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Bassi M, Bilel S, Tirri M, Corli G, Di Rosa F, Gregori A, Alkilany AM, Rachid O, Roda E, De Luca F, Papa P, Buscaglia E, Zauli G, Locatelli CA, Marti M. The synthetic cathinones MDPHP and MDPV: Comparison of the acute effects in mice, in silico ADMET profiles and clinical reports. Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:230-255. [PMID: 38955288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The 3,4-methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (MDPHP) is a synthetic cathinone closely related to 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), one of the most common synthetic cathinones present in the "bath salts". MDPHP has recently gained attention due to increasing seizures and involvement in human intoxications which occurred in Europe and Italy in the last years, but currently there is a lack of information about its pharmaco-toxicological effects. With the aim at filling this gap, the present study is endeavoured to (i) evaluate the effects of acute administration of MDPHP (0.01-20 mg/kg; i.p.) on behaviour, cardiorespiratory and cardiovascular parameters in CD-1 male mice, comparing them to those observed after administration of MDPV; (ii) predict the ADMET profile of the two analogues using the Plus ADMET Predictor®; (iii) present clinical data related to MDPHP and MDPV-induced intoxications recorded between 2011 and 2023 by the Pavia Poison Control Centre (PCC) - National Toxicology Information Centre (Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS Pavia, Italy). Our results substantiated that MDPHP and MDPV similarly affect sensorimotor and behavioural responses in mice, importantly increased locomotion and induced aggressive behaviour, and, at higher dosage, increased heart rate and blood pressure. These findings are in line with those observed in humans, revealing severe toxidromes typically characterized by Central Nervous System (CNS) alterations (behavioural/neuropsychiatric symptoms), including psychomotor agitation and aggressiveness, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders (e.g. tachycardia, hypertension, dyspnoea), and other peripheral symptoms (e.g. hyperthermia, acidosis, rhabdomyolysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bassi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrine Bilel
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Micaela Tirri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgia Corli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabiana Di Rosa
- Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Carabinieri, Rome 00191, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), Carabinieri, Rome 00191, Italy
| | - Alaaldin M Alkilany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Ousama Rachid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Elisa Roda
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Pavia Poison Centre, National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Luca
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Pietro Papa
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology-Clinical Chemistry, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Buscaglia
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Pavia Poison Centre, National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Pavia Poison Centre, National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Ferrara, Italy.
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2
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Ambrad Giovannetti E, Rancz E. Behind mouse eyes: The function and control of eye movements in mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105671. [PMID: 38604571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The mouse visual system has become the most popular model to study the cellular and circuit mechanisms of sensory processing. However, the importance of eye movements only started to be appreciated recently. Eye movements provide a basis for predictive sensing and deliver insights into various brain functions and dysfunctions. A plethora of knowledge on the central control of eye movements and their role in perception and behaviour arose from work on primates. However, an overview of various eye movements in mice and a comparison to primates is missing. Here, we review the eye movement types described to date in mice and compare them to those observed in primates. We discuss the central neuronal mechanisms for their generation and control. Furthermore, we review the mounting literature on eye movements in mice during head-fixed and freely moving behaviours. Finally, we highlight gaps in our understanding and suggest future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ede Rancz
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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3
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Smith LJ, Wilkinson D, Bodani M, Surenthiran SS. Cognition in vestibular disorders: state of the field, challenges, and priorities for the future. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1159174. [PMID: 38304077 PMCID: PMC10830645 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1159174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Vestibular disorders are prevalent and debilitating conditions of the inner ear and brain which affect balance, coordination, and the integration of multisensory inputs. A growing body of research has linked vestibular disorders to cognitive problems, most notably attention, visuospatial perception, spatial memory, and executive function. However, the mechanistic bases of these cognitive sequelae remain poorly defined, and there is a gap between our theoretical understanding of vestibular cognitive dysfunction, and how best to identify and manage this within clinical practice. This article takes stock of these shortcomings and provides recommendations and priorities for healthcare professionals who assess and treat vestibular disorders, and for researchers developing cognitive models and rehabilitation interventions. We highlight the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration for developing and evaluating clinically relevant theoretical models of vestibular cognition, to advance research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Smith
