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Kwok D, Okada H. T-Cell based therapies for overcoming neuroanatomical and immunosuppressive challenges within the glioma microenvironment. J Neurooncol 2020; 147:281-295. [PMID: 32185647 PMCID: PMC7182069 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains as the most common and aggressive primary adult brain tumor to date. Within the last decade, cancer immunotherapy surfaced as a broadly successful therapeutic approach for a variety of cancers. However, due to the neuroanatomical and immunosuppressive nature of malignant gliomas, conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments garner limited efficacy in patients with these tumors. The intricate structure of the blood brain barrier restricts immune accessibility into the tumor microenvironment, and malignant gliomas can activate various adaptive responses to subvert anticancer immune responses and reinstate an immunosuppressive milieu. Yet, evidence of lymphocyte infiltration within the brain and recent advancements made in cell engineering technologies implicate the vast potential in the future of neuro-oncological immunotherapy. Previous immunotherapy platforms have paved way to improved modalities, which includes but is not limited to personalized vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. This review will cover the various neuroanatomical and immunosuppressive features of central nervous system tumors and highlight the innovations made in T-cell based therapies to overcome the challenges presented by the glioblastoma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin Kwok
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building HD 472 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0520, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building HD 472 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158-0520, USA.
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Liu X, Tang C, Song X, Cheng L, Liu Y, Ding F, Xia C, Xue L, Xiao J, Huang B. Clinical value of CTLA4-associated microRNAs combined with inflammatory factors in the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Clin Biochem 2020; 57:151-161. [PMID: 31906699 DOI: 10.1177/0004563220901564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The current study aimed to explore the value of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4)-associated microRNAs combined with inflammatory factors in the differential diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods A retrospective study including 245 NSCLC patients and 245 healthy controls was conducted on a testing group. A regression formula for NSCLC prediction was established based on the testing group. Two validation groups from two centres were used to assess the novel logistic regression model including 144 NSCLC patients and 144 healthy controls recruited from the Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, and 128 NSCLC patients and 128 healthy controls recruited from the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. Results Predictive software and dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-155-5p and miR-630 could target CTLA4 expression. The miR-155-5p and miR-630 concentrations in the NSCLC patients were significantly lower, and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6, cytokeratin-19-fragment (CYFRA21-1), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) concentrations and the smoking rate were significantly higher than that in healthy controls ( P < 0.05). A logistic regression model that included smoking, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, hs-CRP, interleukin 6, CYFRA21-1, SCCA, miR-155-5p and miR-630 was performed. This model presented a high discriminating value (AUC: 0.830, sensitivity/specificity: 74.6%/89.7%) than any single indicator. In the validation groups, this model still showed a high discriminating value (AUC = 0.838 with the internal validation group; AUC = 0.851 with the external validation group). Conclusion The current model has potential significance for the non-invasive diagnosis for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlian Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianda Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanfang Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baorong Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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