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Chen J, Liao Y, Li R, Luo M, Wu G, Tan R, Xiao Z. Immunotherapeutic Significance of a Prognostic Alternative Splicing Signature in Bladder Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221090093. [PMID: 35509211 PMCID: PMC9083046 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221090093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in men in the United States. Aberrant alternative splicing (AS) events are involved in the carcinogenesis, but the association between AS and bladder cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to construct an AS-based prognostic signature and elucidate the role of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and the response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy in bladder cancer. Methods: Univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to detect prognosis-related AS events. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox analyses were employed to build prognostic signatures. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, multivariate Cox regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were conducted to validate the prognostic signatures. Then, the Estimation of Stromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumor tissues using Expression data (ESTIMATE) and tumor immune estimation resource (TIMER) databases were searched and the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm and CIBERSORT method were performed to uncover the context of TIME in bladder cancer. The Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) web tool and pRRophetic algorithm were used to predict the response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Finally, we constructed a correlation network between splicing factors (SFs) and survival-related AS events. Results: A total of 4684 AS events were significantly associated with overall survival in patients with bladder cancer. Eight prognostic signatures of bladder cancer were established, and a clinical survival prediction model was built. In addition, the consolidated prognostic signature was closely related to immune infiltration and the response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Furthermore, the correlation identified EIF3A, DDX21, SDE2, TNPO1, and RNF40 as hub SFs, and function analysis found ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is correlated most significantly with survival-associated AS events. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the prognostic value of AS for patients with bladder cancer and reveal pivotal players of AS events in the context of TIME and the response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy, which may be important for patient management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yangjie Liao
- 504354The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- 22494Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingjiang Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Guanlin Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, 58305Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruirong Tan
- 22494Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,International Center for Translational Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihong Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Palgen JL, Feraoun Y, Dzangué-Tchoupou G, Joly C, Martinon F, Le Grand R, Beignon AS. Optimize Prime/Boost Vaccine Strategies: Trained Immunity as a New Player in the Game. Front Immunol 2021; 12:612747. [PMID: 33763063 PMCID: PMC7982481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.612747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines require multiple doses to induce long-lasting protective immunity in a high frequency of vaccines, and to ensure strong both individual and herd immunity. Repetitive immunogenic stimulations not only increase the intensity and durability of adaptive immunity, but also influence its quality. Several vaccine parameters are known to influence adaptive immune responses, including notably the number of immunizations, the delay between them, and the delivery sequence of different recombinant vaccine vectors. Furthermore, the initial effector innate immune response is key to activate and modulate B and T cell responses. Optimization of homologous and heterologous prime/boost vaccination strategies requires a thorough understanding of how vaccination history affects memory B and T cell characteristics. This requires deeper knowledge of how innate cells respond to multiple vaccine encounters. Here, we review how innate cells, more particularly those of the myeloid lineage, sense and respond differently to a 1st and a 2nd vaccine dose, both in an extrinsic and intrinsic manner. On one hand, the presence of primary specific antibodies and memory T cells, whose critical properties change with time after priming, provides a distinct environment for innate cells at the time of re-vaccination. On the other hand, innate cells themselves can exert enhanced intrinsic antimicrobial functions, long after initial stimulation, which is referred to as trained immunity. We discuss the potential of trained innate cells to be game-changers in prime/boost vaccine strategies. Their increased functionality in antigen uptake, antigen presentation, migration, and as cytokine producers, could indeed improve the restimulation of primary memory B and T cells and their differentiation into potent secondary memory cells in response to the boost. A better understanding of trained immunity mechanisms will be highly valuable for harnessing the full potential of trained innate cells, to optimize immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Palgen
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,School of Medical Sciences, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yanis Feraoun
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gaëlle Dzangué-Tchoupou
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Candie Joly
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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