- Centre for Preventative Neurology, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - David Wilkinson
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Mayur Bodani
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
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4
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Corli G, Tirri M, Arfè R, Marchetti B, Bernardi T, Borsari M, Odoardi S, Mestria S, Strano-Rossi S, Neri M, Gaudio RM, Bilel S, Marti M. Pharmaco-Toxicological Effects of Atypical Synthetic Cathinone Mephtetramine (MTTA) in Mice: Possible Reasons for Its Brief Appearance over NPSs Scene. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020161. [PMID: 36831704 PMCID: PMC9954072 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last year, NPSs have been steadily on the rise in the illicit drug market. Among these, synthetic cathinones seem to become increasingly popular among young adults, mainly because of their ability to replicate the effects of traditional psychostimulant drugs, such as cocaine, MDMA and amphetamines. However, scarce data are available about the in vivo pharmaco-toxicology of these new substances. To this end, this study focused on evaluation of effects induced by repeated administration of mephtetramine (MTTA 0.1-30 mg/kg i.p.) in mice. This atypical cathinone highlighted a sensorial (inhibition of visual and acoustic reflexes) and transient physiological parameter (decrease in breath rate and temperature) change in mice. Regarding motor activity, both a dose-dependent increase (accelerod test) and biphasic effect (drag and mobility time test) have been shown. In addition, blood and urine samples have been analysed to enrich the experimental featuring of the present study with reference to evaluation of potential toxicity related to consumption of MTTA. The latter analysis has particularly revealed important changes in blood cells count and blood and urine physicochemical profile after repeated treatment with this atypical cathinone. Moreover, MTTA induced histological changes in heart, kidney and liver samples, emphasizing its potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Corli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Micaela Tirri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raffaella Arfè
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Marchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Bernardi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Borsari
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Odoardi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, 00169 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Mestria
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, 00169 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Strano-Rossi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, 00169 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Neri
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Gaudio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrine Bilel
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 00186 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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5
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Forsthofer M, Straka H. Homeostatic plasticity of eye movement performance in Xenopus tadpoles following prolonged visual image motion stimulation. J Neurol 2023; 270:57-70. [PMID: 35947153 PMCID: PMC9813097 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Visual image motion-driven ocular motor behaviors such as the optokinetic reflex (OKR) provide sensory feedback for optimizing gaze stability during head/body motion. The performance of this visuo-motor reflex is subject to plastic alterations depending on requirements imposed by specific eco-physiological or developmental circumstances. While visuo-motor plasticity can be experimentally induced by various combinations of motion-related stimuli, the extent to which such evoked behavioral alterations contribute to the behavioral demands of an environment remains often obscure. Here, we used isolated preparations of Xenopus laevis tadpoles to assess the extent and ontogenetic dependency of visuo-motor plasticity during prolonged visual image motion. While a reliable attenuation of large OKR amplitudes can be induced already in young larvae, a robust response magnitude-dependent bidirectional plasticity is present only at older developmental stages. The possibility of older larvae to faithfully enhance small OKR amplitudes coincides with the developmental maturation of inferior olivary-Purkinje cell signal integration. This conclusion was supported by the loss of behavioral plasticity following transection of the climbing fiber pathway and by the immunohistochemical demonstration of a considerable volumetric extension of the Purkinje cell dendritic area between the two tested stages. The bidirectional behavioral alterations with different developmental onsets might functionally serve to standardize the motor output, comparable to the known differential adaptability of vestibulo-ocular reflexes in these animals. This homeostatic plasticity potentially equilibrates the working range of ocular motor behaviors during altered visuo-vestibular conditions or prolonged head/body motion to fine-tune resultant eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forsthofer
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Hans Straka
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany.
