP, we have analyzed its chemical shifts and {1H}-15N relaxation parameters by NMR spectroscopy at four experimental conditions. No significant populations of stable secondary structure were detected. The stiffening of certain N-terminal residues at neutral versus acidic pH and shifted pKa values leads us to suggest that favorable charge-charge interactions could bias the conformational ensemble to favor the formation the C1-C28 disulfide bond during nascent folding, although no evidence for preferred contacts between these positions was detected by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement under denaturing conditions. Despite a high content of flexible glycine residues, the mobility of the sfAFP denatured ensemble is similar for denatured α/β proteins both on fast ps/ns as well as slower μs/ms timescales. These results are in line with a conformational entropy in the denatured ensemble resembling that of typical proteins and suggest that new structures based on PPII helical bundles should be amenable to protein design.
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14
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Structural Insights into the Chaperone-Assisted Assembly of a Simplified Tail Fiber of the Myocyanophage Pam3. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102260. [PMID: 36298815 PMCID: PMC9608196 DOI: 10.3390/v14102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
At the first step of phage infection, the receptor-binding proteins (RBPs) such as tail fibers are responsible for recognizing specific host surface receptors. The proper folding and assembly of tail fibers usually requires a chaperone encoded by the phage genome. Despite extensive studies on phage structures, the molecular mechanism of phage tail fiber assembly remains largely unknown. Here, using a minimal myocyanophage, termed Pam3, isolated from Lake Chaohu, we demonstrate that the chaperone gp25 forms a stable complex with the tail fiber gp24 at a stoichiometry of 3:3. The 3.1-Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of this complex revealed an elongated structure with the gp25 trimer embracing the distal moieties of gp24 trimer at the center. Each gp24 subunit consists of three domains: the N-terminal α-helical domain required for docking to the baseplate, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like and glycine-rich domains responsible for recognizing the host receptor. Each gp25 subunit consists of two domains: a non-conserved N-terminal β-sandwich domain that binds to the TNF-like and glycine-rich domains of the fiber, and a C-terminal α-helical domain that mediates trimerization/assembly of the fiber. Structural analysis enabled us to propose the assembly mechanism of phage tail fibers, in which the chaperone first protects the intertwined and repetitive distal moiety of each fiber subunit, further ensures the proper folding of these highly plastic structural elements, and eventually enables the formation of the trimeric fiber. These findings provide the structural basis for the design and engineering of phage fibers for biotechnological applications.
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15
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Yan H, Zhai B, Yang F, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Paiva-Santos AC, Yuan Z, Zhou Y. Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for Neuroblastoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:908713. [PMID: 35721107 PMCID: PMC9201105 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.908713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB), as the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood, is one of the critical culprits affecting children's health. Given the heterogeneity and invisibility of NB tumors, the existing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are inadequate and ineffective in early screening and prognostic improvement. With the rapid innovation and development of nanotechnology, nanomedicines have attracted widespread attention in the field of oncology research for their excellent physiological and chemical properties. In this review, we first explored the current common obstacles in the diagnosis and treatment of NB. Then we comprehensively summarized the advancements in nanotechnology-based multimodal synergistic diagnosis and treatment of NB and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In addition, a discussion of the pending challenges in biocompatibility and toxicity of nanomedicine was conducted. Finally, we described the development and application status of nanomaterials against some of the recognized targets in the field of NB research, and pointed out prospects for nanomedicine-based precision diagnosis and therapy of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhai
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenliang Chen
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Ahmed M, Kaur N, Cheng Q, Shanabrough M, Tretiakov EO, Harkany T, Horvath TL, Schlessinger J. A hypothalamic pathway for Augmentor α-controlled body weight regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200476119. [PMID: 35412887 PMCID: PMC9169862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200476119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmentor α and β (Augα and Augβ) are newly discovered ligands of the receptor tyrosine kinases Alk and Ltk. Augα functions as a dimeric ligand that binds with high affinity and specificity to Alk and Ltk. However, a monomeric Augα fragment and monomeric Augβ also bind to Alk and potently stimulate cellular responses. While previous studies demonstrated that oncogenic Alk mutants function as important drivers of a variety of human cancers, the physiological roles of Augα and Augβ are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the physiological roles of Augα and Augβ by exploring mice deficient in each or both Aug ligands. Analysis of mutant mice showed that both Augα single knockout and double knockout of Augα and Augβ exhibit a similar thinness phenotype and resistance to diet-induced obesity. In the Augα-knockout mice, the leanness phenotype is coupled to increased physical activity. By contrast, Augβ-knockout mice showed similar weight curves as the littermate controls. Experiments are presented demonstrating that Augα is robustly expressed and metabolically regulated in agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, cells that control whole-body energy homeostasis in part via their projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Moreover, both Alk and melanocortin receptor-4 are expressed in discrete neuronal populations in the PVN and are regulated by projections containing Augα and AgRP, respectively, demonstrating that two distinct mechanisms that regulate pigmentation operate in the hypothalamus to control body weight. These experiments show that Alk-driven cancers were co-opted from a neuronal pathway in control of body weight, offering therapeutic opportunities for metabolic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Navjot Kaur
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Qianni Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Marya Shanabrough
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Evgenii O. Tretiakov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Solna, Sweden
| | - Tamas L. Horvath
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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17
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Secondary structure of peptides mimicking the Gly-rich regions of major ampullate spidroin protein 1 and 2. Biophys Chem 2022; 284:106783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Mechanism for the activation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase receptor. Nature 2021; 600:153-157. [PMID: 34819673 PMCID: PMC8639797 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that regulates important functions in the central nervous system1,2. The ALK gene is a hotspot for chromosomal translocation events that result in several fusion proteins that cause a variety of human malignancies3. Somatic and germline gain-of-function mutations in ALK were identified in paediatric neuroblastoma4-7. ALK is composed of an extracellular region (ECR), a single transmembrane helix and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain8,9. ALK is activated by the binding of ALKAL1 and ALKAL2 ligands10-14 to its ECR, but the lack of structural information for the ALK-ECR or for ALKAL ligands has limited our understanding of ALK activation. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography to determine the atomic details of human ALK dimerization and activation by ALKAL1 and ALKAL2. Our data reveal a mechanism of RTK activation that allows dimerization by either dimeric (ALKAL2) or monomeric (ALKAL1) ligands. This mechanism is underpinned by an unusual architecture of the receptor-ligand complex. The ALK-ECR undergoes a pronounced ligand-induced rearrangement and adopts an orientation parallel to the membrane surface. This orientation is further stabilized by an interaction between the ligand and the membrane. Our findings highlight the diversity in RTK oligomerization and activation mechanisms.
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