1
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Carta M, Lukin S, Delogu F, Halasz I. A kinetic study of mechanically activated atom exchange: the effect of milling frequency and ball mass. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16438-16443. [PMID: 38808410 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanochemical reaction of hydrogen isotope exchange between solid benzoic acid and liquid heavy water. The systematic change of milling conditions revealed that the reaction rate scales with the milling frequency and the mass of the milling balls. The ball size being always the same, faster reactions stem from the use of higher milling frequencies and heavier balls. The kinetic curves are described by a kinetic model that accounts for the statistical, deformational and chemical factors involved in mechanochemical transformations. The results indicate that the reaction is driven by the generation of a new interface area caused by the deformation of the solid reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carta
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, CSGI research unit, University of Cagliari, via Marengo 2, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, CSGI research unit, University of Cagliari, via Marengo 2, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
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2
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Liu S, Li S, Gardener JA, Akey A, Gao X, Wang X, Liu J. Phase-Pure α-Sn Quantum Material on Si Seeded by a 2 nm-Thick Ge Layer. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400550. [PMID: 38863124 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
α-Sn, a new elemental topological quantum material, has drawn substantial attention lately. Unique transport properties and intriguing spintronics applications of α-Sn are demonstrated, resurrecting this material from its notorious "tin pest" infamy. With a diamond cubic crystal structure, group-IV α-Sn holds the potential for integrated topological quantum devices on Si. However, directly growing α-Sn on Si is still challenging due to the ≈20% lattice mismatch. Here, a new method is demonstrated to grow 200 nm-thick α-Sn microstructures on a 2 nm-thick Ge seed layer on Si substrate by physical vapor deposition. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals that the as-deposited β-Sn melts upon rapid thermal annealing at 350-450 °C and solidifies to α-Sn after cooling back to room temperature, seeded by heterogeneous nucleation on the Ge layer. Cooling condition and HCl etching are tuned to achieve phase-pure α-Sn microstructures toward quantum devices. Approximately 1 at.% Ge is alloyed into α-Sn due to diffusion from the Ge seed layer, which helps stabilize α-Sn thermodynamically to facilitate device processing. A compressive strain is incorporated into these α-Sn microstructures, making them 3D topological Dirac semimetals for integrated quantum devices on Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Liu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Shangda Li
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jules A Gardener
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Austin Akey
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Gao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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3
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Dudek MK, Trzeciak K, Tajber L, Zając J, Kaźmierski S, Pindelska E, Makowski T, Svyntkivska M, Potrzebowski MJ. A New Look at the Mechanism of Cocrystal Formation and Coformers Exchange in Processes Forced by Mechanical and/or Thermal Stimuli - ex situ and in situ Studies of Low-Melting Eutectic Mixtures. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302138. [PMID: 37957130 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Three different devices: ball mill, hot stage melting, and magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR rotor were used for the preparation of ethenzamide (ET) cocrystals with glutaric acid (GLU), ethylmalonic acid (EMA) and maleic acid (MAL) as coformers. In each case, well-defined binary systems (ET:EMA, ET:GLU, ET:MAL) were obtained. The common features of the two solvent free methods of cocrystal formation (grinding, melting) are presented on the basis of arguments obtained by solid state NMR spectroscopy. Thermal analysis (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) proved that the eutectic phase arises over a wide range of molar ratios of components for each of the binary systems. NMR techniques, supported by theoretical calculations, allowed to provide details about the pathway of the reaction mechanism with atomic accuracy. It was found that the formation of ET cocrystals is a complex process that requires five steps. Each step has been recognized and described. Variable temperature 1D and 2D MAS NMR experiments allowed to track physicochemical processes taking place in a molten state. Moreover, it was found that in a multicomponent mixture consisting of all four components, ET, EMA, GLU, and MAL, ET in the molten phase behaves as a specific selector choosing only one partner to form binary cocrystals according to energy preferences. The process of exchange of coformers in binary systems during grinding, melting, and NMR measurements is described. The stabilization energies (Estab ) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps computed for the cocrystals under discussion and their individual components rationalize the selection rules and explain the relationships between individual species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta K Dudek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Trzeciak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, the SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Trinity College Dublin College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Justyna Zając
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kaźmierski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Pindelska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Makowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariia Svyntkivska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek J Potrzebowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
