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Lee NJ, Kang W, Kwon Y, Oh JW, Jung H, Seo M, Seol Y, Wi JB, Ban YH, Yoon YJ, Park JW. Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis of Pseudo-trisaccharide Aminoglycoside Antibiotics with Enhanced Nonsense Read-through Inducer Activity. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200497. [PMID: 36259357 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. Over the last two decades, studies have reported the potential of AGs in the treatment of genetic disorders caused by nonsense mutations, owing to their ability to induce the ribosomes to read through these mutations and produce a full-length protein. However, the principal limitation in the clinical application of AGs arises from their high toxicity, including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. In this study, five novel pseudo-trisaccharide analogs were synthesized by chemo-enzymatic synthesis by acid hydrolysis of commercially available AGs, followed by an enzymatic reaction using recombinant substrate-flexible KanM2 glycosyltransferase. The relationships between their structures and biological activities, including the antibacterial, nephrotoxic, and nonsense readthrough inducer (NRI) activities, were investigated. The absence of 1-N-acylation, 3',4'-dideoxygenation, and post-glycosyl transfer modifications on the third sugar moiety of AGs diminishes their antibacterial activities. The 3',4'-dihydroxy and 6'-hydroxy moieties regulate the in vitro nephrotoxicity of AGs in mammalian cell lines. The 3',4'-dihydroxy and 6'-methyl scaffolds are indispensable for the ex vivo NRI activity of AGs. Based on the alleviated in vitro antibacterial properties and nephrotoxicity, and the highest ex vivo NRI activity among the five compounds, a kanamycin analog (6'-methyl-3''-deamino-3''-hydroxykanamycin C) was selected as a novel AG hit for further studies on human genetic disorders caused by premature transcriptional termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Joon Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Woongshin Kang
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Younghae Kwon
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Jae Wook Oh
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Hogwuan Jung
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Minsuk Seo
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Yurin Seol
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Jae Bok Wi
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Ban
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
| | - Je Won Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea.,School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul (Republic of, Korea
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2
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Stojanovski G, Hailes HC, Ward JM. Facile and selective N-alkylation of gentamicin antibiotics via chemoenzymatic synthesis. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:9542-9551. [PMID: 36544494 PMCID: PMC9744104 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc03600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rise and spread of antimicrobial resistance has necessitated the development of novel antimicrobials which are effective against drug resistant pathogens. Aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGAs) remain one of our most effective classes of bactericidal drugs. However, they are challenging molecules to selectively modify by chemical synthesis, requiring the use of extensive protection and deprotection steps leading to long, atom- and step-inefficient synthetic routes. Biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic approaches for the generation of AGA derivatives are of interest as they allow access to more concise and sustainable synthetic routes to novel compounds. This work presents a two-step chemoenzymatic route to regioselectively modify the C-6' position of AGAs. The approach uses a transaminase enzyme to generate an aldehyde on the C-6' position in the absence of protecting groups, followed by reductive amination to introduce substituents selectively on this position. Seven candidate transaminases were tested for their ability to deaminate a panel of commercially available AGAs. The C-6' transaminases could deaminate both pseudo di- and trisaccharide AGAs and tolerate the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on the C-3'- and C-4'-positions. Additionally, sugar substituents on the C-6 hydroxyl were accepted but not on the C-5 hydroxyl. The most promising enzyme, GenB4, was then coupled with a reductive amination step to synthesise eleven novel 6'-gentamicin C1a analogues with conversions of 13-90%. Five of these compounds were active antimicrobials and four of these retained activity against an aminoglycoside-resistant Escherichia coli. This approach allows facile and step-efficient access to novel aminoglycoside compounds under mild reaction conditions and could potentially enable the development of greener, sustainable, and more cost-effective syntheses of novel AGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorjan Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London London WC1E 6BT UK
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3
