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Liang J, Ouyang X, Cao Y. Interfacial and confined molecular-assembly of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and its application in organic electronic devices. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:619-632. [PMID: 36212681 PMCID: PMC9542436 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2125826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a typical conducting polymer widely used in organic thin-film transistors, polymer solar cells, etc., due to good processability and remarkable charging carrier and hole mobility. It is known that the ordered structure assembled by π-conjugated P3HT chains could promote the performance of electronic devices. Interfacial and confined molecular-assembly is one effective way to generate an ordered structure by tuning surface geometry and substrate interaction. Great efforts have been made to investigate the molecular chain assembly of P3HT on a curved surface that is confined to different geometry. In this report, we review the recent advances of the interfacial chain assembly of P3HT in a flat or curved confined space and its application to organic electronic devices. In principle, this interfacial assembly of P3HT at a nanoscale could improve the electronic properties, such as the current transport, power conversion efficiency, etc. Therefore, this review on interfacial and confined assembly of P3HT could give general implications for designing high-performance organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Liang
- Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Ouyang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology (AISMST), School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangdong, China
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2
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Sakata T, Saitow KI. 4D Microspectroscopy Explores Orientation and Aggregations in π-Conjugated Polymer Films Prepared by Brush Printing. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:653-660. [PMID: 35023754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of polymers improves their mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, but aggregates alter these properties. Unfortunately, there is no definitive way to control aggregates and quantify orientations by distinguishing between polymer chains and aggregates. Herein, we show 4D microspectroscopy to examine brush-printed oriented films of π-conjugated polymers. Three-dimensional (x-y-z) and 1D (photon energy) components based on polarized-fluorescence spectra and film thickness at identical positions were measured. Stochastic analysis of 4D data for a brush-printed OLED film (30 × 30 μm2, 900 pixels) distinguished orientations of polymer chains and their aggregates with a 1 μm x-y resolution and a z-range of 20-1800 nm. Polymer chains in thin regions (t < 50 nm) were oriented parallel to the brush-printing direction, whereas aggregates were oriented perpendicularly in thicker regions (t > 1000 nm). This difference was attributed to shear stress, uneven thickness, and capillary forces. The generality of the 4D method was also examined using conventional drop casting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Sakata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Saitow
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Yu L, Pavlica E, Li R, Zhong Y, Silva C, Bratina G, Müller C, Amassian A, Stingelin N. Conjugated Polymer Mesocrystals with Structural and Optoelectronic Coherence and Anisotropy in Three Dimensions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103002. [PMID: 34676923 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting mesocrystalline bulk polymer specimens that exhibit near-intrinsic properties using channel-die pressing are demonstrated. A predominant edge-on orientation is obtained for poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) throughout 2 mm-thick/wide samples. This persistent mesocrystalline arrangement at macroscopic scales allows reliable evaluation of the electronic charge-transport anisotropy along all three crystallographic axes, with high mobilities found along the π-stacking. Indeed, charge-carrier mobilities of up to 2.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 are measured along the π-stack, which are some of the highest mobilities reported for polymers at low charge-carrier densities (drop-cast films display mobilities of maximum ≈10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 ). The structural coherence also leads to an unusually well-defined photoluminescence line-shape characteristic of an H-aggregate (measured from the surface perpendicular to the materials flow), rather than the typical HJ-aggregate feature usually found for P3HT. The approach is widely applicable: to electrical conductors and materials used in n-type devices, such as poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} (N2200) where the mesocrystalline structure leads to high electron transport along the polymer backbones (≈1.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 ). This versatility and the broad applicability of channel-die pressing signifies its promise as a straightforward, readily scalable method to fabricate bulk semiconducting polymer structures at macroscopic scales with properties typically accessible only by the tedious growth of single crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Egon Pavlica
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Nova Gorica, SI-5000, Slovenia
| | - Ruipeng Li
- NSLS II, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yufei Zhong
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Gvido Bratina
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Nova Gorica, SI-5000, Slovenia
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
