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Sahin Solmaz N, Farsi R, Boero G. 200 GHz single chip microsystems for dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5485. [PMID: 38942752 PMCID: PMC11213862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is one of the most powerful and versatile hyperpolarization methods to enhance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals. A major drawback of DNP is the cost and complexity of the required microwave hardware, especially at high magnetic fields and low temperatures. To overcome this drawback and with the focus on the study of nanoliter and subnanoliter samples, this work demonstrates 200 GHz single chip DNP microsystems where the microwave excitation/detection are performed locally on chip without the need of external microwave generators and transmission lines. The single chip integrated microsystems consist of a single or an array of microwave oscillators operating at about 200 GHz for ESR excitation/detection and an RF receiver operating at about 300 MHz for NMR detection. This work demonstrates the possibility of using the single chip approach for the realization of probes for DNP studies at high frequency, high field, and low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergiz Sahin Solmaz
- Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM) and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering (QSE) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Reza Farsi
- Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM) and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering (QSE) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM) and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering (QSE) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Deborne J, Benkhaled I, Bouchaud V, Pinaud N, Crémillieux Y. Implantable theranostic device for in vivo real-time NMR evaluation of drug impact in brain tumors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4541. [PMID: 38402370 PMCID: PMC10894190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the efficacy of a drug is a fundamental step in the development of new treatments or in personalized therapeutic strategies and patient management. Ideally, this evaluation should be rapid, possibly in real time, easy to perform and reliable. In addition, it should be associated with as few adverse effects as possible for the patient. In this study, we present a device designed to meet these goals for assessing therapeutic response. This theranostic device is based on the use of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for the diagnostic aspect and on the application of the convection-enhanced delivery technique for the therapeutic aspect. The miniaturized device is implantable and can be used in vivo in a target tissue. In this study, the device was applied to rodent glioma models with local administration of choline kinase inhibitor and acquisition of magnetic resonance images and spectra at 7 Tesla. The variations in the concentration of key metabolites measured by the device during the administration of the molecules demonstrate the relevance of the approach and the potential of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Deborne
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255, Bordeaux, France
| | - Imad Benkhaled
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Bouchaud
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Noël Pinaud
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yannick Crémillieux
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255, Bordeaux, France.
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3
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Yang Q, Zhao J, Dreyer F, Krüger D, Chu A, Kern M, Blümich B, Anders J. A chip-based C-band ODNP platform. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2024; 358:107603. [PMID: 38142565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a chip-based C-band ODNP platform centered around an NMR-on-a-chip transceiver and a printed microwave (MW) Alderman-Grant (AG) coil with a broadband tunable frequency range of 528MHz. The printable ODNP probe is optimized for a high input-power-to-magnetic-field conversion-efficiency, achieving a measured ODNP enhancement factor of -151 at microwave power levels of 33.3dBm corresponding to 2.1W. NMR measurements with and without microwave irradiation verify the functionality and the state-of-the-art performance of the proposed ODNP platform. The wide tuning range of the system allows for indirect measurements of the EPR signal of the DNP agent by sweeping the microwave excitation frequency and recording the resulting NMR signal. This feature can, e.g., be used to detect line broadening of the DNP agent. Moreover, we demonstrate experimentally that the wide tuning range of the new ODNP platform can be used to perform multi-tone microwave excitation for further signal enhancement: Using a 10mM TEMPOL solution, we improved the enhancement by a factor of two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Frederik Dreyer
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Daniel Krüger
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany; John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, 02138, United States
| | - Anh Chu
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Michal Kern
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Jens Anders
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany; Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ(ST)), Stuttgart, Germany; Institute for Microelectronics Stuttgart (IMS CHIPS), Stuttgart, Germany.