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Silva IDA, Bartalucci E, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Opportunities and Challenges in Applying Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Mechanochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304092. [PMID: 37407000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it is shown that mechanochemical strategies can be beneficial in directed conversions of organic compounds. Finding new reactions proved difficult, and due to the lack of mechanistic understanding of mechanochemical reaction events, respective efforts have mostly remained empirical. Spectroscopic techniques are crucial in shedding light on these questions. In this overview, the opportunities and challenges of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the field of organic mechanochemistry are discussed. After a brief discussion of the basics of high-resolution solid-state NMR under magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions, seven opportunities for solid-state NMR in the field of organic mechanochemistry are presented, ranging from ex situ approaches to structurally elucidated reaction products obtained by milling to the potential and limitations of in situ solid-state NMR approaches. Particular strengths of solid-state NMR, for instance in differentiating polymorphs, in NMR-crystallographic structure-determination protocols, or in detecting weak noncovalent interactions in molecular-recognition events employing proton-detected solid-state NMR experiments at fast MAS frequencies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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5
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Shao S, Bonner D, Twamley B, Singh A, Healy AM. One Step In Situ Co-Crystallization of Dapsone and Polyethylene Glycols during Fluidized Bed Granulation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2330. [PMID: 37765298 PMCID: PMC10535358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of in situ co-crystallization in different pharmaceutical processes such as spray drying, hot melt extrusion, and fluidized bed granulation (FBG) to produce co-crystal-in-excipient formulations. However, no previous studies have examined such a one step in situ co-crystallization process for co-crystal formulations where the coformer is a polymer. In the current study, we explored the use of FBG to produce co-crystal granules of dapsone (DAP) and different molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEGs). Solvent evaporation (SE) was proven to generate DAP-PEGs co-crystals at a particular weight ratio of 55:45 w/w between DAP and PEG, which was subsequently used in FBG, using microcrystalline cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose as filler excipient and binder, respectively. FBG could generate co-crystals with higher purity than SE. Granules containing DAP-PEG 400 co-crystal could be prepared without any additional binder. DAP-PEG co-crystal granules produced by FBG demonstrated superior pharmaceutical properties, including flow properties and tableting properties, compared to DAP and DAP-PEG co-crystals prepared by SE. Overall, in situ co-crystallization via FBG can effectively produce API-polymer co-crystals and enhance the pharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhe Shao
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (D.B.)
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Bonner
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
| | | | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (D.B.)
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Scheurrell K, B Martins IC, Murray C, Emmerling F. Exploring the role of solvent polarity in mechanochemical Knoevenagel condensation: in situ investigation and isolation of reaction intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23637-23644. [PMID: 37650575 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02883f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry has proven to be a highly effective method for the synthesis of organic compounds. We studied the kinetics of the catalyst-free Knoevenagel reaction between 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and malononitrile, activated and driven by ball milling. The reaction was investigated in the absence of solvents (neat grinding) and in the presence of solvents with different polarities (liquid-assisted grinding). The reaction was monitored using time-resolved in situ Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Our results indicate a direct relationship between solvent polarity and reaction kinetics, with higher solvent polarity leading to faster product (2-(4-nitrobenzylidone)malononitrile) formation. For the first time, we were able to isolate and determine the structure of an intermediate 2-(hydroxy(4-nitrophenyl)methyl)malononitrile based on PXRD data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Scheurrell
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Inês C B Martins
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Claire Murray
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Surov AO, Drozd KV, Ramazanova AG, Churakov AV, Vologzhanina AV, Kulikova ES, Perlovich GL. Polymorphism of Carbamazepine Pharmaceutical Cocrystal: Structural Analysis and Solubility Performance. