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Nualnoi T, Lomlim L, Naorungroj S. Accuracy of rapid lateral flow immunoassays for human leptospirosis diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012174. [PMID: 38748731 PMCID: PMC11132494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last two decades, several rapid lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs) for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis were developed and commercialized. However, the accuracy and reliability of these LFIs are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of leptospirosis LFIs as well as the factors affecting the test efficiency using systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Original articles reporting the accuracy of human leptospirosis LFIs against microagglutination tests (MAT) or immunofluorescent assays (IFA) were searched from PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, and selected as per pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 49 data entries extracted from 24 eligible records published between 2003 and 2023 were included for meta-analysis. A meta-analysis was performed using STATA. The quality of the included studies was assessed according to the revised QUADAS-2. Only nine studies (32.1%) were considered to have a low risk of bias and no concern for applicability. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated to be 68% (95% confidence interval, CI: 57-78) and 93% (95% CI: 90-95), respectively. However, the ranges of sensitivity (3.6 - 100%) and specificity (53.5 - 100%) of individual entries are dramatically broad, possibly due to the heterogeneity found in both study designs and LFIs themselves. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that IgM detection has better sensitivity than detection of IgG alone. Moreover, the test performance seems to be unaffected by samples from different phases of infection. CONCLUSIONS The pooled specificity of LFIs observed is somewhat acceptable, but the pooled sensitivity is low. These results, however, must be interpreted with caution because of substantial heterogeneity. Further evaluations of the LFIs with well-standardized design and reference test will be needed for a greater understanding of the test performance. Additionally, IgM detection type should be employed when leptospirosis LFIs are developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerapat Nualnoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center (DDSEC), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Luelak Lomlim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center (PPBEC), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Naorungroj
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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Suwannin P, Jangpatarapongsa K, Polpanich D, Alhibshi A, Errachid A, Elaissari A. Enhancing leptospirosis control with nanosensing technology: A critical analysis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 104:102092. [PMID: 37992537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a serious health problem in tropical areas; thus, animals shed leptospires in the environment. Humans are accidental hosts infected through exposure to contaminating bacteria in the environment. One health strategy can be applied to protect and eliminate leptospirosis because this cooperates and coordinates activities between doctors, veterinarians, and ecologists. However, conventional methods still have limitations. Therefore, the main challenges of leptospirosis control are the high sensing of detection methods to screen and control the pathogens. Interestingly, nano sensing combined with a leptospirosis detection approach can increase the sensitivity and eliminate some limitations. This article reviews nanomaterial development for an advanced leptospirosis detection method, e.g., latex beads-based agglutination test, magnetic nanoparticles enrichment, and gold-nanoparticles-based immunochromatographic assay. Thus, nanomaterials can be functionalized with biomolecules or sensing molecules utilized in various mechanisms such as biosensors. Over the last decade, many biosensors have been developed for Leptospira spp. pathogen and others. The evolution of biosensors for leptospirosis detection was designed for high efficiency and might be an alternative tool. In addition, the high-sensing fabrications are useful for leptospires screening in very low levels, for example, soil or water from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharapan Suwannin
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Kulachart Jangpatarapongsa
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Polpanich
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Amani Alhibshi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, Villeurbanne 69622, France.
