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Zhou Z, Zhang G, Xu Y, Yang S, Wang J, Li Z, Peng F, Lu Q. The underlying mechanism of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy triggering secondary T-cell cancers: Mystery of the Sphinx? Cancer Lett 2024; 597:217083. [PMID: 38925363 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has reported cases of T-cell malignancies, including CAR-positive lymphomas, in patients receiving B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)- or CD19-targeted autologous CAR-T cell immunotherapy. These reports were derived from clinical trials and/or post-marketing adverse event data. This finding has attracted widespread attention. Therefore, it is essential to explore the potential mechanisms by which chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy triggers secondary T-cell cancers to further guarantee the safety of CAR-T cell therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- B-Cell Maturation Antigen/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokai Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yudi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhengrui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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2
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Posey AD, Young RM, June CH. Future perspectives on engineered T cells for cancer. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:687-695. [PMID: 38853073 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a revolutionary treatment for hematological malignancies, but its adaptation to solid tumors is impeded by multiple challenges, particularly T cell dysfunction and exhaustion. The heterogeneity and inhospitableness of the solid tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to diminished CAR T cell efficacy exhibited by reduced cytotoxicity, proliferation, cytokine secretion, and the upregulation of inhibitory receptors, similar to the phenotype of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In this review, we highlight recent advances in T cell therapy for solid tumors, particularly brain cancer. Innovative strategies, including locoregional delivery and 'armoring' CAR T cells with cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-18, are under investigation to improve efficacy and safety. We also highlight emerging issues with toxicity management of CAR T cell adverse events. This review discusses the obstacles associated with CAR T cell therapy in the context of solid tumors and outlines current and future strategies to overcome these challenges.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Animals
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery D Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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3
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Abou-el-Enein M. The Fate(s) of CAR T-Cell Therapy: Navigating the Risks of CAR+ T-Cell Malignancy. Blood Cancer Discov 2024; 5:249-257. [PMID: 38713831 PMCID: PMC11215381 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-23-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The introduction of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy represents a landmark advancement in treating resistant forms of cancer such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. However, concerns about long-term safety have emerged following an FDA investigation into reports of second primary malignancies (SPM) after CAR-T cell treatment. This review offers a thorough examination of how genetically modified T cells might transform into CAR+ SPM. It explores genetic and molecular pathways leading to T-cell lymphomagenesis, the balance between CAR T-cell persistence, stemness, and oncogenic risk, and the trade-off of T-cell exhaustion, which may limit therapy efficacy but potentially reduce lymphomagenesis risk. Significance: An FDA probe into 22 cases of second primary T-cell malignancies following CAR T-cell therapy stresses the need to investigate their origins. Few may arise from preexisting genetic and epigenetic alterations and those introduced during therapeutic engineering. Technological advances, regulatory oversight, and patient monitoring are essential to mitigate potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-el-Enein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California and Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
- USC/CHLA Cell Therapy Program, University of Southern California and Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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4
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Zhang W, Wu M, Huang Y. Engineered CARD11-PIK3R3 T-cell therapies as weapons of cancer mass destruction. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e628. [PMID: 38952574 PMCID: PMC11215281 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Garcia et al. discover a novel immunotherapy approach by engineering naturally occurring mutations in therapeutic T cells to strongly elevate anti-tumor activity. The authors identify a gene fusion, CARD11-PIK3R3, to increase activator protein 1 and nuclear factor-κB signaling, interleukin-2 production, and tumor death in vitro and in vivo .
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning ProvinceCollege of Life and Health SciencesNortheastern UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Min Wu
- Wenzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouChina
| | - Yongye Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning ProvinceCollege of Life and Health SciencesNortheastern UniversityShenyangChina
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouChina
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5
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Liu Y, Sardana R, Nemirovsky D, Frosina D, Jungbluth A, Johnson WT, Vardhana S, Arcila M, Horwitz SM, Derkach A, Dogan A, Xiao W. Somatic mutations in FAS pathway increase hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis risk in patients with T- and/or NK-cell lymphoma. Blood Adv 2024; 8:3064-3075. [PMID: 38593227 PMCID: PMC11222957 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although significant progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), the pathogenesis of secondary HLH, the more prevalent form, remains unclear. Among the various conditions giving rise to secondary HLH, HLH in patients with lymphoma (HLH-L) accounts for a substantial proportion. In this study, we investigated the role of somatic mutations in the pathogenesis of HLH-L in a cohort of patients with T- and/or natural killer-cell lymphoma. We identified a 3-time higher frequency of mutations in FAS pathway in patients with HLH-L. Patients harboring these mutations had a 5-time increased HLH-L risk. These mutations were independently associated with inferior outcome. Hence, our study demonstrates the association between somatic mutations in FAS pathway and HLH-L. Further studies are warranted on the mechanistic role of these mutations in HLH-L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hematopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Molecular Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Rohan Sardana
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hematopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David Nemirovsky
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Denise Frosina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hematopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Achim Jungbluth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hematopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - William T. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Santosha Vardhana
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Maria Arcila
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hematopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Molecular Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Steven M. Horwitz
- Department of Medicine, Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Andriy Derkach
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hematopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hematopathology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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6
