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Gadd GM, Fomina M, Pinzari F. Fungal biodeterioration and preservation of cultural heritage, artwork, and historical artifacts: extremophily and adaptation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0020022. [PMID: 38179930 PMCID: PMC10966957 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00200-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFungi are ubiquitous and important biosphere inhabitants, and their abilities to decompose, degrade, and otherwise transform a massive range of organic and inorganic substances, including plant organic matter, rocks, and minerals, underpin their major significance as biodeteriogens in the built environment and of cultural heritage. Fungi are often the most obvious agents of cultural heritage biodeterioration with effects ranging from discoloration, staining, and biofouling to destruction of building components, historical artifacts, and artwork. Sporulation, morphological adaptations, and the explorative penetrative lifestyle of filamentous fungi enable efficient dispersal and colonization of solid substrates, while many species are able to withstand environmental stress factors such as desiccation, ultra-violet radiation, salinity, and potentially toxic organic and inorganic substances. Many can grow under nutrient-limited conditions, and many produce resistant cell forms that can survive through long periods of adverse conditions. The fungal lifestyle and chemoorganotrophic metabolism therefore enable adaptation and success in the frequently encountered extremophilic conditions that are associated with indoor and outdoor cultural heritage. Apart from free-living fungi, lichens are a fungal growth form and ubiquitous pioneer colonizers and biodeteriogens of outdoor materials, especially stone- and mineral-based building components. This article surveys the roles and significance of fungi in the biodeterioration of cultural heritage, with reference to the mechanisms involved and in relation to the range of substances encountered, as well as the methods by which fungal biodeterioration can be assessed and combated, and how certain fungal processes may be utilized in bioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Marina Fomina
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- National Reserve “Sophia of Kyiv”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Institute for Biological Systems (ISB), Council of National Research of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo (RM), Italy
- Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Zhou Y, Shi Y, Huang Y, Zhong J. Microbes on the "peachy spots" of ancient Kaihua paper: microbial community and functional analysis. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1326835. [PMID: 38274746 PMCID: PMC10808800 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1326835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaihua paper is a type of precious hand-made paper in China that has been used throughout Chinese history. Due to its extraordinary whiteness and fine texture, it was adopted by the imperial palace in the reign of Emperor Kang Xi and Yong Zheng of the Qing Dynasty of China in the 17th and 18th century. It is stained by a special type of yellowish-brown spot after years of storage, which is called a "peachy spot." The formation of such spots remains unclear, although complicated physicochemical processes or microbial activities might be involved. We performed nondestructive sampling and high-throughput sequencing on peachy spot surfaces, unstained areas, and air samples in the stack room to analysis the the bacterial and fungal communities, and performed prediction of functional genes of the bacterial communities. The results showed that peachy spot formation was mainly related to bacterial communities rather than fungal communities. Significantly more potential acid- producing, acidophilic or cellulase-producing bacteria, such as, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Lysinibacillus, and pigment-producing bacteria, such as Methylobacterium and Rubrobacter, were identified in the peachy spot samples. Prediction of the functional genes of the bacterial community also suggested the production of acidic substance pigments. These findings provide new insights into the pigment formation mechanism in ancient paper and open an opportunity to develop new strategies to preserve the ancient paper documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Nadal-Molero F, Campos-Lopez A, Tur-Moya J, Martin-Cuadrado AB. Microbial community on industrial salty bovine hides: From the slaughterhouse to the salting. Syst Appl Microbiol 2023; 46:126421. [PMID: 37229965 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2023.126421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The leather-making industry is an age-old industry and desiccation with salt has been one of the most used methodologies for obtaining valuable skins. However, halophiles may proliferate and affect the integrity of the hide-collagen structure, as well as leading to undesirable red colorations or less-frequent purple stains. To understand the basis of these industrial hide contaminations, the microbial community from raw hide samples, salt-cured samples and four different industrial salts, was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding together with standard cultivation methods. Comparison of raw hides and correctly cured hides revealed a core microbiome that was absent from contaminated hides. In addition, archaea were missing from well-cured