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Kim J, Joo CW, Hassan SZ, Yu SH, Kang M, Pi JE, Kang SY, Park YS, Chung DS. Synergetic contribution of fluorinated azide for high EQE and operational stability of top-illuminated, semitransparent, photomultiplication-type organic photodiodes. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3141-3148. [PMID: 34570854 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01368h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, it is shown that fluorinated azide, employed as a functional additive to photomultiplication-type organic photodiodes (PM-OPDs), can not only enhance the operational stability by freezing the morphology consisting of matrix polymer/localized acceptor but also stabilize the trapped electron states such that the photomultiplication mechanism can be accelerated further, leading to exceptionally high external quantum efficiency (EQE). The consequent semitransparent OPD consisting of molybdenum oxide (MoO3)/Au/MoO3/photoactive layer/polyethyleneimine ethoxylated/indium tin oxide (ITO) rendered a maximum EQE of over 500 000% and 370 000% under bottom and top illumination, respectively. Owing to the remarkably high EQE, high specific detectivity of 5.6 × 1013 Jones and low noise-equivalent power of 5.35 × 10-15 W Hz-0.5 were also demonstrated. Furthermore, the OPD demonstrated stable performance during 20 h of continuous operation and minimal performance degradation even after the damp heat test. To fully visualize the advantages of the proposed high-EQE, top-illuminated, semitransparent OPD with spectral asymmetry between absorption and detection, a reflection-type fingerprint platform consisting of 1 OPD-1 oxide field-effect transistor complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor backplane (300 ppi) is designed and fabricated. The successful recognition of the fingerprint of one of the authors is demonstrated, which indicates the feasibility of the proposed PM-OPD for sensing weak light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul Woong Joo
- Flexible Device Research Group, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea.
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mingyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Eun Pi
- Flexible Device Research Group, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Youl Kang
- Flexible Device Research Group, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Sam Park
- Flexible Device Research Group, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Li S, Li J, Chun Y, Shrestha PK, Chang X, Pivnenko M, Chu D. Variety of Ordered Patterns in Donor-Acceptor Polymer Semiconductor Films Crystallized from Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19055-19063. [PMID: 33861560 PMCID: PMC8153537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A huge challenge is to control the nucleation of crystallites/aggregates in the solution during polymer film formation to generate desired structures. In this work, we investigate crystallization of P(NDI2OD-T2), a donor-acceptor polymer semiconductor, with controlled solution flow along the contact line between the drying film and solution through a seesaw-like pivoting of samples during polymer drying. By controlling the pivoting frequency/amplitude, various types of line patterns can be observed: (I) an array of fishbone-like stripes oriented in the film-growth direction; (II) the pinning-depinning of contact line (PDCL)-mechanism-defined patterned wires along the contact line; and (III) periodic twined crystalline line pattern oriented in the direction of the contact line. The rich variety of pattern formation observed is attributed to the distinctiveness of the donor-acceptor conjugated polymer structure. The result measured from thin-film transistors made of the generated films/structures showed that the charge mobility of P(NDI2OD-T2) does not change much with the film morphology, which supports recent controversy over the charge-transportation mechanism of some donor-acceptor polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunpu Li
- Centre
for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University
of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
- College
of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen
Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jin Li
- Centre
for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University
of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Youngtea Chun
- Centre
for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University
of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
- Department
of Electronic Material Engineering, Korea
Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, South
Korea
| | - Pawan K. Shrestha
- Centre
for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University
of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Chang
- Centre
for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University
of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Pivnenko
- Centre
for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University
of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Daping Chu
- Centre
for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University
of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
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Eom S, Sim JH, Kim J, Tran NB, Sung MM, Kang Y. Eutectic friction transfer lithography: a facile solid-state route for highly crystalline semiconducting polymers. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23514-23520. [PMID: 33216110 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06411d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a solid-state lithography technique utilizing eutectic friction transfer lithography (EFTL). The EFTL technique employs eutectic pellets made of semiconducting polymers and volatile organic solid matrices. Using frictional heating and eutectic melting, various semiconducting polymer crystals were formed by a simple rubbing process under mild conditions. The strong anisotropic optical properties suggest that J-type packing is dominant in EFTL microwires because of the highly extended and planarized crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Eom
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
