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Langridge RW, Marotta JJ. Use of remote data collection methodology to test for an illusory effect on visually guided cursor movements. Front Psychol 2022; 13:922381. [PMID: 36118434 PMCID: PMC9478591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.922381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the influence of perception on the control of visually guided action typically involves controlled experimentation within the laboratory setting. When appropriate, however, behavioral research of this nature may benefit from the use of methods that allow for remote data collection outside of the lab. This study tested the feasibility of using remote data collection methods to explore the influence of perceived target size on visually guided cursor movements using the Ebbinghaus illusion. Participants completed the experiment remotely, using the trackpad of their personal laptop computers. The task required participants to click on a single circular target presented at either the left or right side of their screen as quickly and accurately as possible (Experiment 1), or to emphasize speed (Experiment 2) or accuracy (Experiment 3). On each trial the target was either surrounded by small or large context circles, or no context circles. Participants’ judgments of the targets’ perceived size were influenced by the illusion, however, the illusion failed to produce differences in click-point accuracy or movement time. Interestingly, the illusion appeared to affect participants’ movement of the cursor toward the target; more directional changes were made when clicking the Perceived Large version of the illusion compared to the Perceived Small version. These results suggest the planning of the cursor movement may have been influenced by the illusion, while later stages of the movement were not, and cursor movements directed toward targets perceived as smaller required less correction compared to targets perceived as larger.
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2
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't Hart BM, Henriques DYP, Cavanagh P. Measuring the double-drift illusion and its resets with hand trajectories. J Vis 2022; 22:16. [PMID: 35195671 PMCID: PMC8883172 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
If a Gabor pattern drifts in one direction while its internal texture drifts in the orthogonal direction, its perceived position deviates further and further away from its true path. We first evaluated the illusion using manual tracking. Participants followed the Gabor with a stylus on a drawing tablet that coincided optically with the horizontal monitor surface. Their hand and the stylus were not visible during the tracking. The magnitude of the tracking illusion corresponded closely to previous perceptual and pointing measures indicating that manual tracking is a valid measure for the illusion. This allowed us to use it in a second experiment to capture the behavior of the illusion as it eventually degrades and breaks down in single trials. Specifically, the deviation of the Gabor stops accumulating at some point and either stays at a fixed offset or resets toward the veridical position. To report the perceived trajectory of the Gabor, participants drew it after the Gabor was removed from the monitor. Resets were detected and analyzed and their distribution matches neither a temporal nor a spatial limit, but rather a broad gamma distribution over time. This suggests that resets are triggered randomly, about once per 1.3 seconds, possible by extraneous distractions or eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Cavanagh
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Glendon College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada., https://cavlab.net
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Gamble C, Song JH. Modulation of visually guided action by the image and familiar sizes of real-world objects. J Vis 2021; 21:1. [PMID: 33938920 PMCID: PMC8107484 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily life, two aspects of real-world object size perception—the image size of an object and its familiar size in the real world—are highly correlated. Thus, whether these two aspects of object size differently affect goal-directed action (e.g., manual pointing) and how have scarcely been examined. Here, participants reached to touch one of two simultaneously presented objects based on either their image or familiar size, which could be congruent or incongruent (e.g., a rubber duck presented as smaller and larger than a boat, respectively). We observed that when pointing to target objects in the incongruent conditions, participants’ movements were slower and were more curved toward the incorrect object compared with the movements in the congruent conditions. By comparing performance in the congruent and incongruent conditions, we concluded that both image size and familiar size influenced action even when task irrelevant, indicating that both are processed automatically (Konkle & Oliva, 2012a). Image size, however, showed influence earlier in the course of movements and more robustly overall than familiar size. We additionally found that greater relative familiar size differences mitigated the impact of image size processing and increased the impact of familiar size processing on pointing movements. Overall, our data suggest that image size and familiar size perception interact both with each other and with visually guided action, but that the relative contributions of each are unequal and vary based on task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gamble
- Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA., http://research.clps.brown.edu/songlab/
| | - Joo-Hyun Song
- Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA., http://research.clps.brown.edu/songlab/
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Fan AWY, Guo LL, Frost A, Whitwell RL, Niemeier M, Cant JS. Grasping of Real-World Objects Is Not Biased by Ensemble Perception. Front Psychol 2021; 12:597691. [PMID: 33912099 PMCID: PMC8071954 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.597691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system is known to extract summary representations of visually similar objects which bias the perception of individual objects toward the ensemble average. Although vision plays a large role in guiding action, less is known about whether ensemble representation is informative for action. Motor behavior is tuned to the veridical dimensions of objects and generally considered resistant to perceptual biases. However, when the relevant grasp dimension is not available or is unconstrained, ensemble perception may be informative to behavior by providing gist information about surrounding objects. In the present study, we examined if summary representations of a surrounding ensemble display influenced grip aperture and orientation when participants reached-to-grasp a central circular target which had an explicit size but importantly no explicit orientation that the visuomotor system could selectively attend to. Maximum grip aperture and grip orientation were not biased by ensemble statistics during grasping, although participants were able to perceive and provide manual estimations of the average size and orientation of the ensemble display. Support vector machine classification of ensemble statistics achieved above-chance classification accuracy when trained on kinematic and electromyography data of the perceptual but not grasping conditions, supporting our univariate findings. These results suggest that even along unconstrained grasping dimensions, visually-guided behaviors toward real-world objects are not biased by ensemble processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Wing-Yan Fan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lin Lawrence Guo
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert L. Whitwell
- The Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthias Niemeier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan S. Cant
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Dissociating the Influence of Perceptual Biases and Contextual Artifacts Within Target Configurations During the Planning and Control of Visually Guided Action. Motor Control 2021; 25:349-368. [PMID: 33811190 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The failure of perceptual illusions to elicit corresponding biases within movement supports the view of two visual pathways separately contributing to perception and action. However, several alternative findings may contest this overarching framework. The present study aimed to examine the influence of perceptual illusions within the planning and control of aiming. To achieve this, we manipulated and measured the planning/control phases by respectively perturbing the target illusion (relative size-contrast illusion; Ebbinghaus/Titchener circles) following movement onset and detecting the spatiotemporal characteristics of the movement trajectory. The perceptual bias that was indicated by the perceived target size estimates failed to correspondingly manifest within the effective target size. While movement time (specifically, time after peak velocity) was affected by the target configuration, this outcome was not consistent with the direction of the perceptual illusions. These findings advocate an influence of the surrounding contextual information (e.g., annuli) on movement control that is independent of the direction predicted by the illusion.
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Roberts JW, Welsh TN, Wakefield CJ. Examining the equivalence between imagery and execution - Do imagined and executed movements code relative environmental features? Behav Brain Res 2019; 370:111951. [PMID: 31108114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Imagined actions engage some of the same neural substrates and related sensorimotor codes as executed actions. The equivalency between imagined and executed actions has been frequently demonstrated by the mental and physical chronometry of movements; namely, the imagination and execution of aiming movements in a Fitts paradigm. The present study aimed to examine the nature or extent of this equivalence, and more specifically, whether imagined movements encompass the relative environmental features as do executed movements. In two separate studies, participants completed a series of imagined or executed reciprocal aiming movements between standard control targets (no annuli), perceptually small targets (large annuli) and perceptually large targets (small annuli) (Ebbinghaus illusions). The findings of both studies replicated the standard positive relation between movement time and index of difficulty for imagined and executed movements. Furthermore, movement times were longer for targets with surrounding annuli compared to the movement times without the annuli suggesting a general interference effect. Hence, the surrounding annuli caused a longer time, independent of the illusory target size, most likely to avoid a potential collision and more precisely locate the endpoint. Most importantly, this feature could not be discriminated as a function of the task (imagined vs. executed). These findings lend support to the view of a common domain for imagined and executed actions, while elaborating on the precision of their equivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Roberts
- Liverpool Hope University, Psychology, Action and Learning of Movement Group, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK.