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Crystal structure of BtrK, a decarboxylase involved in the (S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyrate (AHBA) formation during butirosin biosynthesis. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Kudo F, Eguchi T. Biosynthesis of cyclitols. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1622-1642. [PMID: 35726901 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00024e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Review covering up to 2021Cyclitols derived from carbohydrates are naturally stable hydrophilic substances under ordinary physiological conditions, increasing the water solubility of whole molecules in cells. The stability of cyclitols is derived from their carbocyclic structures bearing no acetal groups, in contrast to sugar molecules. Therefore, carbocycle-forming reactions are critical for the biosynthesis of cyclitols. Herein, we review naturally occurring cyclitols that have been identified to date and categorize them according to the type of carbocycle-forming enzymatic reaction. Furthermore, the cyclitol-forming enzymatic reaction mechanisms and modification pathways of the initially generated cyclitols are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Kudo
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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5
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Zhang Z, Li P, Wang M, Zhang Y, Wu B, Tao Y, Pan G, Chen Y. ( S)-3-aminopiperidine-2,6-dione is a biosynthetic intermediate of microbial blue pigment indigoidine. MLIFE 2022; 1:146-155. [PMID: 38817675 PMCID: PMC10989907 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The biosynthetic investigations of microbial natural products continuously provide powerful biocatalysts for the preparation of valuable chemicals. Practical methods for preparing (S)-3-aminopiperidine-2,6-dione (2), the pharmacophore of thalidomide (1) and its analog drugs, are highly desired. To develop a biocatalyst for producing (S)-2, we dissected the domain functions of IdgS, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of indigoidine (3), a microbial blue pigment that consists of two 2-like moieties. Our data supported that the L-glutamine tethered to the indigoidine assembly line is first offloaded and cyclized by the thioesterase domain to form (S)-2, which is then dehydrogenated by the oxidation (Ox) domain and finally dimerized to yield 3. Based on this, we developed an IdgS-derived enzyme biocatalyst, IdgS-Ox* R539A, for preparing enantiomerically pure (S)-2. As a proof of concept, one-pot chemoenzymatic synthesis of 1 was achieved by combining the biocatalytic and chemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Pengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High‐Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Bian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guohui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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6
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Cull B, Burkhardt NY, Wang XR, Thorpe CJ, Oliver JD, Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG. The Ixodes scapularis Symbiont Rickettsia buchneri Inhibits Growth of Pathogenic Rickettsiaceae in Tick Cells: Implications for Vector Competence. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:748427. [PMID: 35071375 PMCID: PMC8770908 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.748427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis is the primary vector of tick-borne pathogens in North America but notably does not transmit pathogenic Rickettsia species. This tick harbors the transovarially transmitted endosymbiont Rickettsia buchneri, which is widespread in I. scapularis populations, suggesting that it confers a selective advantage for tick survival such as providing essential nutrients. The R. buchneri genome includes genes with similarity to those involved in antibiotic synthesis. There are two gene clusters not found in other Rickettsiaceae, raising the possibility that these may be involved in excluding pathogenic bacteria from the tick. This study explored whether the R. buchneri antibiotic genes might exert antibiotic effects on pathogens associated with I. scapularis. Markedly reduced infectivity and replication of the tick-borne pathogens Anaplasma phagocytophilum, R. monacensis, and R. parkeri were observed in IRE11 tick cells hosting R. buchneri. Using a fluorescent plate reader assay to follow infection dynamics revealed that the presence of R. buchneri in tick cells, even at low infection rates, inhibited the growth of R. parkeri by 86-100% relative to R. buchneri-free cells. In contrast, presence of the low-pathogenic species R. amblyommatis or the endosymbiont R. peacockii only partially reduced the infection and replication of R. parkeri. Addition of host-cell free R. buchneri, cell lysate of R. buchneri-infected IRE11, or supernatant from R. buchneri-infected IRE11 cultures had no effect on R. parkeri infection and replication in IRE11, nor did these treatments show any antibiotic effect against non-obligate intracellular bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. However, lysate from R. buchneri-infected IRE11 challenged with R. parkeri showed some inhibitory effect on R. parkeri infection of treated IRE11, suggesting that challenge by pathogenic rickettsiae may induce the antibiotic effect of R. buchneri. This research suggests a potential role of the endosymbiont in preventing other rickettsiae from colonizing I. scapularis and/or being transmitted transovarially. The confirmation that the observed inhibition is linked to R. buchneri's antibiotic clusters requires further investigation but could have important implications for our understanding of rickettsial competition and vector competence of I. scapularis for rickettsiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cull
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Nicole Y. Burkhardt
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Xin-Ru Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Cody J. Thorpe
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Oliver
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Timothy J. Kurtti
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Ulrike G. Munderloh
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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7