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6
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Adaptation of vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes after massed and spaced vestibulo-ocular motor learning. Behav Brain Res 2022; 426:113837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmaco-Toxicological Characterization of 1-Cyclohexyl-x-methoxybenzene Derivatives in Mice: Comparison with Tramadol and PCP. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147659. [PMID: 34299276 PMCID: PMC8306156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
1-cyclohexyl-x-methoxybenzene is a novel psychoactive substance (NPS), first discovered in Europe in 2012 as unknown racemic mixture of its three stereoisomers: ortho, meta and para. Each of these has structural similarities with the analgesic tramadol and the dissociative anesthetic phencyclidine. In light of these structural analogies, and based on the fact that both tramadol and phencyclidine are substances that cause toxic effects in humans, the aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic profile of these molecules, and to compare them with those caused by tramadol and phencyclidine. In vitro studies demonstrated that tramadol, ortho, meta and para were inactive at mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors. Systemic administration of the three stereoisomers impairs sensorimotor responses, modulates spontaneous motor activity, induces modest analgesia, and alters thermoregulation and cardiorespiratory responses in the mouse in some cases, with a similar profile to that of tramadol and phencyclidine. Naloxone partially prevents only the visual sensorimotor impairments caused by three stereoisomers, without preventing other effects. The present data show that 1-cyclohexyl-x-methoxybenzene derivatives cause pharmaco-toxicological effects by activating both opioid and non-opioid mechanisms and suggest that their use could potentially lead to abuse and bodily harm.
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8
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Hirono M, Karube F, Yanagawa Y. Modulatory Effects of Monoamines and Perineuronal Nets on Output of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:661899. [PMID: 34194302 PMCID: PMC8236809 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.661899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, the cerebellum has been thought to play a significant role in motor coordination. However, a growing body of evidence for novel neural connections between the cerebellum and various brain regions indicates that the cerebellum also contributes to other brain functions implicated in reward, language, and social behavior. Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) make inhibitory GABAergic synapses with their target neurons: other PCs and Lugaro/globular cells via PC axon collaterals, and neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) via PC primary axons. PC-Lugaro/globular cell connections form a cerebellar cortical microcircuit, which is driven by serotonin and noradrenaline. PCs' primary outputs control not only firing but also synaptic plasticity of DCN neurons following the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs in the cerebellar cortex. Thus, strong PC-mediated inhibition is involved in cerebellar functions as a key regulator of cerebellar neural networks. In this review, we focus on physiological characteristics of GABAergic transmission from PCs. First, we introduce monoaminergic modulation of GABAergic transmission at synapses of PC-Lugaro/globular cell as well as PC-large glutamatergic DCN neuron, and a Lugaro/globular cell-incorporated microcircuit. Second, we review the physiological roles of perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are organized components of the extracellular matrix and enwrap the cell bodies and proximal processes, in GABA release from PCs to large glutamatergic DCN neurons and in cerebellar motor learning. Recent evidence suggests that alterations in PNN density in the DCN can regulate cerebellar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritoshi Hirono
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Lab of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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9
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França de Barros F, Schenberg L, Tagliabue M, Beraneck M. Long term visuo-vestibular mismatch in freely behaving mice differentially affects gaze stabilizing reflexes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20018. [PMID: 33208812 PMCID: PMC7674424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and the optokinetic reflex (OKR) work synergistically to stabilize gaze in response to head movements. We previously demonstrated that a 14-day visuo-vestibular mismatch (VVM) protocol applied in freely behaving mice decreased the VOR gain. Here, we show for the first time that the OKR gain is also reduced and report on the recovery dynamics of both VOR and OKR after the end of the VVM protocol. Using sinusoidally-modulated stimulations, the decreases in VOR and OKR were found to be frequency-selective with larger reductions for frequencies < 0.5 Hz. Constant-velocity OKR stimulation tests demonstrated that the persistent components of the OKR were not modified while the transient, initial responses were. To identify the signals driving VOR and OKR reductions, we compared the responses of mice exposed to a high-contrast and no-contrast VVM. Despite being more robust in the high-contrast conditions, reductions were largely comparable and recovered with a similar time course. An analysis that directly compared VOR and OKR responses revealed that, alterations in the VOR were of significantly larger amplitude with significantly slower dynamics of recovery. Our findings are evidence for a frequency-selective influence of visual signals in the tuning of gaze stabilizing reflexes in normal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa França de Barros
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, CNRS, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Louise Schenberg
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, CNRS, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Michele Tagliabue
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, CNRS, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Beraneck
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, CNRS, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France.