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1747. [PMID: 37376195 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism is a common phenomenon among single- and multicomponent molecular crystals that has a significant impact on the contemporary drug development process. A new polymorphic form of the drug carbamazepine (CBZ) cocrystal with methylparaben (MePRB) in a 1:1 molar ratio as well as the drug's channel-like cocrystal containing highly disordered coformer molecules have been obtained and characterized in this work using various analytical methods, including thermal analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and single-crystal and high-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. Structural analysis of the solid forms revealed a close resemblance between novel form II and previously reported form I of the [CBZ + MePRB] (1:1) cocrystal in terms of hydrogen bond networks and overall packing arrangements. The channel-like cocrystal was found to belong to a distinct family of isostructural CBZ cocrystals with coformers of similar size and shape. Form I and form II of the 1:1 cocrystal appeared to be related by a monotropic relationship, with form II being proven to be the thermodynamically more stable phase. The dissolution performance of both polymorphs in aqueous media was significantly enhanced when compared with parent CBZ. However, considering the superior thermodynamic stability and consistent dissolution profile, the discovered form II of the [CBZ + MePRB] (1:1) cocrystal seems a more promising and reliable solid form for further pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem O Surov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS, Akademicheskaya Str. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Ksenia V Drozd
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS, Akademicheskaya Str. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Anna G Ramazanova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS, Akademicheskaya Str. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Andrei V Churakov
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Prosp. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Vologzhanina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Vavilova Str. 28, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S Kulikova
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatova pl., 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - German L Perlovich
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry RAS, Akademicheskaya Str. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
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8
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Akhmetova I, Rautenberg M, Das C, Bhattacharya B, Emmerling F. Synthesis and In Situ Monitoring of Mechanochemical Preparation of Highly Proton Conductive Hydrogen-Bonded Metal Phosphonates. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16687-16693. [PMID: 37214731 PMCID: PMC10193405 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline porous materials are recognized as promising proton conductors for the proton exchange membrane (PEM) in fuel cell technology owing to their tunable framework structure. However, it is still a challenging bulk synthesis for real-world applications of these materials. Herein, we report the mechanochemical gram-scale synthesis of two isostructural metal hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (MHOFs) of Co(II) and Ni(II) based on 1-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonic acid (HEDPH4) with 2,2'-bipyridine (2,2'-bipy): Co(HEDPH3)2(2,2'-bipy)·H2O (1) and Ni(HEDPH3)2(2,2'-bipy)·H2O (2). In situ monitoring of the mechanochemical synthesis using different synchrotron-based techniques revealed a one-step mechanism - the starting materials are directly converted to the product. With the existence of extensive hydrogen bonds with amphiprotic uncoordinated phosphonate hydroxyl and oxygen atoms, both frameworks exhibited proton conduction in the range of 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature under humid conditions. This study demonstrates the potential of green mechanosynthesis for bulk material preparation of framework-based solid-state proton conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Akhmetova
- BAM
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str.
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Rautenberg
- BAM
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str.
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chayanika Das
- BAM
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str.
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Biswajit Bhattacharya
- BAM
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str.
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str.
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Kazemzadeh M, Martinez-Calderon M, Otupiri R, Artuyants A, Lowe MM, Ning X, Reategui E, Schultz ZD, Xu W, Blenkiron C, Chamley LW, Broderick NGR, Hisey CL. Manifold Learning Enables Interpretable Analysis of Raman Spectra from Extracellular Vesicle and Other Mixtures. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.20.533481. [PMID: 36993759 PMCID: PMC10055277 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.533481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising diagnostic and therapeutic candidates in many biomedical applications. However, EV research continues to rely heavily on in vitro cell cultures for EV production, where the exogenous EVs present in fetal bovine (FBS) or other required serum supplementation can be difficult to remove entirely. Despite this and other potential applications involving EV mixtures, there are currently no rapid, robust, inexpensive, and label-free methods for determining the relative concentrations of different EV subpopulations within a sample. In this study, we demonstrate that surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can biochemically fingerprint fetal bovine serum-derived and bioreactor-produced EVs, and after applying a novel manifold learning technique to the acquired spectra, enables the quantitative detection of the relative amounts of different EV populations within an unknown sample. We first developed this method using known ratios of Rhodamine B to Rhodamine 6G, then using known ratios of FBS EVs to breast cancer EVs from a bioreactor culture. In addition to quantifying EV mixtures, the proposed deep learning architecture provides some knowledge discovery capabilities which we demonstrate by applying it to dynamic Raman spectra of a chemical milling process. This label-free characterization and analytical approach should translate well to other EV SERS applications, such as monitoring the integrity of semipermeable membranes within EV bioreactors, ensuring the quality or potency of diagnostic or therapeutic EVs, determining relative amounts of EVs produced in complex co-culture systems, as well as many Raman spectroscopy applications.