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Li S, Santos Bury PD, Huang F, Guo J, Sun G, Reva A, Huang C, Jian X, Li Y, Zhou J, Deng Z, Leeper FJ, Leadlay PF, Dias MVB, Sun Y. Mechanistic Insights into Dideoxygenation in Gentamicin Biosynthesis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Priscila Dos Santos Bury
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fanglu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Junhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Guo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Anna Reva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Chuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xinyun Jian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiahai Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Finian J. Leeper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Marcio V. B. Dias
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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8
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Ban YH, Song MC, Jeong JH, Kwun MS, Kim CR, Ryu HS, Kim E, Park JW, Lee DG, Yoon YJ. Microbial Enzymatic Synthesis of Amikacin Analogs With Antibacterial Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:725916. [PMID: 34512603 PMCID: PMC8430323 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.725916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the constant emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, interest in the development of new aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics for clinical use has increased. The regioselective modification of AG scaffolds could be an efficient approach for the development of new antibiotics with improved therapeutic potency. We enzymatically synthesized three amikacin analogs containing structural modifications in the amino groups and evaluated their antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. Among them, 6′-N-acyl-3″-N-methylated analogs showed improved antibacterial activity against the multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria tested, while exhibiting reduced in vitro nephrotoxicity compared to amikacin. This study demonstrated that the modifications of the 6′-amino group as well as the 3″-amino group have noteworthy advantages for circumventing the AG-resistance mechanism. The regiospecific enzymatic modification could be exploited to develop novel antibacterial agents with improved pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Ban
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myoung Chong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joong Ho Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Seok Kwun
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Rae Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwi So Ryu
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je Won Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Kudo F, Kitayama Y, Miyanaga A, Numakura M, Eguchi T. Stepwise Post-glycosylation Modification of Sugar Moieties in Kanamycin Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1668-1675. [PMID: 33403742 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Kanamycin A is the major 2-deoxystreptamine (2DOS)-containing aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus. The 2DOS moiety is linked with 6-amino-6-deoxy-d-glucose (6ADG) at O-4 and 3-amino-3-deoxy-d-glucose at O-6. Because the 6ADG moiety is derived from d-glucosamine (GlcN), deamination at C-2 and introduction of C-6-NH2 are required in the biosynthesis. A dehydrogenase, KanQ, and an aminotransferase, KanB, are presumed to be responsible for the introduction of C-6-NH2 , although the substrates have not been identified. Here, we examined the substrate specificity of KanQ to better understand the biosynthetic pathway. It was found that KanQ oxidized kanamycin C more efficiently than the 3''-deamino derivative. Furthermore, the substrate specificity of an oxygenase, KanJ, that is responsible for deamination at C-2 of the GlcN moiety was examined, and the crystal structure of KanJ was determined. It was found that C-6-NH2 is important for substrate recognition by KanJ. Thus, the modification of the GlcN moiety occurs after pseudo-trisaccharide formation, followed by the introduction of C-6-NH2 by KanQ/KanB and deamination at C-2 by KanJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Kudo
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Kitayama
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Akimasa Miyanaga
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Mario Numakura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tadashi Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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Wohlgemuth R. Biocatalysis - Key enabling tools from biocatalytic one-step and multi-step reactions to biocatalytic total synthesis. N Biotechnol 2020; 60:113-123. [PMID: 33045418 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the area of human-made innovations to improve the quality of life, biocatalysis has already had a great impact and contributed enormously to a growing number of catalytic transformations aimed at the detection and analysis of compounds, the bioconversion of starting materials and the preparation of target compounds at any scale, from laboratory small scale to industrial large scale. The key enabling tools which have been developed in biocatalysis over the last decades also provide great opportunities for further development and numerous applications in various sectors of the global bioeconomy. Systems biocatalysis is a modular, bottom-up approach to designing the architecture of enzyme-catalyzed reaction steps in a synthetic route from starting materials to target molecules. The integration of biocatalysis and sustainable chemistry in vitro aims at ideal conversions with high molecular economy and their intensification. Retrosynthetic analysis in the chemical