1
|
Schönfeld D, Koss S, Vohl N, Friess F, Drescher D, Pretsch T. Dual Stimuli-Responsive Orthodontic Aligners: An In Vitro Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3094. [PMID: 37109929 PMCID: PMC10145520 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aligner therapy for orthodontic tooth movement is gaining importance in orthodontics. The aim of this contribution is to introduce a thermo- and water-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP), which could lay the foundation for a new type of aligner therapy. The thermal, thermo-mechanical, and shape memory properties of thermoplastic polyurethane were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and various practical experiments. The glass transition temperature of the SMP relevant for later switching was determined to be 50 °C in the DSC, while the tan δ peak was detected at 60 °C in the DMA. A biological evaluation was carried out using mouse fibroblast cells, which showed that the SMP is not cytotoxic in vitro. On a digitally designed and additively manufactured dental model, four aligners were fabricated from an injection-molded foil using a thermoforming process. The aligners were then heated and placed on a second denture model which had a malocclusion. After cooling, the aligners were in a programmed shape. The movement of a loose, artificial tooth and thus the correction of the malocclusion could be realized by thermal triggering the shape memory effect, at which the aligner corrected a displacement with an arc length of approximately 3.5 mm. The developed maximum force was separately determined to be about 1 N. Moreover, shape recovery of another aligner was realized within 20 h in 37 °C water. In perspective, the present approach can help to reduce the number of orthodontic aligners in therapy and thus avoid excessive material waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schönfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Samantha Koss
- Department of Orthodontics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nils Vohl
- Department of Orthodontics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Friess
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dieter Drescher
- Department of Orthodontics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pretsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
4D Printing of Electroactive Triple-Shape Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040832. [PMID: 36850116 PMCID: PMC9961650 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-shape polymers can memorize two independent shapes during a controlled recovery process. This work reports the 4D printing of electro-active triple-shape composites based on thermoplastic blends. Composite blends comprising polyester urethane (PEU), polylactic acid (PLA), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as conductive fillers were prepared by conventional melt processing methods. Morphological analysis of the composites revealed a phase separated morphology with aggregates of MWCNTs uniformly dispersed in the blend. Thermal analysis showed two different transition temperatures based on the melting point of the crystallizable switching domain of the PEU (Tm~50 ± 1 °C) and the glass transition temperature of amorphous PLA (Tg~61 ± 1 °C). The composites were suitable for 3D printing by fused filament fabrication (FFF). 3D models based on single or multiple materials were printed to demonstrate and quantify the triple-shape effect. The resulting parts were subjected to resistive heating by passing electric current at different voltages. The printed demonstrators were programmed by a thermo-mechanical programming procedure and the triple-shape effect was realized by increasing the voltage in a stepwise fashion. The 3D printing of such electroactive composites paves the way for more complex shapes with defined geometries and novel methods for triggering shape memory, with potential applications in space, robotics, and actuation technologies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo L, Zhang F, Leng J. Shape Memory Epoxy Resin and Its Composites: From Materials to Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9767830. [PMID: 35360647 PMCID: PMC8949802 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9767830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have historically attracted attention for their unique stimulation-responsive and variable stiffness and have made notable progress in aerospace, civil industry, and other fields. In particular, epoxy resin (EP) has great potential due to its excellent mechanical properties, fatigue resistance, and radiation resistance. Herein, we focus on the molecular design and network construction of shape memory epoxy resins (SMEPs) to provide opportunities for performance and functional regulation. Multifunctional and high-performance SMEPs are introduced in detail, including multiple SMEPs, two-way SMEPs, outstanding toughness, and temperature resistance. Finally, emerging applications of SMEPs and their composites in aerospace, four-dimensional printing, and self-healing are demonstrated. Based on this, we point out the challenges ahead and how SMEPs can integrate performance and versatility to meet the needs of technological development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150080, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Centre for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150080, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Electrical and thermal stimuli responsive thermoplastic shape memory polymer composites containing rGO, Fe3O4 and rGO–Fe3O4 fillers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
5
|
