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Thakur M, Yadav V, Kumar Y, Pramanik A, Dubey KK. How to deal with xenobiotic compounds through environment friendly approach? Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38710611 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2336527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Every year, a huge amount of lethal compounds, such as synthetic dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, etc. are mass produced worldwide, which negatively affect soil, air, and water quality. At present, pesticides are used very frequently to meet the requirements of modernized agriculture. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that food production will increase by 80% by 2050 to keep up with the growing population, consequently pesticides will continue to play a role in agriculture. However, improper handling of these highly persistent chemicals leads to pollution of the environment and accumulation in food chain. These effects necessitate the development of technologies to eliminate or degrade these pollutants. Degradation of these compounds by physical and chemical processes is expensive and usually results in secondary compounds with higher toxicity. The biological strategies proposed for the degradation of these compounds are both cost-effective and eco-friendly. Microbes play an imperative role in the degradation of xenobiotic compounds that have toxic effects on the environment. This review on the fate of xenobiotic compounds in the environment presents cutting-edge insights and novel contributions in different fields. Microbial community dynamics in water bodies, genetic modification for enhanced pesticide degradation and the use of fungi for pharmaceutical removal, white-rot fungi's versatile ligninolytic enzymes and biodegradation potential are highlighted. Here we emphasize the factors influencing bioremediation, such as microbial interactions and carbon catabolism repression, along with a nuanced view of challenges and limitations. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on the bioremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mony Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Vinod Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Yatin Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Avijit Pramanik
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
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2
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Chaudhary V, Kumar M, Chauhan C, Sirohi U, Srivastav AL, Rani L. Strategies for mitigation of pesticides from the environment through alternative approaches: A review of recent developments and future prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120326. [PMID: 38387349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Chemical-based peticides are having negative impacts on both the healths of human beings and plants as well. The World Health Organisation (WHO), reported that each year, >25 million individuals in poor nations are having acute pesticide poisoning cases along with 20,000 fatal injuries at global level. Normally, only ∼0.1% of the pesticide reaches to the intended targets, and rest amount is expected to come into the food chain/environment for a longer period of time. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce the amounts of pesticides present in the soil. Physical or chemical treatments are either expensive or incapable to do so. Hence, pesticide detoxification can be achieved through bioremediation/biotechnologies, including nano-based methodologies, integrated approaches etc. These are relatively affordable, efficient and environmentally sound methods. Therefore, alternate strategies like as advanced biotechnological tools like as CRISPR Cas system, RNAi and genetic engineering for development of insects and pest resistant plants which are directly involved in the development of disease- and pest-resistant plants and indirectly reduce the use of pesticides. Omics tools and multi omics approaches like metagenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics for the efficient functional gene mining and their validation for bioremediation of pesticides also discussed from the literatures. Overall, the review focuses on the most recent advancements in bioremediation methods to lessen the effects of pesticides along with the role of microorganisms in pesticides elimination. Further, pesticide detection is also a big challenge which can be done by using HPLC, GC, SERS, and LSPR ELISA etc. which have also been described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Meerut College, Meerut, Uttar-Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Floriculture and Landscaping Architecture, College of Horticulture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chetan Chauhan
- Department of Floriculture and Landscaping Architecture, College of Horticulture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjwal Sirohi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Lal Srivastav
- Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Lata Rani
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
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3
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Suman J, Sredlova K, Fraraccio S, Jerabkova M, Strejcek M, Kabickova H, Cajthaml T, Uhlik O. Transformation of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls by bacterial 2-hydroxybiphenyl 3-monooxygenase. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140909. [PMID: 38070605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Monohydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) are an (eco)toxicologically significant group of compounds, as they arise from the oxidation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and, at the same time, may exert even more severe toxic effects than their parent PCB molecules. Despite having been widely detected in environmental samples, plants, and animals, information on the fate of OH-PCBs in the environment is scarce, including on the enzymatic machinery behind their degradation. To date, only a few bacterial taxa capable of OH-PCB transformation have been reported. In this study, we aimed to obtain a deeper insight into the transformation of OH-PCBs in soil bacteria and isolated a Pseudomonas sp. strain P1B16 based on its ability to use o-phenylphenol (2-PP) which, when exposed to the Delor 103-derived OH-PCB mixture, depleted a wide spectrum of mono-, di, and trichlorinated OH-PCBs. In the P1B16 genome, a region designated as hbp was identified, which