and biological domain has been a valuable tool for target-oriented synthesis while, on the other hand, diversity-oriented synthesis builds on forward-looking analysis. Bioinformatic tools for rapid identification of the required enzyme functions, efficient enzyme production systems, as well as generalized bioprocess design tools, are important for rapid prototyping of the biocatalytic reactions. The tools for enzyme engineering and the reaction engineering of each enzyme-catalyzed one-step reaction are also valuable for coupling reactions. The tools to overcome interaction issues with other components or enzymes are of great interest in designing multi-step reactions as well as in biocatalytic total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland; Swiss Coordination Committee on Biotechnology (SKB), Nordstrasse 15, 8021 Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Liu R, Yu D, Deng Z, Liu T. Harnessing in vitro platforms for natural product research: in vitro driven rational engineering and mining (iDREAM). Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 69:1-9. [PMID: 33027693 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Well-known issues amid in vivo research of natural product discovery and overproduction, such as unculturable or unmanipulable microorganisms, labor-intensive experimental cycles, and hidden rate-limiting steps, have hampered relevant investigations. To overcome these long-standing challenges, many researchers are turning toward in vitro platforms, which bypass the complicated cellular machinery and simplify the study of natural products. Here, we summarize the in vitro driven rational engineering and mining (iDREAM) strategy, which harnesses the flexibility and controllability of in vitro systems to rationally overproduce commodity chemicals and efficiently mine novel compounds. The iDREAM strategy promises to make further significant contributions toward both fundamental advances and industrial practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Dingchen Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China; Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430075, PR China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China; Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430075, PR China.
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12
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Development of 6'- N-Acylated Isepamicin Analogs with Improved Antibacterial Activity Against Isepamicin-Resistant Pathogens. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060893. [PMID: 32545254 PMCID: PMC7356214 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics has been required to overcome the resistance mechanism of AG-modifying enzymes (AMEs) of AG-resistant pathogens. The AG acetyltransferase, AAC(6′)-APH(2″), one of the most typical AMEs, exhibiting substrate promiscuity towards a variety of AGs and acyl-CoAs, was employed to enzymatically synthesize new 6′-N-acylated isepamicin (ISP) analogs, 6′-N-acetyl/-propionyl/-malonyl ISPs. They were all active against the ISP-resistant Gram-negative bacteria tested, and the 6′-N-acetyl ISP displayed reduced toxicity compared to ISP in vitro. This study demonstrated the importance of the modification of the 6′-amino group in circumventing AG-resistance and the potential of regioselective enzymatic modification of AG scaffolds for the development of more robust AG antibiotics.
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13
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Wang Y, Begley TP. Mechanistic Studies on CysS - A Vitamin B 12-Dependent Radical SAM Methyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthesis of the tert-Butyl Group of Cystobactamid. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9944-9954. [PMID: 32374991 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cobalamin (Cbl)-dependent radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methyltransferases catalyze methylation reactions at non-nucleophilic centers in a wide range of substrates. CysS is a Cbl-dependent radical SAM methyltransferase involved in cystobactamid biosynthesis. This enzyme catalyzes the sequential methylation of a methoxy group to form ethoxy, i-propoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy groups on a p-aminobenzoate peptidyl carrier protein thioester intermediate. This biosynthetic strategy enables the host myxobacterium to biosynthesize a combinatorial antibiotic library of 25 cystobactamid analogues. In this Article, we describe three experiments to elucidate how CysS uses Cbl, SAM, and a [4Fe-4S] cluster to catalyze iterative methylation reactions: a cyclopropylcarbinyl rearrangement was used to trap the substrate radical and to estimate the rate of the radical substitution reaction involved in the methyl transfer; a bromoethoxy analogue was used to explore the active site topography; and deuterium isotope effects on the hydrogen atom abstraction by the adenosyl radical were used to investigate the kinetic significance of the hydrogen atom abstraction. On the basis of these experiments, a revised mechanism for CysS is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyou Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Tadhg P Begley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Abu-Saleh AAAA, Sharma S, Yadav A, Poirier RA. Role of Asp190 in the Phosphorylation of the Antibiotic Kanamycin Catalyzed by the Aminoglycoside Phosphotransferase Enzyme: A Combined QM:QM and MD Study. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3494-3504. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abd Al-Aziz A. Abu-Saleh
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Sweta Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Arpita Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Raymond A. Poirier
- Chemistry Department, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X7, Canada