hides, whereas Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter were highly represented (23 % and 17.4 %, respectively). In damaged hides, only a few operational taxonomic units (OTUs), from among the hundreds detected, were able to proliferate and, remarkably, a single Halomonas OTU represented 57.66 % of the reads. Halobacteria, mainly Halovenus, Halorubrum and Halovivax, increased by up to 36.24-39.5 % in the red- and purple-affected hides. The major contaminants were isolated and hide infections, together with collagenase activity, were evaluated. The results showed that hides enriched with the non-pigmented isolate Halomonas utahensis COIN160 damaged the collagen fibers similarly to Halorubrum, and together they were considered to be one of the major causes. Putative degrading inhibitors were also identified from among the Alkalibacillus isolates. It was concluded that hide contaminations were driven by clonal outbreaks of a few specific microbes, which may have been non-pigmented collagen degraders. Acinetobacter and Alkalibacillus, members of the core microbiome of raw and well-cured salted hides, are suggested as hide contaminant inhibitors that need further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Tur-Moya
- Hide Consultant, Dpt. Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, Spain
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4
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Creydt M, Fischer M. Artefact Profiling: Panomics Approaches for Understanding the Materiality of Written Artefacts. Molecules 2023; 28:4872. [PMID: 37375427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review explains the strategies behind genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metallomics and isotopolomics approaches and their applicability to written artefacts. The respective sub-chapters give an insight into the analytical procedure and the conclusions drawn from such analyses. A distinction is made between information that can be obtained from the materials used in the respective manuscript and meta-information that cannot be obtained from the manuscript itself, but from residues of organisms such as bacteria or the authors and readers. In addition, various sampling techniques are discussed in particular, which pose a special challenge in manuscripts. The focus is on high-resolution, non-targeted strategies that can be used to extract the maximum amount of information about ancient objects. The combination of the various omics disciplines (panomics) especially offers potential added value in terms of the best possible interpretations of the data received. The information obtained can be used to understand the production of ancient artefacts, to gain impressions of former living conditions, to prove their authenticity, to assess whether there is a toxic hazard in handling the manuscripts, and to be able to determine appropriate measures for their conservation and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Creydt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Understanding Written Artefacts, University of Hamburg, Warburgstraße 26, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Understanding Written Artefacts, University of Hamburg, Warburgstraße 26, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Palmieri E, Cicero C, Orazi N, Mercuri F, Zammit U, Mazzuca C, Orlanducci S. Nanodiamond composites: A new material for the preservation of parchment. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Palmieri
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Cristina Cicero
- Department of Literary, Philosophical and Art History Studies University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Noemi Orazi
- Industrial Engineering Department University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Fulvio Mercuri
- Industrial Engineering Department University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Ugo Zammit
- Industrial Engineering Department University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Silvia Orlanducci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
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Rybitwa D, Wawrzyk A, Rahnama M. Corrigendum: Application of a Medical Diode Laser (810 nm) for Disinfecting Small Microbiologically Contaminated Spots on Degraded Collagenous Materials for Improved Biosafety in Objects of Exceptional Historical Value From the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Protection of Human Health. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673867. [PMID: 33828544 PMCID: PMC8019965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596852.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Rybitwa
- Preservation Department, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświecim, Poland
| | - Anna Wawrzyk
- Preservation Department, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświecim, Poland.,Sanitary-Epidemiological Station, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mansur Rahnama
- The Chair and Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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7