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10
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Cui LN, Sun N, Li BX, Wang LF, Zhang XY, Qiu DL, Chu CP. Noradrenaline inhibits complex spikes activity via the presynaptic PKA signaling pathway in mouse cerebellar slices. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:135008. [PMID: 32344107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NA) is an important neurotransmitter of the cerebellum that regulates synaptic transmission, motor regulation and motor learning under certain conditions via adrenergic receptors (ARs). We previously found that NA depressed cerebellar climbing fiber-Purkinje cell (CF-PC) synaptic transmission via α2-ARs in vivo in mice. We here investigated the mechanisms of NA inhibited CF-PC synaptic transmission in acute cerebellar slices using the whole-cell recording technique and pharmacological methods. Bath application of NA (10 μM) depressed CF-PC synaptic transmission, which exhibited a time-dependent decrease in amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents (N1), accompanied by an increase in the paired-pulse ratio (PPR). The NA-induced depression of CF-PC synaptic transmission was significantly prevented by inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) with either H-89 or KT5720. Furthermore, the NA-induced inhibition of CF-PC synaptic transmission was rescued by activation adenylate cyclase (AC), and the AC-induced enhancement of CF-PC synaptic transmission was depressed by NA. Moreover, inhibition of AC with SQ22536, produced a significant depression of CF-PC synaptic transmission and abrogated the NA-induced depression of CF-PC synaptic transmission. However, the NA-induced depression of CF-PC synaptic transmission was not blocked by intracellular inhibition of PKA with a cell impermeable PKA inhibitor, PKI, or by extracellular inhibition of protein kinase C. These results indicate that NA activates presynaptic α2-AR, resulting in a depression of mouse cerebellar CF-PC synaptic transmission through the AC-PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Cui
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China; Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Na Sun
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Bing-Xue Li
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Li-Fei Wang
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhang
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.
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11
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Inoshita T, Hirano T. Norepinephrine Facilitates Induction of Long-term Depression through β-Adrenergic Receptor at Parallel Fiber-to-Purkinje Cell Synapses in the Flocculus. Neuroscience 2020; 462:141-150. [PMID: 32502572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in motor learning, and long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber-to-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapses has been considered to be a primary cellular mechanism for motor learning. In addition, the contribution of norepinephrine (NE) to cerebellum-dependent learning paradigms has been reported. Thus, the roles of LTD and of NE in motor learning have been studied separately, and the relationship between the effects of NE and LTD remains unclear. Here, we examined effects of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) activity on the synaptic transmission and LTD at PF-PC synapses in the cerebellar flocculus. The flocculus regulates adaptation of oculomotor reflexes, and we previously reported the involvement of both LTD and β-AR in adaptation of an oculomotor reflex. Here we found that specific agonists for β-AR or NE did not directly change synaptic transmission, but lowered the threshold for LTD induction at PF-PC synapses in the flocculus. In addition, protein kinase A (PKA), which is activated downstream of β-AR, facilitated the LTD induction. Altogether, these results suggest that NE facilitates LTD induction at PF-PC synapses in the flocculus by activating PKA through β-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Inoshita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoo Hirano
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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12
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De-Giorgio F, Bilel S, Tirri M, Arfè R, Trapella C, Camuto C, Foti F, Frisoni P, Neri M, Botrè F, Marti M. Methiopropamine and its acute behavioral effects in mice: is there a gray zone in new psychoactive substances users? Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:1695-1711. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Kim YG, Woo J, Park J, Kim S, Lee YS, Kim Y, Kim SJ. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Distinct Molecular Signatures of Different Cerebellum-Dependent Learning Paradigms. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2011-2025. [PMID: 32181667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum improves motor performance by adjusting motor gain appropriately. As de novo protein synthesis is essential for the formation and retention of memories, we hypothesized that motor learning in the opposite direction would induce a distinct pattern of protein expression in the cerebellum. We conducted quantitative proteomic profiling to compare the level of protein expression in the cerebellum at 1 and 24 h after training from mice that underwent different paradigms of cerebellum-dependent oculomotor learning from specific directional changes in motor gain. We quantified a total of 43 proteins that were significantly regulated in each of the three learning paradigms in the cerebellum at 1 and 24 h after learning. In addition, functional enrichment analysis identified protein groups that were differentially enriched or depleted in the cerebellum at 24 h after the three oculomotor learnings, suggesting that distinct biological pathways may be engaged in the formation of three oculomotor memories. Weighted correlation network analysis discovered groups of proteins significantly correlated with oculomotor memory. Finally, four proteins (Snca, Sncb, Cttn, and Stmn1) from the protein group correlated with the learning amount after oculomotor training were validated by Western blot. This study provides a comprehensive and unbiased list of proteins related to three cerebellum-dependent motor learning paradigms, suggesting the distinct nature of protein expression in the cerebellum for each learning paradigm. The proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with identifiers <PXD008433>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gyu Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jongmin Woo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Joonho Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sooyong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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14