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10
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Vugrin L, Carta M, Delogu F, Halasz I. Extending the Hammett correlation to mechanochemical reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1629-1632. [PMID: 36662170 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Using Raman in situ monitoring and mechanochemistry-specific kinetic analysis, we find a correlation between the reaction probability and the Hammett constants in a model mechanochemical reaction of imine formation, indicating that the body of knowledge developed in physical-organic chemistry could be transferable to ball milling reactions in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonarda Vugrin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Maria Carta
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, via Marengo 2, Cagliari 09123, Italy.
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, via Marengo 2, Cagliari 09123, Italy.
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
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11
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Sander M, Fabig S, Borchardt L. The Transformation of Inorganic to Organic Carbonates: Chasing for Reaction Pathways in Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202860. [PMID: 36314665 PMCID: PMC10107195 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions are solvent-free alternatives to solution-based syntheses enabling even conventionally impossible transformations. Their reaction pathways, however, usually remain unexplored within the heavily vibrating, dense milling vessels. Here, we showcase how the green organic solvent diethyl carbonate is synthesized mechanochemically from inorganic alkali carbonates and how the complementary combination of milling parameter studies, synchrotron X-ray diffraction real time monitoring, and quantum chemical calculations reveal the underlying reaction pathways. With this, reaction intermediates are identified, and chemical concepts of solution-chemistry are challenged or corroborated for mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sander
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Fabig
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions are driven by the direct absorption of mechanical energy by a solid (often crystalline) material. Understanding how this energy is absorbed and ultimately causes a chemical transformation is essential for understanding the elementary stages of mechanochemical transformations. Using as a model system the energetic material LiN3 we here consider how vibrational energy flows through the crystal structure. By considering the compression response of the crystalline material we identify the partitioning of energy into an initial vibrational excitation. Subsequent energy flow is based on concepts of phonon-phonon scattering, which we calculate within a quasi-equilibrium model facilitated by phonon scattering data obtained from Density Functional Theory (DFT). Using this model we demonstrate how the moments (picoseconds) immediately following mechanical impact lead to significant thermal excitation of crystalline LiN3, sufficient to drive marked changes in its electronic structure and hence chemical reactivity. This work paves the way towards an ab initio approach to studying elementary processes in mechanochemical reactions involving crystalline solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A L Michalchuk
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard Wilstaetter Str 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Boldyreva E. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying - retrospect, achievements and challenges. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:9-62. [PMID: 36519434 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a view on the achievements, challenges and prospects of mechanochemistry. The extensive reference list can serve as a good entry point to a plethora of mechanochemical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boldyreva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS & Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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14
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Vugrin L, Halasz I, Geneste H. Characterization and isolation of an 18-crown-6 complex of potassium hydroxide prepared by milling: application to mechanochemical organic synthesis. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3nj00364g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state supramolecular complexation of potassium cations enables the reactivity of KOH in mechanochemical organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonarda Vugrin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Hervé Geneste
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, Ludwigshafen D-67008, Germany
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15
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Martinez V, Stolar T, Karadeniz B, Brekalo I, Užarević K. Advancing mechanochemical synthesis by combining milling with different energy sources. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 7:51-65. [PMID: 37117822 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its efficiency and unique reactivity, mechanochemical processing of bulk solids has developed into a powerful tool for the synthesis and transformation of various classes of materials. Nevertheless, mechanochemistry is primarily based on simple techniques, such as milling in comminution devices. Recently, mechanochemical reactivity has started being combined with other energy sources commonly used in solution-based chemistry. Milling under controlled temperature, light irradiation, sound agitation or electrical impulses in newly developed experimental setups has led to reactions not achievable by conventional mechanochemical processing. This Perspective describes these unique reactivities and the advances in equipment tailored to synthetic mechanochemistry. These techniques - thermo-mechanochemistry, sono-mechanochemistry, electro-mechanochemistry and photo-mechanochemistry - represent a notable advance in modern mechanochemistry and herald a new level of solid-state reactivity: mechanochemistry 2.0.