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Campos HDS, Silva EDD, Lima GSD, Resende RDO, Burth P. Leptospira interrogans insoluble fraction as a potential antigen source for lateral flow immunochromatography. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220265. [PMID: 37194802 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis that affects humans and animals. Immunochromatography rapid test is widely used for early diagnosis of leptospirosis, but with low sensitivity and specificity. OBJECTIVES To evaluate Leptospira interrogans insoluble fraction as a potential antigen source for lateral flow immunochromatography. METHODS Insoluble fraction derived from the crude bacterial extract was obtained by serial centrifugation. The polypeptide profile was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Immune reactivity of this fraction was assessed by Western Blotting and lateral flow immunochromatography (LFI). It was tested 160 microagglutination test (MAT)-positive sera from patients in the acute phase, 100 MAT-negative sera from patients with acute febrile illness, and 45 patients with other infectious diseases. FINDINGS There was a predominance of low molecular mass-polypeptide bands, ranging from 2 to 37 kDa. The antibody reactivity of theses polypeptides was found to range from 13-50%, especially between 10 and 38 kDa. Among MAT-positive sera of patients with leptospirosis in the acute phase, 97% were also positive in LFI, indicating high sensitivity. Among MAT-negative sera, all were negative in LFI, indicating high specificity. Only 2% of cross-reactivity was detected. CONCLUSION The insoluble fraction can be a valuable antigen source for development of point-of-care diagnosis test for leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hevandro de Souza Campos
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Rafael de Oliveira Resende
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação, Laboratório de Pesquisas sobre o Timo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | - Patricia Burth
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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Clemente BM, Pineda-Cortel MR, Villaflores O. Evaluating immunochromatographic test kits for diagnosis of acute human leptospirosis: A systematic review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Sapna K, Ashaiba A, Kumar TR, Shashidhar V, Arun A, Prasad KS. Evaluation of anti-LipL32 carbon nanotube immunofluorescence probe (carbo-lip) and comparison with MAT, IgM ELISA, IgM spot test and culture for early detection of leptospirosis at local hospital. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 195:106448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Senthilkumar K, Ravikumar G. Lateral flow assay for rapid serodiagnosis of bovine leptospirosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2022; 23:7-11. [PMID: 35782352 PMCID: PMC9238931 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2021.41151.5974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is considered to be an economically important disease in bovine. The disease burden is not appropriately monitored due to cumbersome serological tests that could be performed only in established laboratories. This warrants the development of a field level rapid diagnostic test. Aims The study aimed to develop a lateral flow assay (LFA)-based pen-side diagnostic test to detect antibodies to Leptospira. Methods LFA strip was prepared with the heat extracted antigen from L. interrogans serovar Pomona. To assess the performance of the developed LFA, a total of 300 bovine serum samples with their clinical histories were used and the initial screening for Leptospira antibodies was performed by the standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The sensitivity, specificity, and agreement (kappa value) were calculated between developed LFA and MAT. The stability of LFA was evaluated on days 30, 60, 90, and 120. Results Out of 300 samples tested, 225 were positive, and 75 were negative on MAT and 208 were positive, and 92 were negative on LFA. The developed LFA had a sensitivity of 90.7% and a specificity of 94.7%. The results of the assay were substantially in agreement with MAT, with a kappa value of 0.79. The LFA strips were stable for 120 days at 4°C. Conclusion A Lateral flow assay-based rapid pen-side test was developed and its utility to diagnose bovine leptospirosis was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Senthilkumar
- Correspondence: K. Senthilkumar, Zoonoses Research Laboratory, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
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Evaluation of a genus-specific rGroEL 1-524 IgM-ELISA and commercial ELISA kits during the course of leptospirosis in Thailand. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19785. [PMID: 34611273 PMCID: PMC8492722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we developed a genus-specific rGroEL1-524 IgM-ELISA assay for use in screening diagnosis of suspected leptospirosis among acute undifferentiated febrile illness patients during acute fever. The diagnostic accuracies of the rGroEL1–524 IgM-ELISA, commercial Panbio IgM-ELISA, and Virion-Serion Classic IgG-ELISA were evaluated using 133 Thai leptospirosis sera and 210 controls. Sensitivities were 91.7%, 59.6%, and 17.7% for acute infection, and the specificities were 92.6%, 90.2%, and 88.3% for the non-leptospirosis control, respectively. The rGroEL1-524 IgM-ELISA had high sensitivity, at 92.3% and 91.7%, among culture-positive and MAT-negative cases at 1–3 days post-onset of symptoms (DPO1–3), respectively. Impaired specificity on scrub typhus was found, possibly from antibody cross-reaction to ortholog GroEL. Commercial Panbio IgM-ELISA had sensitivities at DPO1–3 of 30.8% and 41.7% for culture-positive and MAT-negative cases whereas Virion-Serion IgG-ELISA showed sensitivities of 5.9% and 13.3%, respectively. The rGroEL1-524 IgM-ELISA could be useful as a screening test for early diagnosis. The performance of the commercial ELISA suggests the applicability of IgM-ELISA for diagnosis, while IgG-ELISA is useful for seroprevalence surveys. However, confirmation by reference tests is recommended.