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Perini N, Mercuri F, Orlanducci S, Thaller MC, Migliore L. The Integration of Metagenomics and Chemical Physical Techniques Biodecoded the Buried Traces of the Biodeteriogens of Parchment Purple Spots. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:598945. [PMID: 33408706 PMCID: PMC7779469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.598945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient parchments record an immense part of our cultural heritage, having been used as the main written support material for centuries. Parchment easily undergoes biodeterioration, whose main signs are the so-called purple spots, which often lead to detachment of the superficial written layer. Up to recent years, several studies have been analyzing damaged parchments from different world’s archives, trying to trace back the culprit of the purple spots. However, standard cultivation and early molecular techniques have been demonstrated to be unsuccessful, leading the parchment damage issue remaining unsolved for many years. Nowadays, some studies have explored the parchment biodeterioration dynamics by adopting a multidisciplinary approach combining standard microbiological methods with high-throughput molecular, chemical and physical techniques. This approach allowed an unprecedented level of knowledge on the complex dynamics of parchment biodeterioration. This mini review discusses the application of the combination of basic and high-throughput techniques to study historical parchments, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. In particular, it focuses on how metagenomics has been paramount for the unequivocal identification of the microbial main actors of parchment biodeterioration and their dynamics, but also on how metagenomics may suffer the distortion inflict by the historical perspective on the analysis of ancient specimens. As a whole, this mini review aims to describe the scenario of information on parchment biodeterioration obtained so far by using the integration of metagenomic with recent chemical (Raman spectroscopy) and physical (Light Transmission Analysis) approaches, which might have key implications in the preservation of many ancient documents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fulvio Mercuri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Orlanducci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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8
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Rybitwa D, Wawrzyk A, Rahnama M. Application of a Medical Diode Laser (810 nm) for Disinfecting Small Microbiologically Contaminated Spots on Degraded Collagenous Materials for Improved Biosafety in Objects of Exceptional Historical Value From the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Protection of Human Health. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:596852. [PMID: 33391215 PMCID: PMC7775414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The research aim was to optimize the operating parameters of a diode laser irradiation for the effective disinfection of degraded collagenous materials. Historical leather shoes stored at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim (Poland) were the main study objects. Surfaces of contaminated small spots occurring on the degraded materials were sampled with moistened swabs and microbiologically examined using the molecular techniques MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rRNA, and NGS sequencing. The surfaces were colonized by bacteria with 106 CFU/100 cm2 and 104 CFU/100 cm2 by fungi, on average. Microorganisms of the genera Bacillus and Penicillium were predominant. The effectiveness of the laser treatment was assessed for the new and degraded collagenous materials against isolated environmental strains using four variants of exposure time and number of repetitions. 0.3 W/CW 2 × 2 min variant was the most effective and also did not noticeably change the color of the treated samples. The variant caused a reduction in the numbers of microorganisms by 96–100%. After 1 month, four types of leather were subjected to comprehensive physico-chemical analyses. SEM and FTIR techniques confirmed that laser irradiation in the selected optimal variant did not affect the surface morphology and collagen structure, while XPS technique enabled detection of subtle changes in non-historical protective coatings on the surfaces of tested degraded historical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Rybitwa
- Preservation Department, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim, Poland
| | - Anna Wawrzyk
- Preservation Department, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Oświęcim, Poland.,Sanitary-Epidemiological Station, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mansur Rahnama
- The Chair and Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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9
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Zhao L, Zhou Y, Li J, Xia Y, Wang W, Luo X, Yin J, Zhong J. Transcriptional response of Bacillus megaterium FDU301 to PEG200-mediated arid stress. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:351. [PMID: 33198631 PMCID: PMC7670681 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For microorganisms on a paper surface, the lack of water is one of the most important stress factors. A strain of Bacillus megaterium FDU301 was isolated from plaques on a paper surface using culture medium with polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200) to simulate an arid condition. Global transcriptomic analysis of B. megaterium FDU301 grown under normal and simulated arid conditions was performed via RNA-seq technology to identify genes involved in arid stress adaptation. Results The transcriptome of B. megaterium FDU301 grown in LB medium under arid (15% PEG200 (w/w)) and normal conditions were compared. A total of 2941 genes were differentially expressed, including 1422 genes upregulated and 1519 genes