bears a set of putative genes involved in the transformation of OH-PCBs, namely hbpA encoding for a putative flavin-dependent 2-hydroxybiphenyl monooxygenase, hbpC (2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl-1,2-dioxygenase), hbpD (2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase), and the transcriptional activator-encoding gene hbpR. The hbpA coding sequence was heterologously expressed, purified, and its substrate specificity was investigated towards the Delor 103-derived OH-PCB mixture, individual OH-PCBs, and multiple (chlorinated) phenolics. Apart from 2-PP and 2-chlorophenol, HbpA was also demonstrated to transform a range of OH-PCBs, including a 3-hydroxy-2,2',4',5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl. Importantly, this is the first direct evidence of HbpA homologs being involved in the degradation of OH-PCBs. Moreover, using a P1B16-based biosensor strain, the specific induction of hbp genes by 2-PP, 3-phenylphenol, 4-phenylphenol, and the OH-PCB mixture was demonstrated. This study provides direct evidence on the specific enzymatic machinery responsible for the transformation of OH-PCBs in bacteria, with many implications in ecotoxicology, environmental restoration, and microbial ecology in habitats burdened with PCB contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jachym Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 162 08, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamila Sredlova
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Serena Fraraccio
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 162 08, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Jerabkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 162 08, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Strejcek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 162 08, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kabickova
- Military Health Institute, Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic, U Vojenske Nemocnice 1200, 169 02, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajthaml
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Uhlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 162 08, Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Hassan S, Ganai BA. Deciphering the recent trends in pesticide bioremediation using genome editing and multi-omics approaches: a review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:151. [PMID: 37029313 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide pollution in recent times has emerged as a grave environmental problem contaminating both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems owing to their widespread use. Bioremediation using gene editing and system biology could be developed as an eco-friendly and proficient tool to remediate pesticide-contaminated sites due to its advantages and greater public acceptance over the physical and chemical methods. However, it is indispensable to understand the different aspects associated with microbial metabolism and their physiology for efficient pesticide remediation. Therefore, this review paper analyses the different gene editing tools and multi-omics methods in microbes to produce relevant evidence regarding genes, proteins and metabolites associated with pesticide remediation and the approaches to contend against pesticide-induced stress. We systematically discussed and analyzed the recent reports (2015-2022) on multi-omics methods for pesticide degradation to elucidate the mechanisms and the recent advances associated with the behaviour of microbes under diverse environmental conditions. This study envisages that CRISPR-Cas, ZFN and TALEN as gene editing tools utilizing Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli and Achromobacter sp. can be employed for remediation of chlorpyrifos, parathion-methyl, carbaryl, triphenyltin and triazophos by creating gRNA for expressing specific genes for the bioremediation. Similarly, systems biology accompanying multi-omics tactics revealed that microbial strains from Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas putida, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Rhodococcus sp. and Pencillium oxalicum are capable of degrading deltamethrin, p-nitrophenol, chlorimuron-ethyl and nicosulfuron. This review lends notable insights into the research gaps and provides potential solutions for pesticide remediation by using different microbe-assisted technologies. The inferences drawn from the current study will help researchers, ecologists, and decision-makers gain comprehensive knowledge of value and application of systems biology and gene editing in bioremediation assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Hassan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
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5
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Diao M, Li C, Li J, Lu J, Xie N. Probing the Biotransformation Process of Sclareol by Resting Cells of Hyphozyma roseonigra. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10563-10570. [PMID: 35993186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sclareol glycol is a key starting material with significant market interest for synthesizing high-value ambroxide, a sustainable substitute for ambergris in high-end fragrances. Sclareol glycol can be obtained by biotransformation of sclareol, a labdane-type diterpene, using Hyphozyma roseonigra. However, the pathway and mechanism of sclareol glycol biosynthesis remain unclear. In this study, the dynamic time course of sclareol biotransformation was explored by resting cell assays and several intermediates produced during biotransformation were detected. The results show that (1) sclareol glycol and sclareolide are not interconverted and are potentially synthesized via different metabolic pathways and (2) several putative intermediates resulting from biotransformation are featured with a labdane carbon backbone, including isomerized and oxidized analogues. A plausible transformation pathway of sclareol in H. roseonigra was proposed based on detected metabolites. This study sheds light on the biosynthetic mechanism of sclareol glycol and paves a way for the future biotechnological production of this promising compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Chi Li
- Life Science and Technology College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jianxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Life Science and Technology College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Nengzhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
