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Muik A, Quandt J, Lui BG, Bacher M, Lutz S, Grünenthal M, Toker A, Grosser J, Ozhelvaci O, Blokhina O, Shpyro S, Vogler I, Salisch N, Türeci Ö, Sahin U. Immunity against conserved epitopes dominates after two consecutive exposures to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114567. [PMID: 39097927 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure histories become increasingly complex through original and variant-adapted vaccines and infections with viral variants. Upon exposure to the highly altered Omicron spike glycoprotein, pre-immunized individuals predominantly mount recall responses of Wuhan-Hu-1 (wild-type)-imprinted memory B (BMEM) cells mostly targeting conserved non-neutralizing epitopes, leading to diminished Omicron neutralization. We investigated the impact of imprinting in individuals double/triple vaccinated with a wild-type-strain-based mRNA vaccine who, thereafter, had two consecutive exposures to Omicron BA.1 spike (breakthrough infection followed by BA.1-adapted vaccine). We found that depletion of conserved epitope-recognizing antibodies using a wild-type spike bait results in strongly diminished BA.1 neutralization. Furthermore, spike-specific BMEM cells recognizing conserved epitopes are much more prevalent than BA.1-specific BMEM cells. Our observations suggest that imprinted BMEM cell recall responses limit the induction of strain-specific responses even after two consecutive BA.1 spike exposures. Vaccine adaptation strategies need to consider that prior SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccinations may cause persistent immune imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maren Bacher
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Aras Toker
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Özlem Türeci
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany; HI-TRON - Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz by DKFZ, Obere Zahlbacherstr. 63, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany; TRON gGmbH - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Cyster JG, Wilson PC. Antibody modulation of B cell responses-Incorporating positive and negative feedback. Immunity 2024; 57:1466-1481. [PMID: 38986442 PMCID: PMC11257158 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies are powerful modulators of ongoing and future B cell responses. While the concept of antibody feedback has been appreciated for over a century, the topic has seen a surge in interest due to the evidence that the broadening of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 after a third mRNA vaccination is a consequence of antibody feedback. Moreover, the discovery that slow antigen delivery can lead to more robust humoral immunity has put a spotlight on the capacity for early antibodies to augment B cell responses. Here, we review the mechanisms whereby antibody feedback shapes B cell responses, integrating findings in humans and in mouse models. We consider the major influence of epitope masking and the diverse actions of complement and Fc receptors and provide a framework for conceptualizing the ways antigen-specific antibodies may influence B cell responses to any form of antigen, in conditions as diverse as infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Schiepers A, Van't Wout MFL, Hobbs A, Mesin L, Victora GD. Opposing effects of pre-existing antibody and memory T cell help on the dynamics of recall germinal centers. Immunity 2024; 57:1618-1628.e4. [PMID: 38838672 PMCID: PMC11236515 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Re-exposure to an antigen generates abundant antibody responses and drives the formation of secondary germinal centers (GCs). Recall GCs in mice consist almost entirely of naïve B cells, whereas recall antibodies derive overwhelmingly from memory B cells. Here, we examine this division between cellular and serum compartments. After repeated immunization with the same antigen, tetramer analyses of recall GCs revealed a marked decrease in the ability of B cells in these structures to bind the antigen. Boosting with viral variant proteins restored antigen binding in recall GCs, as did genetic ablation of primary-derived antibody-secreting cells through conditional deletion of Prdm1, demonstrating suppression of GC recall responses by pre-existing antibodies. In hapten-carrier experiments in which B and T cell specificities were uncoupled, memory T cell help allowed B cells with undetectable antigen binding to access GCs. Thus, antibody-mediated feedback steers recall GC B cells away from previously targeted epitopes and enables specific targeting of variant epitopes, with implications for vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Alvaro Hobbs
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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