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16
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Barišić D, Halasz I, Bjelopetrović A, Babić D, Ćurić M. Mechanistic Study of the Mechanochemical Pd II-Catalyzed Bromination of Aromatic C–H Bonds by Experimental and Computational Methods. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Barišić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alen Bjelopetrović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manda Ćurić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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17
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Michalchuk AAL, Emmerling F. Time-Resolved In Situ Monitoring of Mechanochemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117270. [PMID: 35128778 PMCID: PMC9400867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical transformations offer environmentally benign synthesis routes, whilst enhancing both the speed and selectivity of reactions. In this regard, mechanochemistry promises to transform the way in which chemistry is done in both academia and industry but is greatly hindered by a current lack of mechanistic understanding. The continued development and use of time-resolved in situ (TRIS) approaches to monitor mechanochemical reactions provides a new dimension to elucidate these fascinating transformations. We here discuss recent trends in method development that have pushed the boundaries of mechanochemical research. New features of mechanochemical reactions obtained by TRIS techniques are subsequently discussed, which sheds light on how different TRIS approaches have been used. Emphasis is placed on the strength of combining complementary techniques. Finally, we outline our views on the potential of TRIS methods in mechanochemical research, towards establishing a new, environmentally benign paradigm in the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Strasse1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Strasse1112489BerlinGermany
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Strasse 212489BerlinGermany
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18
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Lukin S, Germann LS, Friščić T, Halasz I. Toward Mechanistic Understanding of Mechanochemical Reactions Using Real-Time In Situ Monitoring. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1262-1277. [PMID: 35446551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a rapid emergence of interest in mechanochemistry-chemical and materials reactivity achieved or sustained by the action of mechanical force-which has led to application of mechanochemistry to almost all areas of modern chemical and materials synthesis: from organic, inorganic, and organometallic chemistry to enzymatic reactions, formation of metal-organic frameworks, hybrid perovskites, and nanoparticle-based materials. The recent success of mechanochemistry by ball milling has also raised questions about the underlying mechanisms and has led to the realization that the rational development and effective harnessing of mechanochemical reactivity for cleaner and more efficient chemical manufacturing will critically depend on establishing a mechanistic understanding of these reactions. Despite their long history, the development of such a knowledge framework for mechanochemical reactions is still incomplete. This is in part due to the, until recently, unsurmountable challenge of directly observing transformations taking place in a rapidly oscillating or rotating milling vessel, with the sample being under the continuous impact of milling media. A transformative change in mechanistic studies of milling reactions was recently introduced through the first two methodologies for real-time in situ monitoring based on synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Introduced in 2013 and 2014, the two new techniques have inspired a period of tremendous method development, resulting also in new techniques for mechanistic mechanochemical studies that are based on temperature and/or pressure monitoring, extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS), and, latest, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The new technologies available for real-time monitoring have now inspired the development of experimental strategies and advanced data analysis approaches for the identification and quantification of short-lived reaction intermediates, the development of new mechanistic models, as well as the emergence of more complex monitoring methodologies based on two or three simultaneous monitoring approaches. The use of these new opportunities has, in less than a decade, enabled the first real-time observations of mechanochemical reaction kinetics and the first studies of how the presence of additives, or other means of modifying the mechanochemical reaction, influence reaction rates and pathways. These studies have revealed multistep reaction mechanisms, enabled the identification of autocatalysis, as well as identified molecules and materials that have previously not been known or have even been considered not possible to synthesize through conventional approaches. Mechanistic studies through in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman spectroscopy have highlighted the formation of supramolecular complexes (for example, cocrystals) as critical intermediates in organic and metal-organic synthesis and have also been combined with isotope labeling strategies to provide a deeper insight into mechanochemical reaction mechanisms and atomic and molecular dynamics under milling conditions. This Account provides an overview of this exciting, rapidly evolving field by presenting the development and concepts behind the new methodologies for real-time in situ monitoring of mechanochemical reactions, outlining key advances in mechanistic understanding of mechanochemistry, and presenting selected studies important for pushing forward the boundaries of measurement techniques, data analysis, and mapping of reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipe Lukin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luzia S. Germann