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6
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Gangola S, Bhatt P, Kumar AJ, Bhandari G, Joshi S, Punetha A, Bhatt K, Rene ER. Biotechnological tools to elucidate the mechanism of pesticide degradation in the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133916. [PMID: 35149016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, households, and industries; however, they have caused severe negative effects on the environment and human health. To clean up pesticide contaminated sites, various technological strategies, i.e. physicochemical and biological, are currently being used throughout the world. Biological approaches have proven to be a viable method for decontaminating pesticide-contaminated soils and water environments. The biological process eliminates contaminants by utilizing microorganisms' catabolic ability. Pesticide degradation rates are influenced by a variety of factors, including the pesticide's structure, concentration, solubility in water, soil type, land use pattern, and microbial activity in the soil. There is currently a knowledge gap in this field of study because researchers are unable to gather collective information on the factors affecting microbial growth, metabolic pathways, optimal conditions for degradation, and genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic changes caused by pesticide stress on the microbial communities. The use of advanced tools and omics technology in research can bridge the existing gap in our knowledge regarding the bioremediation of pesticides. This review provides new insights on the research gaps and offers potential solutions for pesticide removal from the environment through the use of various microbe-mediated technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gangola
- School of Agriculture, Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| | | | - Geeta Bhandari
- Department of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Samiksha Joshi
- School of Agriculture, Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal, 263136, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arjita Punetha
- Department of Environmental Science, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kalpana Bhatt
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P. O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands
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7
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Alexandrino DAM, Mucha AP, Almeida CMR, Carvalho MF. Atlas of the microbial degradation of fluorinated pesticides. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:991-1009. [PMID: 34615427 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1977234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-based agrochemicals have been benchmarked as the golden standard in pesticide development, prompting their widespread use in agriculture. As a result, fluorinated pesticides can now be found in the environment, entailing serious ecological implications due to their harmfulness and persistence. Microbial degradation might be an option to mitigate these impacts, though environmental microorganisms are not expected to easily cope with these fluoroaromatics due to their recalcitrance. Here, we provide an outlook on the microbial metabolism of fluorinated pesticides by analyzing the degradation pathways and biochemical processes involved, while also highlighting the central role of enzymatic defluorination in their productive metabolism. Finally, the potential contribution of these microbial processes for the dissipation of fluorinated pesticides from the environment is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A M Alexandrino
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, Matosinhos, Portugal.,School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Mucha
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria F Carvalho
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, Matosinhos, Portugal.,School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Macchi M, Festa S, Nieto E, Irazoqui JM, Vega-Vela NE, Junca H, Valacco MP, Amadio AF, Morelli IS, Coppotelli BM. Design and evaluation of synthetic bacterial consortia for optimized phenanthrene degradation through the integration of genomics and shotgun proteomics. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 29:e00588. [PMID: 33489789 PMCID: PMC7809168 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic bacterial consortia (SC) composed of bacterial strains Sphingobium sp. (AM), Klebsiella aerogenes (B), Pseudomonas sp. (Bc-h and T), Burkholderia sp. (Bk) and Inquilinus limosus (Inq) isolated from a natural phenanthrene (PHN)-degrading consortium (CON) were developed and evaluated as an alternative approach to PHN biodegradation in bioremediation processes. A metabolic network showing the potential role of strains was reconstructed by in silico study of the six genomes and classification of dioxygenase enzymes using RHObase and AromaDeg databases. Network analysis suggested that AM and Bk were responsible for PHN initial attack, while Inq, B, T and Bc-h would degrade PHN metabolites. The predicted roles were further confirmed by physiological, RT-qPCR and metaproteomic assays. SC-1 with AM as the sole PHN degrader was the most efficient. The ecological roles inferred in this study can be applied to optimize the design of bacterial consortia and tackle the biodegradation of complex environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Macchi
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, CINDEFI (UNLP, CCT-La Plata, CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Festa
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, CINDEFI (UNLP, CCT-La Plata, CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Esteban Nieto
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, CINDEFI (UNLP, CCT-La Plata, CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - José M. Irazoqui
- E.E.A. Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CCT Santa Fe, CONICET, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Nelson E. Vega-Vela
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Howard Junca
- Microbiomas Foundation, Div. Ecogenomics & Holobionts, RG Microbial Ecology: Metabolism, Genomics & Evolution, Chía, Colombia
| | | | - Ariel F. Amadio
- E.E.A. Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), CCT Santa Fe, CONICET, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Irma S. Morelli
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, CINDEFI (UNLP, CCT-La Plata, CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Bibiana M. Coppotelli
