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Tsay JS, Kim HE, McDougle SD, Taylor JA, Haith A, Avraham G, Krakauer JW, Collins AGE, Ivry RB. Fundamental processes in sensorimotor learning: Reasoning, refinement, and retrieval. eLife 2024; 13:e91839. [PMID: 39087986 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor learning is often viewed as a unitary process that operates outside of conscious awareness. This perspective has led to the development of sophisticated models designed to elucidate the mechanisms of implicit sensorimotor learning. In this review, we argue for a broader perspective, emphasizing the contribution of explicit strategies to sensorimotor learning tasks. Furthermore, we propose a theoretical framework for motor learning that consists of three fundamental processes: reasoning, the process of understanding action-outcome relationships; refinement, the process of optimizing sensorimotor and cognitive parameters to achieve motor goals; and retrieval, the process of inferring the context and recalling a control policy. We anticipate that this '3R' framework for understanding how complex movements are learned will open exciting avenues for future research at the intersection between cognition and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Tsay
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, United States
| | - Hyosub E Kim
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Jordan A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Adrian Haith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Guy Avraham
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - John W Krakauer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, United States
| | - Anne G E Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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Lin H, Zhou J. Hippocampal and orbitofrontal neurons contribute to complementary aspects of associative structure. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5283. [PMID: 38902232 PMCID: PMC11190210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to establish associations between environmental stimuli is fundamental for higher-order brain functions like state inference and generalization. Both the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) play pivotal roles in this, demonstrating complex neural activity changes after associative learning. However, how precisely they contribute to representing learned associations remains unclear. Here, we train head-restrained mice to learn four 'odor-outcome' sequence pairs composed of several task variables-the past and current odor cues, sequence structure of 'cue-outcome' arrangement, and the expected outcome; and perform calcium imaging from these mice throughout learning. Sequence-splitting signals that distinguish between paired sequences are detected in both brain regions, reflecting associative memory formation. Critically, we uncover differential contents in represented associations by examining, in each area, how these task variables affect splitting signal generalization between sequence pairs. Specifically, the hippocampal splitting signals are influenced by the combination of past and current cues that define a particular sensory experience. In contrast, the OFC splitting signals are similar between sequence pairs that share the same sequence structure and expected outcome. These findings suggest that the hippocampus and OFC uniquely and complementarily organize the acquired associative structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Lin
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhou
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Nitsch A, Garvert MM, Bellmund JLS, Schuck NW, Doeller CF. Grid-like entorhinal representation of an abstract value space during prospective decision making. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1198. [PMID: 38336756 PMCID: PMC10858181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
How valuable a choice option is often changes over time, making the prediction of value changes an important challenge for decision making. Prior studies identified a cognitive map in the hippocampal-entorhinal system that encodes relationships between states and enables prediction of future states, but does not inherently convey value during prospective decision making. In this fMRI study, participants predicted changing values of choice options in a sequence, forming a trajectory through an abstract two-dimensional value space. During this task, the entorhinal cortex exhibited a grid-like representation with an orientation aligned to the axis through the value space most informative for choices. A network of brain regions, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex, tracked the prospective value difference between options. These findings suggest that the entorhinal grid system supports the prediction of future values by representing a cognitive map, which might be used to generate lower-dimensional value signals to guide prospective decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nitsch
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mona M Garvert
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Aging Research, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jacob L S Bellmund
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas W Schuck
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Aging Research, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian F Doeller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer's Disease, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Ren L. The mechanistic basis for the rapid antidepressant-like effects of ketamine: From neural circuits to molecular pathways. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110910. [PMID: 38061484 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Conventional antidepressants that target monoaminergic receptors require several weeks to be efficacious. This lag represents a significant problem in the currently available treatments for serious depression. Ketamine, acting as an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, was shown to have rapid antidepressant-like effects, marking a significant advancement in the study of mood disorders. However, serious side effects and adverse reactions limit its clinical use. Considering the limitations of ketamine, it is crucial to further define the network targets of ketamine. The rapid action of ketamine an as antidepressant is thought to be mediated by the glutamate system. It is believed that synaptic plasticity is essential for the rapid effects of ketamine as an antidepressant. Other mechanisms include the involvement of the γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic), 5-HTergic systems, and recent studies have linked astrocytes to ketamine's rapid antidepressant-like effects. The interactions between these systems exert a synergistic rapid antidepressant effect through neural circuits and molecular mechanisms. Here, we discuss the neural circuits and molecular mechanisms underlying the action of ketamine. This work will help explain how molecular and neural targets are responsible for the effects of rapidly acting antidepressants and will aid in the discovery of new therapeutic approaches for major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Chengdu 611137, China.
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Zheng XY, Hebart MN, Grill F, Dolan RJ, Doeller CF, Cools R, Garvert MM. Parallel cognitive maps for multiple knowledge structures in the hippocampal formation. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad485. [PMID: 38204296 PMCID: PMC10839836 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal-entorhinal system uses cognitive maps to represent spatial knowledge and other types of relational information. However, objects can often be characterized by different types of relations simultaneously. How does the hippocampal formation handle the embedding of stimuli in multiple relational structures that differ vastly in their mode and timescale of acquisition? Does the hippocampal formation integrate different stimulus dimensions into one conjunctive map or is each dimension represented in a parallel map? Here, we reanalyzed human functional magnetic resonance imaging data from Garvert et al. (2017) that had previously revealed a map in the hippocampal formation coding for a newly learnt transition structure. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation analysis, we found that the degree of representational similarity in the bilateral hippocampus also decreased as a function of the semantic distance between presented objects. Importantly, while both map-like structures localized to the hippocampal formation, the semantic map was located in more posterior regions of the hippocampal formation than the transition structure and thus anatomically distinct. This finding supports the idea that the hippocampal-entorhinal system forms parallel cognitive maps that reflect the embedding of objects in diverse relational structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Y Zheng
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin N Hebart
- Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Filip Grill
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Christian F Doeller
- Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer's Disease, NTNU, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Wilhelm Wundt Institute of Psychology, Leipzig University, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mona M Garvert
- Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Tegelbeckers J, Porter DB, Voss JL, Schoenbaum G, Kahnt T. Lateral orbitofrontal cortex integrates predictive information across multiple cues to guide behavior. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4496-4504.e5. [PMID: 37804827 PMCID: PMC10622115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Individuals are often faced with multiple cues that concurrently predict the same outcome, and combining these predictions may benefit behavior. Previous work has studied the neural basis of decision-making, predominantly using isolated sensory stimuli, and so the mechanisms that allow us to leverage multiple cues remain unclear. In two experiments, we used neuroimaging and network-targeted brain stimulation to probe how the brain integrates outcome predictions to guide adaptive behavior. We identified neural signatures of outcome integration in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), where concurrently presented cues evoke stronger pattern-based representations of expected outcomes. Moreover, perturbing lateral OFC network activity impairs subjects' ability to leverage predictions from multiple cues to facilitate responding. Intriguingly, we found similar behavioral and brain mechanisms for reward-predicting cues and for cues predicting the absence of reward. These findings highlight a causal role for the lateral OFC in utilizing outcome predictions from multiple cues to guide behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tegelbeckers
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Otto von Guericke University, Universitaetsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Daria B Porter
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joel L Voss
- University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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