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W. H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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19
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Lapshin O, Ivanova O. Macrokinetic mechanosynthesis model comprising multidirectional factors characterizing the effect of mechanical treatment on the combustion of activated mixtures. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Michalchuk AAL, Emmerling F. Zeitaufgelöste In‐Situ‐Untersuchungen von mechanochemischen Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. L. Michalchuk
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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21
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Trends in pharmaceutical analysis and quality control by modern Raman spectroscopic techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Zhai F, Xin T, Geeson MB, Cummins CC. Sustainable Production of Reduced Phosphorus Compounds: Mechanochemical Hydride Phosphorylation Using Condensed Phosphates as a Route to Phosphite. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:332-339. [PMID: 35350608 PMCID: PMC8949633 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of a more sustainable production of phosphorous acid (H3PO3), a versatile chemical with phosphorus in the +3 oxidation state, we herein report that condensed phosphates can be employed to phosphorylate hydride reagents under solvent-free mechanochemical conditions to furnish phosphite (HPO3 2-). Using potassium hydride as the hydride source, sodium trimetaphosphate (Na3P3O9), triphosphate (Na5P3O10), pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), fluorophosphate (Na2PO3F), and polyphosphate ("(NaPO3) n ") engendered phosphite in optimized yields of 44, 58, 44, 84, and 55% based on total P content, respectively. Formation of overreduced products including hypophosphite (H2PO2 -) was identified as a competing process, and mechanistic investigations revealed that hydride attack on in-situ-generated phosphorylated phosphite species is a potent pathway for overreduction. The phosphite generated from our method was easily isolated in the form of barium phosphite, a useful intermediate for production of phosphorous acid. This method circumvents the need to pass through white phosphorus (P4) as a high-energy intermediate and mitigates involvement of environmentally hazardous chemicals. A bioproduced polyphosphate was found to be a viable starting material for the production of phosphite. These results demonstrate the possibility of accessing reduced phosphorus compounds in a more sustainable manner and, more importantly, a means to close the modern phosphorus cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhai
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tiansi Xin
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael B. Geeson
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C. Cummins
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Gugin N, Villajos JA, Feldmann I, Emmerling F. Mix and wait - a relaxed way for synthesizing ZIF-8. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8940-8944. [PMID: 35424869 PMCID: PMC8985132 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00740a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) by an easy "mix and wait" procedure. In a closed vial, without any interference, the mixture of 2-methylimidazole and basic zinc carbonate assembles into the crystalline product with approx. 90% conversion after 70 h. The reaction exhibits sigmoidal kinetics due to the self-generated water which accelerates the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Gugin
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany .,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Jose A Villajos
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Ines Feldmann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany .,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 12489 Berlin Germany
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24
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Tong W, Zhou G, Waldman JH. Real-Time and In Situ Monitoring of Transmetalation of Grignard with Manganese(II) Chloride by Raman Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Tong
- Merck & Co., Inc., RY818-B215, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - George Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., RY818-B215, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Jacob H. Waldman
- Merck & Co., Inc., RY818-B215, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
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25
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Puccetti F, Lukin S, Užarević K, Colacino E, Halasz I, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Mechanistic Insights on the Mechanosynthesis of Phenytoin, a WHO Essential Medicine. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104409. [PMID: 35041251 PMCID: PMC9304275 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has enriched the toolbox of synthetic chemists, enabling faster and more sustainable access to new materials and existing products, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, molecular‐level understanding of most mechanochemical reactions remains limited, delaying the implementation of mechanochemistry in industrial applications. Herein, we have applied in situ monitoring by Raman spectroscopy to the mechanosynthesis of phenytoin, a World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Medicine, enabling the observation, isolation, and characterization of key molecular‐migration intermediates involved in the single‐step transformation of benzil, urea, and KOH into phenytoin. This work contributes to the elucidation of a reaction mechanism that has been subjected to a number of interpretations over time and paints a clear picture of how mechanosynthesis can be applied and optimized for the preparation of added‐value molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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26