downregulated under arid conditions. Oxidative stress-responsive regulatory genes perR, fur, and tipA were significantly upregulated, along with DNA protecting protein (dps), and catalase (katE). Genes related to Fe2+ uptake (feoB), sporulation stage II (spoIIB, spoIIE, spoIIGA), small acid-soluble spore protein (sspD), and biosynthesis of compatible solute ectoine (ectB, ectA) were also highly expressed to various degrees. Oxidative phosphorylation-related genes (atpB, atpE, atpF, atpH, atpA, atpG, atpD, atpC) and glycolysis-related genes (pgk, tpiA, frmA) were significantly downregulated. Conclusion This is the first report about transcriptomic analysis of a B. megaterium to explore the mechanism of arid resistance. Major changes in transcription were seen in the arid condition simulated by PEG200 (15%), with the most important one being genes related to oxidative stress. The results showed a complex mechanism for the bacteria to adapt to arid stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-020-02039-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jianbei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yucheng Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Weiyun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiuqi Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Juan Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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10
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Piñar G, Tafer H, Schreiner M, Miklas H, Sterflinger K. Decoding the biological information contained in two ancient Slavonic parchment codices: an added historical value. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3218-3233. [PMID: 32400083 PMCID: PMC7687136 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provides an example in the emerging field of biocodicology showing how metagenomics can help answer relevant questions that may contribute to a better understanding of the history of ancient manuscripts. To this end, two Slavonic codices dating from the 11th century were investigated through shotgun metagenomics. Endogenous DNA enabled to infer the animal origin of the skins used in the manufacture of the two codices, while nucleic sequences recovered from viruses were investigated for the first time in this material, opening up new possibilities in the field of biocodicology. In addition, the microbiomes colonizing the surface of the parchments served to determine their conservation status and their latent risk of deterioration. The saline environment provided by the parchments selected halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms, which are known to be responsible for the biodegradation of parchment. Species of Nocardiopsis, Gracilibacillus and Saccharopolyspora, but also members of the Aspergillaceae family were detected in this study, all possessing enzymatic capabilities for the biodeterioration of this material. Finally, a relative abundance of microorganisms originating from the human skin microbiome were identified, most probably related to the intensive manipulation of the manuscripts throughout the centuries, which should be taken with caution as they can be potential pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Piñar
- Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Hakim Tafer
- Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A‐1190ViennaAustria
| | - Manfred Schreiner
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art (ISTA)Academy of Fine Arts ViennaSchillerplatz 3, A‐1010 ViennaAustria
| | - Heinz Miklas
- Department of Slavonic StudiesUniversity of ViennaSpitalgasse 2‐4, Hof 3, A‐1090 ViennaAustria
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A‐1190ViennaAustria
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11
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Perini N, Mercuri F, Thaller MC, Orlanducci S, Castiello D, Talarico V, Migliore L. The Stain of the Original Salt: Red Heats on Chrome Tanned Leathers and Purple Spots on Ancient Parchments Are Two Sides of the Same Ecological Coin. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2459. [PMID: 31736905 PMCID: PMC6828845 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal hides are one of man's earliest and mostly used materials; many rawhide products, primarily leather, have for centuries been used for several purposes. The peculiar mechanical properties of leather depend on the hide composition, a dense collagen feltwork. Unfortunately, due to their proteic composition, rawhides may undergo microbial attack and biodeterioration. Over centuries, different processes and treatments (brining, vegetal or chrome tanning, tawing, etc.) were set up to face the biological attack and modify/stabilise the hide's mechanical properties. Nevertheless, even present-day rawhides are subjected to biological colonisation, and traces of this colonisation are clearly shown in Chrome(III) tanned leathers (in the wet blue stage), with obvious economic damages. The colonisation traces on tanned leathers consist of isolated or coalescent red patches, known as red heat deterioration. Parchments are rawhide products, too; they derive from another manufacturing procedure. Even parchments undergo microbial attack; the parchment biodeterioration seems comparable to leather red heat deterioration and is known as purple spots. Recently, an ecological succession model explained the process of historical parchment purple spot deterioration; the haloarchaea Halobacterium salinarum is the pioneer organism triggering this attack. The marine salt used to prevent rawhide rotting is the carrier of haloarchaea colonisers (Migliore et al., 2019). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of biodeterioration on Chrome(III) tanned leathers and its effects on the stability/integrity of collagen structure. To this end, standard cultivation methods were integrated with three updated technologies, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), Raman spectroscopy, and Light Transmitted Analysis (LTA). A bioinformatic comparison between chrome tanned leather vs. historical parchment colonisers was performed to evaluate if leather and parchment share common culprits; furthermore, the effect of the biodeterioration on the physical properties of the hide product was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Perini