Maraveas C, Bayer IS, Bartzanas T. 4D printing: Perspectives for the production of sustainable plastics for agriculture. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107785. [PMID: 34111517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept of 4D printing of phase change materials is gaining attention in the potential development of self-healing materials for tissue engineering and manufacturing applications, but there has been limited utilization of the technology in agriculture/farm-based applications. The temperature-responsiveness, magneto-responsiveness, pH-responsiveness, and osmotic pressure-responsiveness of shape-memory materials have potential applications in green/compostable plastics for agricultural applications such as food packaging and mulching films, shade nets, and greenhouse polymer covers. The application of 4D printing in augmenting the biodegradability, environmental, economic, and production benefits of polymers in agriculture is the main focus of this review. So far,; little scholarly and industry attention have been directed to agricultural applications even though shape memory polymers are ideal for such applications compared to existing materials due to smart/intelligent behavior, optimized performance through fiber/nanomaterial reinforcement and multilayered composites. The practical constraints relate to the newness of the 4D printing process, customized synthetic routes for application-specific materials. The constraints can be resolved using novel and customized processes such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereo-lithography and ink-jet printing, which are facile, scalable and affordable 4D printing techniques, that are highly effective compared to powder bed printing, and other droplet-based printing technologies, and photo-polymerization methods. FDM has led to the generation of PLA and other polymers with self-deformation and controllable shape memory effects. Future applications should overcome constraints linked to machine workload limitations and 3D/4D printing constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilker S Bayer
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Thomas Bartzanas
- Farm Structures Lab., Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yun G, Tang SY, Lu H, Zhang S, Dickey MD, Li W. Hybrid‐Filler Stretchable Conductive Composites: From Fabrication to Application. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Yun
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Hongda Lu
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes Department of Precision Machinery and Instrumentation University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230027 China
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Zaszczyńska A, Gradys A, Sajkiewicz P. Progress in the Applications of Smart Piezoelectric Materials for Medical Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2754. [PMID: 33266424 PMCID: PMC7700596 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart piezoelectric materials are of great interest due to their unique properties. Piezoelectric materials can transform mechanical energy into electricity and vice versa. There are mono and polycrystals (piezoceramics), polymers, and composites in the group of piezoelectric materials. Recent years show progress in the applications of piezoelectric materials in biomedical devices due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Medical devices such as actuators and sensors, energy harvesting devices, and active scaffolds for neural tissue engineering are continually explored. Sensors and actuators from piezoelectric materials can convert flow rate, pressure, etc., to generate energy or consume it. This paper consists of using smart materials to design medical devices and provide a greater understanding of the piezoelectric effect in the medical industry presently. A greater understanding of piezoelectricity is necessary regarding the future development and industry challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Zaszczyńska
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (P.S.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haskew MJ, Hardy JG. A Mini-Review of Shape-Memory Polymer-Based Materials : Stimuli-responsive shape-memory polymers. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1595/205651319x15754757916993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) enable the production of stimuli-responsive polymer-based materials with the ability to undergo a large recoverable deformation upon the application of an external stimulus. Academic and industrial research interest in the shape-memory effects (SMEs) of
these SMP-based materials is growing for task-specific applications. This mini-review covers interesting aspects of SMP-based materials, their properties, how they may be investigated and highlights examples of the potential applications of these materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J. Haskew
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, Faraday Building, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, Faraday Building, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YB UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li X, Wang L, Zhang Z, Kong D, Ao X, Xiao X. Electroactive High‐Temperature Shape Memory Polymers with High Recovery Stress Induced by Ground Carbon Fibers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Liancai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radiation Advanced Materials Beijing Research Center for Radiation Application No.10 Northroad Jiuxianqiao Beijing 10015 P. R. China
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Deyan Kong
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Xinling Ao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| | - Xinli Xiao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 West Dazhi Street Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fu L, Wu F, Xu C, Cao T, Wang R, Guo S. Anisotropic Shape Memory Behaviors of Polylactic Acid/Citric Acid–Bentonite Composite with a Gradient Filler Concentration in Thickness Direction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Fu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Fudong Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Tinghua Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ruimeng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shihao Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|