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Holland PJ, Sibindi TM, Ginzburg M, Das S, Arkesteijn K, Frens MA, Donchin O. A Neuroanatomically Grounded Optimal Control Model of the Compensatory Eye Movement System in Mice. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:13. [PMID: 32269516 PMCID: PMC7109542 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a working model of the compensatory eye movement system in mice. We challenge the model with a data set of eye movements in mice (n =34) recorded in 4 different sinusoidal stimulus conditions with 36 different combinations of frequency (0.1-3.2 Hz) and amplitude (0.5-8°) in each condition. The conditions included vestibular stimulation in the dark (vestibular-ocular reflex, VOR), optokinetic stimulation (optokinetic reflex, OKR), and two combined visual/vestibular conditions (the visual-vestibular ocular reflex, vVOR, and visual suppression of the VOR, sVOR). The model successfully reproduced the eye movements in all conditions, except for minor failures to predict phase when gain was very low. Most importantly, it could explain the interaction of VOR and OKR when the two reflexes are activated simultaneously during vVOR stimulation. In addition to our own data, we also reproduced the behavior of the compensatory eye movement system found in the existing literature. These include its response to sum-of-sines stimuli, its response after lesions of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi or the flocculus, characteristics of VOR adaptation, and characteristics of drift in the dark. Our model is based on ideas of state prediction and forward modeling that have been widely used in the study of motor control. However, it represents one of the first quantitative efforts to simulate the full range of behaviors of a specific system. The model has two separate processing loops, one for vestibular stimulation and one for visual stimulation. Importantly, state prediction in the visual processing loop depends on a forward model of residual retinal slip after vestibular processing. In addition, we hypothesize that adaptation in the system is primarily adaptation of this model. In other words, VOR adaptation happens primarily in the OKR loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Holland
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tafadzwa M. Sibindi
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marik Ginzburg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Suman Das
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kiki Arkesteijn
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Opher Donchin
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- ABC Centre for Robotics, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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15
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Morbiato E, Bilel S, Tirri M, Arfè R, Fantinati A, Savchuk S, Appolonova S, Frisoni P, Tagliaro F, Neri M, Grignolio S, Bertolucci C, Marti M. Potential of the zebrafish model for the forensic toxicology screening of NPS: A comparative study of the effects of APINAC and methiopropamine on the behavior of zebrafish larvae and mice. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:36-46. [PMID: 32050087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The increased diffusion of the so-called novel psychoactive substances (NPS) and their continuous change in structure andconceivably activity has led to the need of a rapid screening method to detect their biological effects as early as possible after their appearance in the market. This problem is very felt in forensic pathology and toxicology, so the preclinical study is fundamental in the approach to clinical and autopsy cases of difficult interpretation intoxication. Zebrafish is a high-throughput suitable model to rapidly hypothesize potential aversive or beneficial effects of novel molecules. In the present study, we measured and compared the behavioral responses to two novel neuroactive drugs, namely APINAC, a new cannabimimetic drug, and methiopropamine (MPA), a methamphetamine-like compound, on zebrafish larvae (ZL) and adult mice. By using an innovative statistical approach (general additive models), it was found that the spontaneous locomotor activity was impaired by the two drugs in both species: the disruption extent varied in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Sensorimotor function was also altered: i) the visual object response was reduced in mice treated with APINAC, whereas it was not after exposure to MPA; ii) the visual placing responses were reduced after treatment with both NPS in mice. Furthermore, the visual motor response detected in ZL showed a reduction after treatment with APINAC during light-dark and dark-light transition. The same pattern was found in the MPA exposed groups only at the dark-light transition, while at the transition from light to dark, the individuals showed an increased response. In conclusion, the present study highlighted the impairment of spontaneous motor and sensorimotor behavior induced by MPA and APINAC administration in both species, thus confirming the usefulness of ZL as a model for a rapid behavioural-based drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Morbiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrine Bilel
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Micaela Tirri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raffaella Arfè
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy; Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Fantinati
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sergey Savchuk
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Appolonova
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paolo Frisoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Policlinico "G.B. Rossi", Verona, Italy; Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margherita Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy; Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Italy.