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mercuri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Orlanducci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luciana Migliore
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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12
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Vadrucci M, Borgognoni F, Cicero C, Perini N, Migliore L, Mercuri F, Orazi N, Rubechini A. Parchment processing and analysis: Ionizing radiation treatment by the REX source and multidisciplinary approach characterization. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 149:159-164. [PMID: 31063965 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Library material, and thus parchment, is frequently subjected to bio-deterioration processes caused by microorganisms. Fungi and bacteria cause alterations in the parchment inducing, in some cases, even the partial detachments of the surface layer and the loss of any text present on it. An important contribution to disinfection of the cultural heritage artefacts is given by the use of ionizing radiation. In this work, a preliminary study on the applicability of X-ray radiation as treatment for bio-deterioration removal is proposed. The results on the microbial growth after different irradiation treatments are shown in order to detect the dose protocol for the bio-degradation removal. Furthermore, the evaluation of the irradiation effects on the parchment microstructure is presented in order to define the applicability of the method on parchment artefacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Cicero
- Dept. Industrial Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - N Perini
- Dept. Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - L Migliore
- Dept. Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - F Mercuri
- Dept. Industrial Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - N Orazi
- Dept. Industrial Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - A Rubechini
- Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City State
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13
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Migliore L, Perini N, Mercuri F, Orlanducci S, Rubechini A, Thaller MC. Three ancient documents solve the jigsaw of the parchment purple spot deterioration and validate the microbial succession model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1623. [PMID: 30733463 PMCID: PMC6367363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of cultural heritage is one of the major challenges of today's society. Parchments, a semi-solid matrix of collagen produced from animal skin, are a significant part of the cultural heritage, being used as writing material since ancient times. Due to their animal origin, parchments easily undergo biodeterioration: the most common biological damage is characterized by isolated or coalescent purple spots, that often lead to the detachment of the superficial layer and the consequent loss of written content. Although many parchments with purple spot biodegradative features were studied, no common causative agent had been identified so far. In a previous study a successional model has been proposed, basing on the multidisciplinary analysis of damaged versus undamaged samples from a moderately damaged document. Although no specific sequences were observed, the results pointed to Halobacterium salinarum as the starting actor of the succession. In this study, to further investigate this topic, three dramatically damaged parchments were analysed; belonging to a collection archived as Faldone Patrizi A 19, and dated back XVI-XVII century A.D. With the same multidisciplinary approach, the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS, Illumina platform) revealed DNA sequences belonging to Halobacterium salinarum; the RAMAN spectroscopy identified the pigment within the purple spots as haloarchaeal bacterioruberin and bacteriorhodopsine, and the LTA technique quantified the extremely damaged collagen structures through the entire parchments, due to the biological attack to the parchment frame structures. These results allowed to propose a model of the progressive degradation pattern of the parchment collagen. Overall, these data validate a multi-phase microbial succession model. This demonstration is pivotal to possible new restoration strategies, important for a huge number of ancient documents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fulvio Mercuri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Orlanducci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Gold-Decorated Nanodiamonds: Powerful Multifunctional Materials for Sensing, Imaging, Diagnostics, and Therapy. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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