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Bento O, Luttringer F, El Dine TM, Pétry N, Bantreil X, Lamaty F. Sustainable Mechanosynthesis of Biologically Active Molecules. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Bento
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry FRANCE
| | | | | | - Nicolas Pétry
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry FRANCE
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Chemistry 1919 Rte de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
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27
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Hernández JG, Ardila-Fierro KJ, Barišić D, Geneste H. Multi-faceted reactivity of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) under mechanochemical conditions: fluorination, fluorodemethylation, sulfonylation, and amidation reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:182-189. [PMID: 35233257 PMCID: PMC8848345 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for versatile reagents compatible with mechanochemical techniques, in this work we studied the reactivity of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) by ball milling. We corroborated that, by mechanochemistry, NFSI can engage in a variety of reactions such as fluorinations, fluorodemethylations, sulfonylations, and amidations. In comparison to the protocols reported in solution, the mechanochemical reactions were accomplished in the absence of solvents, in short reaction times, and in yields comparable to or higher than their solvent-based counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- current address Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dajana Barišić
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hervé Geneste
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Research, D-67008 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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28
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Rautenberg M, Bhattacharya B, Witt J, Jain M, Emmerling F. In situ time-resolved monitoring of mixed-ligand metal–organic framework mechanosynthesis. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00803c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of mixed-ligand metal–organic framework (MOF) formation, and the possible role of intermediate single-ligand metal complexes during mechanosynthesis, are explored for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Rautenberg
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Biswajit Bhattacharya
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Witt
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohit Jain
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Karolinenplatz 5, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Stolar T, Alić J, Lončarić I, Etter M, Jung D, Farha OK, Đilović I, Meštrović E, Užarević K. Sustainable solid form screening: mechanochemical control over nucleobase hydrogen-bonded organic framework polymorphism. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00668e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The choice is yours! Liquid-assisted grinding can be used to control HOF polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasna Alić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivor Lončarić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dahee Jung
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Ivica Đilović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ernest Meštrović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
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30
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Kralj M, Lukin S, Miletić G, Halasz I. Using Desmotropes, Cocrystals, and Salts to Manipulate Reactivity in Mechanochemical Organic Reactions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14160-14168. [PMID: 34493040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Performing reactions in the solid state offers the largely unexplored possibility of influencing reactivity by manipulating the solid form of the starting reactants. In this work, we explore the use of various solid forms of barbituric acid and its effect on reaction paths and kinetics in a Knoevenagel condensation reaction with vanillin. Modifications of barbituric acid included the use of its desmotrope, a cocrystal, and a salt as the starting reactant. Comparing these reactions with the reaction starting from the commercial keto tautomer of barbituric acid, we find that the reaction kinetics could be accelerated or decelerated, together with a change in the reaction mechanism. Exploring solid forms of reactants can be used as general methodology for manipulating mechanochemical reactivity, further highlighting the benefits of conducting reactions in the solid state, because many of the modifications of solids become unavailable upon dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kralj
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c.54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c.54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Miletić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c.54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c.54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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