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4
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Azadmousavi T, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Design and Analysis of a Low-Voltage VCO: Reliability and Variability Performance. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2118. [PMID: 38004976 PMCID: PMC10673083 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates an adaptive body biasing (ABB) circuit to improve the reliability and variability of a low-voltage inductor-capacitor (LC) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The ABB circuit provides VCO resilience to process variability and reliability variation through the threshold voltage adjustment of VCO's transistors. Analytical equations considering the body bias effect are derived for the most important relations of the VCO and then the performance is verified using the post-layout simulation results. Under a 0.16% threshold voltage shift, the sensitivity of the normalized phase noise and transconductance of the VCO with the ABB circuit compared to the constant body bias (CBB) decreases by around 8.4 times and 3.1 times, respectively. Also, the sensitivity of the normalized phase noise and transconductance of the proposed VCO under 0.16% mobility variations decreases by around 1.5 times and 1.7 times compared to the CBB, respectively. The robustness of the VCO is also examined using process variation analysis through Monte Carlo and corner case simulations. The post-layout results in the 180 nm CMOS process indicate that the proposed VCO draws a power consumption of only 398 µW from a 0.6 V supply when the VCO frequency is 2.4 GHz. It achieves a phase noise of -123.19 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset and provides a figure of merit (FoM) of -194.82 dBc/Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Azadmousavi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 55517-61167, Iran;
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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5
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Dreyer F, Yang Q, Alnajjar B, Kruger D, Blumich B, Anders J. A Portable Chip-Based NMR Relaxometry System With Arbitrary Phase Control for Point-of-Care Blood Analysis. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2023; 17:831-842. [PMID: 37335792 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3287281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present a portable NMR relaxometry system optimized for the point-of-care analysis of body liquids such as blood. The presented system is centered on an NMR-on-a-chip transceiver ASIC, a reference frequency generator with arbitrary phase control, and a custom-designed miniaturized NMR magnet with a field strength of 0.29 T and a total weight of 330 g. The NMR-ASIC co-integrates a low-IF receiver, a power amplifier, and a PLL-based frequency synthesizer on a total chip area of 1100 × 900 μm 2. The arbitrary reference frequency generator enables the use of conventional CPMG and inversion sequences, as well as modified water-suppression sequences. Moreover, it is used to implement an automatic frequency lock to correct temperature-induced magnetic field drifts. Proof-of-concept measurements on NMR phantoms and human blood samples show an excellent concentration sensitivity of v[Formula: see text] = 2.2 mM/[Formula: see text]. This very good performance renders the presented system an ideal candidate for the future NMR-based point-of-care detection of biomarkers such as the blood glucose concentration.
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Yang Q, Zhao J, Dreyer F, Krüger D, Anders J. A portable NMR platform with arbitrary phase control and temperature compensation. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2022; 3:77-90. [PMID: 37905179 PMCID: PMC10539832 DOI: 10.5194/mr-3-77-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a custom-designed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) platform based on a broadband complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) NMR-on-a-chip transceiver and a synchronous reference signal generator, which features arbitrary phase control of the excitation pulse in combination with phase-coherent detection at a non-zero intermediate frequency (IF). Moreover, the presented direct digital synthesis (DDS)-based frequency generator enables a digital temperature compensation scheme similar to classical field locking without the need for additional hardware. NMR spectroscopy and relaxometry measurements verify the functionality of the proposed frequency reference and temperature compensation scheme as well as the overall state-of-the-art performance of the presented system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frederik Dreyer
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Krüger
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Jens Anders
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ), Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Jenne A, Bermel W, Michal CA, Gruschke O, Soong R, Ghosh Biswas R, Bastawrous M, Simpson AJ. DREAMTIME NMR Spectroscopy: Targeted Multi-Compound Selection with Improved Detection Limits. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110044. [PMID: 35170183 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
NMR/MRI are critical tools for studying molecular structure and interactions but suffer from relatively low sensitivity and spectral overlap. Here, a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) approach, termed DREAMTIME, is introduced that provides "a molecular window" inside complex systems, capable of showing only what the user desires, with complete molecular specificity. The user chooses a list of molecules of interest, and the approach detects only those targets while all other molecules are invisible. The approach is demonstrated in whole human blood and urine, small living aquatic organisms in 1D/2D NMR, and MRI. Finally, as proof-of-concept, once overlap is removed via DREAMTIME, a novel "multi-focusing" approach can be used to increase sensitivity. In human blood and urine, sensitivity increases of 7-12 fold over standard 1 H NMR are observed. Applicable even to unknowns, DREAMTIME has widespread application, from monitoring product formation in organic chemistry to monitoring/identifying suites of molecular targets in complex media or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jenne
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Strasse 23, 76275, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Carl A Michal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Oliver Gruschke
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Strasse 23, 76275, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
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8
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Jenne A, Bermel W, Michal CA, Gruschke O, Soong R, Ghosh Biswas R, Bastawrous M, Simpson AJ. DREAMTIME NMR Spectroscopy: Targeted Multi‐Compound Selection with Improved Detection Limits. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jenne
- Environmental NMR Centre University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON, M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH Rudolf-Plank-Strasse 23 76275 Ettlingen Germany
| | - Carl A. Michal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia 6224 Agricultural Road Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Oliver Gruschke
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH Rudolf-Plank-Strasse 23 76275 Ettlingen Germany
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Centre University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON, M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Environmental NMR Centre University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON, M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Centre University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON, M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Andre J. Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON, M1C 1A4 Canada