| | - Timothy N Welsh
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M52 2W6, Canada; Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M52 2W6, Canada
| | - Caroline J Wakefield
- Liverpool Hope University, Psychology, Action and Learning of Movement Group, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK
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Schott N, Rudisch J, Voelcker-Rehage C. Meilensteine der Motorischen Verhaltensforschung. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die Forschung zum motorischen Verhalten hat eine lange Tradition, wobei eine Vielzahl von Forschern zu einem breiten und tiefgehenden Verständnis des Themas beigetragen haben. Der Erkenntnisgewinn und Fortschritt in der Theorieentwicklung innerhalb des Feldes war zudem meist nicht-linear, sondern gezeichnet durch schnelle Wachstumsphasen nach der Veröffentlichung wichtiger Forschungsartikel und neuer theoretischer Perspektiven. Diese veränderten die Art und Weise wie wir das motorische Verhalten heute konzipieren; und sie sind noch nicht abgeschlossen. Wir werden einige der innovativsten und wirkungsvollsten Theorien und Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet des motorischen Verhaltens (untergliedert in die drei Hauptbereiche Entwicklung, Kontrolle und Lernen) des letzten Jahrhunderts skizzieren und diskutieren. Darüber hinaus werden wir frühe, wegweisende Forschungsarbeiten vorstellen, die wir für unverzichtbar für das Studium der Motorikforschung halten. Der Blick zurück soll uns erlauben, eine Richtung für die Zukunft zu zeichnen und zu diskutieren. Diese Forschungsthemen können und werden (hoffentlich) in den nächsten Jahrzehnten in vielen Bereichen der Gesellschaft, einschließlich des Sports und der Bewegungswissenschaft, der Robotikforschung und der Klinik, einen wichtigen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung einer gesunden Lebenswelt haben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Schott
- Institut für Sport und Bewegungswissenschaft, Universität Stuttgart
| | - Julian Rudisch
- Institut für Angewandte Bewegungswissenschaften, Technische Universität Chemnitz
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de Vries S, Huys R, Zanone PG. Keeping your eye on the target: eye-hand coordination in a repetitive Fitts' task. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:3181-3190. [PMID: 30182273 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a cyclical Fitts' task, hand movements transition from continuous to discrete movements when the Index of Difficulty (ID) increases. Moreover, at high ID (small target), the eyes saccade to and subsequently fixate the targets at every movement, while at low ID (large target) intermittent monitoring is used. By hypothesis, the (periodic) gaze shifts are abandoned for movement times shorter than about 0.350 s due to systemic constraints (i.e., a refractory period and intrinsic latency). If so, the transition in eye and hand movements is independent. To investigate these issues, the present study examined the effects of changing ID via the targets' width or distance as well as hysteresis in eye-hand coordination. To this aim, 14 participants performed a cyclical Fitts' task while their hand and eye movements were recorded simultaneously. The results show that the transition in eye-hand synchronization (at 2.87 bit; 0.25 s) and in hand dynamics (at 4.85 bit; 0.81 s) neither co-occurred nor correlated. Some small width vs. distance dissociations and hysteresis effects were found, but they disappeared when eye-hand synchronization was viewed as a function of movement time rather than ID. This confirms that a minimal between-saccade time is the limiting factor in eye-hand synchronization. Additionally, the timing between the start of the hand movement and the saccade appeared to be relatively constant (at 0.15 s) and independent of movement time, implying a constant delay that should be implemented in a dynamical model of eye-hand coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Vries
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - R Huys
- Université de Toulouse, UMR 5549 CERCO (Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition), UPS, CNRS, Pavillon Baudot CHU Purpan, 31052, Toulouse, France
| | - P G Zanone
- Université de Toulouse, UMR 5549 CERCO (Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition), UPS, CNRS, Pavillon Baudot CHU Purpan, 31052, Toulouse, France
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