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Dufva O. Unlocking a genetic model of NK-cell transformation. Blood 2024; 143:2443-2444. [PMID: 38869919 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024024550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
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7
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Zajc CU, Sylvander E, Lehner M, Traxlmayr MW. Small molecule-regulated switches to provide functional control of CAR T cells within the patient. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2024; 24:425-432. [PMID: 38943466 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2371034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CAR T cells have generated great excitement due to their remarkable clinical response rates in selected hematologic malignancies. However, these engineered immune cells are living drugs which are hard to control after administration. AREAS COVERED We discuss small molecule-regulated switch systems which can potentially be used to control CAR T cell function within the patient, as well as the most important obstacles in the CAR T cell field, which might be overcome with those switch systems. EXPERT OPINION There is an urgent need to develop advanced switch systems. Once available, we expect that they will open up new avenues for future CAR T cell generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte U Zajc
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria
- CD Laboratory for Next Generation CAR T Cells, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elise Sylvander
- CD Laboratory for Next Generation CAR T Cells, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute, CCRI, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Lehner
- CD Laboratory for Next Generation CAR T Cells, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute, CCRI, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Anna Kinderspital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael W Traxlmayr
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria
- CD Laboratory for Next Generation CAR T Cells, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Zhou Z, Xia Y, Chen R, Gao P, Duan S. Unveiling a novel fusion gene enhances CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:98. [PMID: 38730483 PMCID: PMC11084019 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02007-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapy (ACT) in combating hematological tumors has been well-documented, yet its application to solid tumors faces formidable hurdles, chief among them being the suboptimal therapeutic response and the immunosuppressive milieu within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, Garcia, J. et al. present compelling findings shedding light on potential breakthroughs in this domain. Their investigation reveals the pronounced augmentation of anti-tumor activity in CAR T cells through the introduction of a T cell neoplasm fusion gene, CARD11-PIK3R3. The incorporation of this gene into engineered T cell therapy holds promise as a formidable tool in the arsenal of cancer immunotherapy. The innovative strategy outlined not only mitigates the requirement for high doses of CAR T cells but also enhances tumor control while exhibiting encouraging safety profiles. The exploration of the CARD11-PIK3R3 fusion gene represents an advancement in our approach to bolstering the anti-tumor efficacy of immunotherapeutic interventions. Nonetheless, the imperative for further inquiry to ascertain its transfection efficiency and long-term safety cannot be overstated. Nevertheless, this seminal investigation offers a beacon of hope in surmounting the formidable treatment impediments posed by solid tumors, paving the way for a transformative era in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Zhou
- Department of hematology, Yuyao People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Yangming Hospital of Ningbo University, Yuyao, Zhejiang, 315400, China
| | - Yongming Xia
- Department of hematology, Yuyao People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Yangming Hospital of Ningbo University, Yuyao, Zhejiang, 315400, China.
| | - Ruixiu Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panpan Gao
- Department of hematology, Yuyao People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Yangming Hospital of Ningbo University, Yuyao, Zhejiang, 315400, China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Hiltensperger M, Ruland J, Schober K. Harnessing naturally occurring mutations for T-cell therapy: a potential new avenue to enhance treatment efficacy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:117. [PMID: 38688914 PMCID: PMC11061186 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Grants
- KS is supported by grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, project-IDs 01KI2013 and 031L0290B), the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (project-ID 2020_EKEA.127), the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the research training group RTG 2504 (project-ID 401821119), the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research of the University Hospital of Erlangen (project-ID A98) and the European Union (Yellow4FLAVI consortium, project-ID 101137459). JR is supported by grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG) (project-ID 210592381 – SFB 1054, project-ID 395357507 – SFB 1371, project-ID 369799452 – TRR 237, project-ID 452881907 – TRR 338, project-ID 435874434 – RTG 2668, RU 695/12-1), The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 834154).
- JR is supported by grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG) (project-ID 210592381 – SFB 1054, project-ID 395357507 – SFB 1371, project-ID 369799452 – TRR 237, project-ID 452881907 – TRR 338, project-ID 435874434 – RTG 2668, RU 695/12-1), The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 834154).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hiltensperger
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Montoya M, Gallus M, Phyu S, Haegelin J, de Groot J, Okada H. A Roadmap of CAR-T-Cell Therapy in Glioblastoma: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Cells 2024; 13:726. [PMID: 38727262 PMCID: PMC11083543 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor, with a median overall survival of less than 2 years and a nearly 100% mortality rate under standard therapy that consists of surgery followed by combined radiochemotherapy. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in hematological cancers has prompted preclinical and clinical investigations into CAR-T-cell treatment for GBM. However, recent trials have not demonstrated any major success. Here, we delineate existing challenges impeding the effectiveness of CAR-T-cell therapy for GBM, encompassing the cold (immunosuppressive) microenvironment, tumor heterogeneity, T-cell exhaustion, local and systemic immunosuppression, and the immune privilege inherent to the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Additionally, we deliberate on the progress made in developing next-generation CAR-T cells and novel innovative approaches, such as low-intensity pulsed focused ultrasound, aimed at surmounting current roadblocks in GBM CAR-T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Montoya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marco Gallus
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Su Phyu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haegelin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John de Groot
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
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11
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Crunkhorn S. Increasing the potency of T cell therapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:253. [PMID: 38448667 DOI: 10.1038/d41573-024-00043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
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12
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Mullard A. Turbocharged CAR-T cells melt tumours in mice - using a trick from cancer cells. Nature 2024:10.1038/d41586-024-00305-3. [PMID: 38326423 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
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