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9
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Deborne J, Pinaud N, Crémillieux Y. Proton MRS on sub-microliter volume in rat brain using implantable NMR microcoils. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4578. [PMID: 34189772 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of miniaturized NMR receiver coils is an effective approach for improving detection sensitivity in studies using MRS and MRI. By optimizing the filling factor (the fraction of the coil occupied by the sample), and by increasing the RF magnetic field produced per unit current, the sensitivity gain offered by NMR microcoils is particularly interesting when small volumes or regions of interest are investigated. For in vivo studies, millimetric or sub-millimetric microcoils can be deployed in tissues to access regions of interest located at a certain depth. In this study, the implementation and application of a tissue-implantable NMR microcoil with a detection volume of 850 nL is described. The RF magnetic field generated by the microcoil was evaluated using a finite element method simulation and experimentally determined by high spatial resolution MRI acquisitions. The performance of the microcoil in terms of spectral resolution and limit of detection was measured at 7 T in vitro and in vivo in rodent brains. These performances were compared with those of a conventional external detection coil. Proton MR spectra were acquired in the cortex of rat brain. The concentrations of main metabolites were quantified and compared with reference values from the literature. In vitro and in vivo results obtained with the implantable microcoil showed a gain in sensitivity greater than 50 compared with detection using an external coil. In vivo proton spectra of diagnostic value were obtained from brain regions of a few hundred nanoliters. The similarities between spectra obtained with the implanted microcoil and those obtained with the external NMR coil highlight the minimally invasive nature of the coil implantation procedure. These implantable microcoils represent new tools for probing tissue metabolism in very small healthy or diseased regions using MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Deborne
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Noël Pinaud
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yannick Crémillieux
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Implantable NMR Microcoils in Rats: A New Tool for Exploring Tumor Metabolism at Sub-Microliter Scale? Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030176. [PMID: 33803055 PMCID: PMC8002894 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of a miniaturized implantable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) coil to acquire in vivo proton NMR spectra in sub-microliter regions of interest and to obtain metabolic information using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in these small volumes. For this purpose, the NMR microcoils were implanted in the right cortex of healthy rats and in C6 glioma-bearing rats. The dimensions of the microcoil were 450 micrometers wide and 3 mm long. The MRS acquisitions were performed at 7 Tesla using volume coil for RF excitation and microcoil for signal reception. The detection volume of the microcoil was measured equal to 450 nL. A gain in sensitivity equal to 76 was found in favor of implanted microcoil as compared to external surface coil. Nine resonances from metabolites were assigned in the spectra acquired in healthy rats (n = 5) and in glioma-bearing rat (n = 1). The differences in relative amplitude of choline, lactate and creatine resonances observed in glioma-bearing animal were in agreement with published findings on this tumor model. In conclusion, the designed implantable microcoil is suitable for in vivo MRS and can be used for probing the metabolism in localized and very small regions of interest in a tumor.
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Anders J, Dreyer F, Krüger D, Schwartz I, Plenio MB, Jelezko F. Progress in miniaturization and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 322:106860. [PMID: 33423757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the latest developments in miniaturization of NMR systems with an emphasis on low-field NMR. We briefly cover the topics of magnet and coil miniaturization, elaborating on the advantages and disadvantages of miniaturized coils for different applications. The main part of the article is dedicated to progress in NMR electronics. Here, we touch upon software-defined radios as an emerging gadget for NMR before we provide a detailed discussion of NMR-on-a-chip transceivers as the ultimate solution in terms of miniaturization of NMR electronics. In addition to discussing the miniaturization capabilities of the NMR-on-a-chip approach, we also investigate the potential use of NMR-on-a-chip devices for an improved NMR system performance. Here, we also discuss the possibility of combining the NMR-on-a-chip approach with EPR-on-a-chip spectrometers to form compact DNP-on-a-chip systems that can provide a significant sensitivity boost, especially for low-field NMR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Anders
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ(ST)), Germany.
| | - Frederik Dreyer
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Krüger
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany; John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Ilai Schwartz
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ(ST)), Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 D-89081 Ulm, Germany; Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ(ST)), Germany
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12
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Sahin Solmaz N, Grisi M, Matheoud AV, Gualco G, Boero G. Single-Chip Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Microsystem. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9782-9789. [PMID: 32530638 PMCID: PMC9559634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Integration
of the sensitivity-relevant electronics of nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometers
on a single chip is a promising approach to improve the limit of detection,
especially for samples in the nanoliter and subnanoliter range. Here,
we demonstrate the cointegration on a single silicon chip of the front-end
electronics of NMR and ESR detectors. The excitation/detection planar
spiral microcoils of the NMR and ESR detectors are concentric and
interrogate the same sample volume. This combination of sensors allows
one to perform dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments using
a single-chip-integrated microsystem having an area of about 2 mm2. In particular, we report 1H DNP-enhanced NMR
experiments on liquid samples having a volume of about 1 nL performed
at 10.7 GHz(ESR)/16 MHz(NMR). NMR enhancements as large as 50 are
achieved on TEMPOL/H2O solutions at room temperature. The
use of state-of-the-art submicrometer integrated circuit technologies
should allow the future extension of the single-chip DNP microsystem
approach proposed here up the THz(ESR)/GHz(NMR) region, corresponding
to the strongest static magnetic fields currently available. Particularly
interesting is the possibility to create arrays of such sensors for
parallel DNP-enhanced NMR spectroscopy of nanoliter and subnanoliter
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergiz Sahin Solmaz
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Grisi
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro V. Matheoud
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Gualco
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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