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15
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Chen X, Zhang H, Zhou S, Bi M, Qi S, Gao H, Ni X, Xia H. The bifunctional enzyme, GenB4, catalyzes the last step of gentamicin 3',4'-di-deoxygenation via reduction and transamination activities. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:62. [PMID: 32156271 PMCID: PMC7063804 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotics generally use chemical modifications to avoid inactivity from pathogens. One of the most used modifications is 3′,4′-di-deoxygenation, which imitates the structure of gentamicin. However, the mechanism of di-deoxygenation has not been clearly elucidated. Results Here, we report that the bifunctional enzyme, GenB4, catalyzes the last step of gentamicin 3′,4′-di-deoxygenation via reduction and transamination activities. Following disruption of genB4 in wild-type M. echinospora, its products accumulated in 6′-deamino-6′-oxoverdamicin (1), verdamicin C2a (2), and its epimer, verdamicin C2 (3). Following disruption of genB4 in M. echinospora ΔgenK, its products accumulated in sisomicin (4) and 6′-N-methylsisomicin (5, G-52). Following in vitro catalytic reactions, GenB4 transformed sisomicin (4) to gentamicin C1a (9) and transformed verdamicin C2a (2) and its epimer, verdamicin C2 (3), to gentamicin C2a (11) and gentamicin C2 (12), respectively. Conclusion This finding indicated that in addition to its transamination activity, GenB4 exhibits specific 4′,5′ double-bond reducing activity and is responsible for the last step of gentamicin 3′,4′-di-deoxygenation. Taken together, we propose three new intermediates that may refine and supplement the specific biosynthetic pathway of gentamicin C components and lay the foundation for the complete elucidation of di-deoxygenation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotang Chen
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shaotong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingjun Bi
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shizhou Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianpu Ni
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Huanzhang Xia
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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16
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Ban YH, Song MC, Park JW, Yoon YJ. Minor components of aminoglycosides: recent advances in their biosynthesis and therapeutic potential. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:301-311. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This Highlight covers the recent advances in the biosynthetic pathways of aminoglycosides including their minor components, together with the therapeutic potential for minor aminoglycoside components and semi-synthetic aminoglycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Ban
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Chong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Republic of Korea
| | - Je Won Park
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences
- Korea University
- Seoul 02841
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Republic of Korea
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17
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Chang Y, Chai B, Ding Y, He M, Zheng L, Teng Y, Deng Z, Yu Y, Liu T. Overproduction of gentamicin B in industrial strain Micromonospora echinospora CCTCC M 2018898 by cloning of the missing genes genR and genS. Metab Eng Commun 2019; 9:e00096. [PMID: 31720212 PMCID: PMC6838515 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2019.e00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In pharmaceutical industry, isepamicin is mainly manufactured from gentamicin B, which is produced by Micromonospora echinospora as a minor component of the gentamicin complex. Improvement of gentamicin B production through metabolic engineering is therefore important to satisfy the increasing demand for isepamicin. We hypothesized that gentamicin B was generated from gentamicin JI-20A via deamination of the C2’ amino group. Using kanJ and kanK as the gene probes, we identified the putative deamination-related genes, genR and genS, through genome mining of the gentamicin B producing strain M. echinospora CCTCC M 2018898. Interestingly, genR and genS constitute a gene cassette located approximately 28.7 kb away from the gentamicin gene cluster. Gene knockout of genR and genS almost abolished the production of gentamicin B in the mutant strain, suggesting that these two genes, which are responsible for the last steps in gentamicin B biosynthesis, constitute the missing part of the known gentamicin biosynthetic pathway. Based on these finding, we successfully constructed a gentamicin B high-yielding strain (798 mg/L), in which an overexpression cassette of genR and genS was introduced. Our work fills the missing piece to solve the puzzle of gentamicin B biosynthesis and may inspire future metabolic engineering efforts to generate gentamycin B high-yielding strains that could eventually satisfy the need for industrial manufacturing of isepamicin. Two missing genes in the biosynthetic pathway of gentamicin B were found. CRISPR/Cas9 was applied successfully to delete genes in Micromonospora echinospora. Overexpression of genR/S cassette improved gentamicin B titer by 64% in current industrial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Baozhong Chai
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Yunkun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Min He
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Linghui Zheng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Yun Teng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Antifungal Drugs, Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075, China
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