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16
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Sun N, Li BX, Hong YJ, Bing YH, Qiu DL, Chu CP. Noradrenaline depresses spontaneous complex spikes activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells via α2-adrenergic receptor in vivo in mice. Neurosci Lett 2019; 703:38-44. [PMID: 30853408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons afferents release noradrenaline (NA) in the cerebellar cortex for modulating cerebellar neuronal circuitry function. Our previous study found that NA inhibited the spontaneous simple spikes activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC) through activation of molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) in vivo in mice. We here examined the effects of NA on spontaneous complex spikes (CSs) activity of cerebellar PC in urethane-anesthetized mice by electrophysiology recording technique and pharmacological methods. Our results showed that cerebellar surface perfusion of NA significantly reduced the number of spikelets and the area under curve (AUC) of the spontaneous CSs. Application of nonselective adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist, phentolamine, abolished the NA-induced inhibition of CSs. However applying a nonselective β-AR blocker, propranolol, failed to prevent the NA-induced inhibition of CSs activity. The NA-induced inhibition of CSs activity was not blocked by α1-AR antagonist, prazosin, but it was abolished by α2-AR antagonist, yohimibine. Moreover, application of α2-AR agonist, UK14304 induced a depression of CSs activity and mimicked the NA-induced inhibition of CS activity. These results indicate that NA regulates spontaneous CSs activity of cerebellar PCs via activation of α2-AR in vivo in mice. Our present results suggest that noradrenergic neurons of LC may modulate the outputs of cerebellar PCs via inhibition of CSs activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China; Department of Clinical Blood and Body Fluid Testing, College of Medical Technique, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bing-Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Ying-Ji Hong
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Yan-Hua Bing
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Psychology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China.
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17
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Hirano T. Regulation and Interaction of Multiple Types of Synaptic Plasticity in a Purkinje Neuron and Their Contribution to Motor Learning. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:756-765. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Inoshita T, Hirano T. Occurrence of long-term depression in the cerebellar flocculus during adaptation of optokinetic response. eLife 2018; 7:36209. [PMID: 29582755 PMCID: PMC5871328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje cell (PC) synapses has been considered as a main cellular mechanism for motor learning. However, the necessity of LTD for motor learning was challenged by demonstration of normal motor learning in the LTD-defective animals. Here, we addressed possible involvement of LTD in motor learning by examining whether LTD occurs during motor learning in the wild-type mice. As a model of motor learning, adaptation of optokinetic response (OKR) was used. OKR is a type of reflex eye movement to suppress blur of visual image during animal motion. OKR shows adaptive change during continuous optokinetic stimulation, which is regulated by the cerebellar flocculus. After OKR adaptation, amplitudes of quantal excitatory postsynaptic currents at PF-PC synapses were decreased, and induction of LTD was suppressed in the flocculus. These results suggest that LTD occurs at PF-PC synapses during OKR adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Inoshita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Tomoo Hirano
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan
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19
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Hietanen MA, Price NSC, Cloherty SL, Hadjidimitrakis K, Ibbotson MR. Long-term sensorimotor adaptation in the ocular following system of primates. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189030. [PMID: 29200430 PMCID: PMC5714349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sudden movement of a wide-field image leads to a reflexive eye tracking response referred to as short-latency ocular following. If the image motion occurs soon after a saccade the initial speed of the ocular following is enhanced, a phenomenon known as post-saccadic enhancement. We show in macaque monkeys that repeated exposure to the same stimulus regime over a period of months leads to progressive increases in the initial speeds of ocular following. The improvement in tracking speed occurs for ocular following with and without a prior saccade. As a result of the improvement in ocular following speeds, the influence of post-saccadic enhancement wanes with increasing levels of training. The improvement in ocular following speed following repeated exposure to the same oculomotor task represents a novel form of sensori-motor learning in the context of a reflexive movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus A. Hietanen
- National Vision Research Institute, Australian College of Optometry, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas S. C. Price
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun L. Cloherty
- National Vision Research Institute, Australian College of Optometry, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael R. Ibbotson
- National Vision Research Institute, Australian College of Optometry, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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