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Sakata T, Kajiya D, Saitow KI. Brush Printing Creates Polarized Green Fluorescence: 3D Orientation Mapping and Stochastic Analysis of Conductive Polymer Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46598-46608. [PMID: 32985860 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brush printing is a unique method used to obtain uniaxially oriented films, whereby a polymer solution is brushed onto a substrate. However, there have been only a few reports on the brush-printing method. Here, we report the preparation of a uniaxially oriented film of a green light-emitting conductive polymer, poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT). The fluorescence polarization ratio of the oriented F8BT films was as high as 11.3, and the average orientation factor reached 0.74 ± 0.06. The orientation factor and the torsion angle of F8BT were visualized by two mappings of fluorescence and Raman spectral measurements by confocal spectromicroscopy, respectively. These two x-y mapping data with many pixels (∼750 pixels) were evaluated by x-y-z mapping of the film thickness at a single position and were used to reveal the three-dimensional (3D) orientation mechanism from a stochastic approach. Polarized green fluorescence originates from polymer chains uniaxially oriented along the brush direction. The high orientation for a film thickness < 100 nm is established by shear stress, faster capillary flow, and flow-induced chain extension for a thin solution film on a substrate. The high orientation factor was also demonstrated by a high brushing speed, whereas an optimized brushing speed existed. We found that this optimization is attributed to the property of a non-Newtonian fluid. By applying this brush-printing method to the fabrication of an optoelectrical device, polarized green electroluminescence was preliminarily demonstrated by the OLED assembled from an oriented F8BT film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisuke Kajiya
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Saitow
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Memon WA, Li J, Fang Q, Ren Z, Yan S, Sun X. Synergistic Effect of Solvent and Epitaxy on the Formation of Anisotropic Structures of P3HT and P3HT/PCBM Films. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7233-7239. [PMID: 31343879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oriented organic semiconductor blends can confer desirable properties, such as enhanced charge transport properties and polarized light emission or absorption. A technique that is not only adapted to solution processing but also producing anisotropic conducting blend films is realized by epitaxial crystallization of blends on oriented polymer substrate. The epitaxial structure of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) on oriented polyethylene (PE) substrate is affected by the boiling point of the used solvent. The P3HT spin-coated from o-dichlorobenzene with a high boiling point on PE forms a "side-on" and "face-on" molecular chain orientation with c-axis parallel to the c-axis of PE. While the orientation of the side-on and face-on is poor when P3HT is spin-coated from chloroform with a low boiling point. The addition of PCBM does not affect the epitaxial crystallization behavior of P3HT. Moreover, the anisotropic structure of PCBM is also obtained on the PE substrate. The PE substrate efficiently increases the amount of the face-on structure and the ratio of the face-on to side-on is 7 times that on the PSS:PEDOT substrate. Anisotropic structures lead to anisotropic absorption and photoluminescence properties. The anisotropic optical properties are better for the sample spin-coated from o-dichlorobenzene with the dichroic ratio of 2. The technique of employing oriented PE film to regulate the formation of oriented conducting polymer combined with the analytical method provides guidance to the fabrication and characterization of anisotropic functional film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ali Memon
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Qunqun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China.,Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
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Li J, Xue M, Xue N, Li H, Zhang L, Ren Z, Yan S, Sun X. Highly Anisotropic P3HT Film Fabricated via Epitaxy on an Oriented Polyethylene Film and Solvent Vapor Treatment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7841-7847. [PMID: 31082249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To improve the epitaxial crystallization ability of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on a highly oriented polyethylene (PE) substrate, controlled solvent vapor treatment (CSVT) is employed. The anisotropic structures and related optical properties depend not only on the solvent used to prepare the film but also on the subsequent solvent vapor treatment pressure and time. A highly oriented PE film facilitates the "side-on" chain orientation of P3HT with its c axis parallel to the drawing direction of the PE film. The dichroic ratio (DR) of the P3HT film reflected by UV-vis spectra can reach as high as 7.1, which is much larger than the value treated by thermal annealing. Moreover, the excitation bandwidth W, indicating the effective conjugation length and molecular order, shows significant anisotropic features. Solvent used for solution processing with a high boiling point is more favorable for inducing anisotropic multiscale structures. In particular, the oriented structures lead to obvious anisotropic carrier mobility. The carrier mobility of P3HT after CSVT along the PE molecular chain direction is 7.5 times higher than that measured perpendicular to the PE chain direction. This is of great importance in fabricating anisotropic thin films of conjugated polymeric semiconductors with enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Meiling Xue
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Ning Xue
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics Ministry of Education , Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
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