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Sapna K, Tarique M, Asiamma A, Ravi Kumar TN, Shashidhar V, Arun AB, Prasad KS. Early detection of leptospirosis using Anti-LipL32 carbon nanotube immunofluorescence probe. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:424-430. [PMID: 32674981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis and an emerging public health problem. Leptospirosis symptoms are often confused or misdiagnosed with other febrile illness like malaria, viral hepatitis, influenza, dengue, typhoid, melioidosis, and scrub typhus as the clinical manifestations are almost similar. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis is indeed critical for proper and prompt treatment. Herein, we report the development of single-walled carbon nanotubes based immunofluorescence probe (Carbo-Lip) for the detection of leptospirosis at an early phase by utilising major outer membrane protein, LipL32 of Leptospira. The Carbo-Lip probe was fabricated through immuno recognition method with fluorescent dye functionalized LipL32 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), secondary antibody and Leptospira. Surface characterization studies such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with the attenuated total reflectance, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques were used to demonstrate the successful fabrication of Carbo-Lip probe. The sensor probe was capable of detecting the presence of leptospires at a lower concentration of 103/ml, and could detect 102 leptospires in 100 μL of sample within 3 h of the test conditions, and was stable up to 2 weeks. This Carbo-Lip probe was further tested and validated for its capacity to detect Leptospira in clinical samples, which exhibited high selectivity and specificity towards Leptospira even in the presence of malaria and dengue. Our results were consistent with microscopic agglutination test, which is known as gold standard, immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), IgM spot test, and culture tests for the diagnosis of Leptospira infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Sapna
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory (NMRL), Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India; Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Mohammed Tarique
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Ashaiba Asiamma
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Terikere Nagaraj Ravi Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Vishwanath Shashidhar
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, India
| | | | - Kariate Sudhakara Prasad
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory (NMRL), Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India; Centre for Nutrition Studies, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India.
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Evaluation of a Rapid Kit for Detection of IgM against Leptospira in Human. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 2019:5763595. [PMID: 30881530 PMCID: PMC6383415 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5763595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Leptospirosis is an acute febrile illness, known for its protean clinical manifestations and the challenge in differentiating from other infectious diseases. Standardized confirmatory test is antibody dependent and not accessible by the suburban community. This study measures efficiency of an immune-chromatographic assay, Leptocheck WB, in detecting acute leptospirosis. Methods A total of 142 sera were used for kit evaluation. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated by comparing rapid kit results with gold standard laboratory, microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Results We found this rapid kit to have a sensitivity and specificity of 66.6% and 78.9%, respectively, whereas the PPV and NPV of the kit appeared to be 73.3% and 73.2%, respectively. Discussion Test efficiency of this rapid kit is reasonable. It is specific in detecting leptospiral antibody and assures clinician of accurate diagnosis by having higher PPV and NPV. It is prompt and efficient in comparison with conventional methods in assisting differential diagnosis. High sensitivity and specificity leptospirosis rapid test is indeed a crucial measure to assist the diagnosis of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses.
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Vinaiphat A, Thongboonkerd V. Chaperonomics in leptospirosis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:569-579. [PMID: 30004813 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1500901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knowledge of the function of molecular chaperones is required for a better understanding of cellular proteostasis. Nevertheless, such information is currently dispersed as most of previous studies investigated chaperones on a single-angle basis. Recently, a new subdiscipline of chaperonology, namely 'chaperonomics' (defined as 'systematic analysis of chaperone genes, transcripts, proteins, or their interaction networks using omics technologies'), has been emerging to better understand biological, physiological, and pathological roles of chaperones. Areas covered: This review provides broad overviews of bacterial chaperones, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and leptospirosis, and then focuses on recent progress of chaperonomics applied to define roles of HSPs in various pathogenic and saprophytic leptospiral species and serovars. Expert commentary: Comprehensive analysis of leptospiral chaperones/HSPs using a chaperonomics approach holds great promise for better understanding of functional roles of chaperones/HSPs in bacterial survival and disease pathogenesis. Moreover, this new approach may also lead to further development of chaperones/HSPs-based diagnostics and/or vaccine discovery for leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arada Vinaiphat
- a Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- a Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
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Prospective evaluation of rapid point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs. Vet J 2018; 237:37-42. [PMID: 30089543 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of acute leptospirosis is still a major challenge in dogs. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the suitability of two in-clinic tests detecting anti-leptospiral IgM and IgG antibodies in diagnosing canine leptospirosis. The performances of the two rapid tests were compared to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) carried out on acute sera and to diagnostic criteria adopted in this study to confirm leptospirosis infection (MAT upon admission, convalescent MAT and quantitative real-time PCR on blood and/or urine). The dogs were enrolled on the basis of reported exposure to known risk factors and clinical presentation (acute kidney injury and/or systemic inflammatory response syndrome with multi-organ damage). Eighty-nine dogs included in the study were sub-grouped on the basis of the results of the diagnostic criteria adopted: (1) confirmed leptospirosis cases (42/89 dogs); (2) negative leptospirosis cases (36/89 dogs); and (3) unconfirmed leptospirosis cases (11/89 dogs). The results supported the usefulness of the two rapid diagnostic tests as a first in-clinic screening tool for suspected leptospirosis; positive results in the in-clinic tests in dogs with suggestive clinical and laboratory signs strongly indicated acute leptospirosis, while negative results required additional diagnostic investigation to exclude the infection. Confirmatory tests recommended for canine leptospirosis are still necessary in addition to the use of rapid in-clinic tests.
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