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, CINDEFI (UNLP, CCT-La Plata, CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
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9
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Wang YT, Shen RX, Xing D, Zhao CP, Gao HT, Wu JH, Zhang N, Zhang HD, Chen Y, Zhao TY, Li CX. Metagenome Sequencing Reveals the Midgut Microbiota Makeup of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Its Possible Relationship With Insecticide Resistance. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625539. [PMID: 33717014 PMCID: PMC7948229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Midgut microbiota can participate in the detoxification and metabolism processes in insects, but there are few reports on the relationship between midgut microbiota and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. In this study, we performed metagenomic sequencing on a susceptible strain (SS), a field-collected Hainan strain (HN), and a deltamethrin-resistant strain (RR) of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to understand the diversity and functions of their midgut microbiota. The results revealed differences in midgut microbiota among the three strains of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria was the most prominent, accounting for nearly 70% of their midgut microbes. At the genus level, Aeromonas made up the highest proportion. In addition, Aeromonas, Morganella, Elizabethkingia, Enterobacter, Cedecea, and Thorsellia showed significant differences between strains. At the species level, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae complex sp. 4DZ3-17B2, Streptomyces sp. CNQ329, and some species of Pseudomonas and Wolbachia were more abundant in the two resistant strains. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the SS strain had significantly different metagenomic functions than the two deltamethrin-resistant strains (HN and RR strain). The HN and RR strains differed from the SS strain in more than 10 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The analysis of species abundance and functional diversity can provide directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Xin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Pei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - He-Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hong Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-Duan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Disease, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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10
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Mishra S, Lin Z, Pang S, Zhang W, Bhatt P, Chen S. Recent Advanced Technologies for the Characterization of Xenobiotic-Degrading Microorganisms and Microbial Communities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:632059. [PMID: 33644024 PMCID: PMC7902726 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.632059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Global environmental contamination with a complex mixture of xenobiotics has become a major environmental issue worldwide. Many xenobiotic compounds severely impact the environment due to their high toxicity, prolonged persistence, and limited biodegradability. Microbial-assisted degradation of xenobiotic compounds is considered to be the most effective and beneficial approach. Microorganisms have remarkable catabolic potential, with genes, enzymes, and degradation pathways implicated in the process of biodegradation. A number of microbes, including Alcaligenes, Cellulosimicrobium, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Methanospirillum, Aeromonas, Sphingobium, Flavobacterium, Rhodococcus, Aspergillus, Penecillium, Trichoderma, Streptomyces, Rhodotorula, Candida, and Aureobasidium, have been isolated and characterized, and have shown exceptional biodegradation potential for a variety of xenobiotic contaminants from soil/water environments. Microorganisms potentially utilize xenobiotic contaminants as carbon or nitrogen sources to sustain their growth and metabolic activities. Diverse microbial populations survive in harsh contaminated environments, exhibiting a significant biodegradation potential to degrade and transform pollutants. However, the study of such microbial populations requires a more advanced and multifaceted approach. Currently, multiple advanced approaches, including metagenomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, are successfully employed for the characterization of pollutant-degrading microorganisms, their metabolic machinery, novel proteins, and catabolic genes involved in the degradation process. These technologies are highly sophisticated, and efficient for obtaining information about the genetic diversity and community structures of microorganisms. Advanced molecular technologies used for the characterization of complex microbial communities give an in-depth understanding of their structural and functional aspects, and help to resolve issues related to the biodegradation potential of microorganisms. This review article discusses the biodegradation potential of microorganisms and provides insights into recent advances and omics approaches employed for the specific characterization of xenobiotic-degrading microorganisms from contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimei Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Zhang J, Gan W, Zhao R, Yu K, Lei H, Li R, Li X, Li B. Chloramphenicol biodegradation by enriched bacterial consortia and isolated strain Sphingomonas sp. CL5.1: The reconstruction of a novel biodegradation pathway. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 187:116397. [PMID: 32947114 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Figuring out the comprehensive metabolic mechanism of chloramphenicol (CAP) is critical to improving CAP removal in the bioremediation process. In this study, CAP biodegradation by six consortia and isolated Sphingomonas sp. CL5.1 were systematically investigated using the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, second-generation, and third-generation sequencing technologies. The CAP-degrading capability of six consortia was enhanced while CAP mineralization rate declined after long-term enrichment. The microbial community structures of six consortia were all simplified with 69%-82% decline in species richness after continuous passages for one year. The core genera of consortia CL and CH included Sphingomonas, Cupriavidus, Burkholderia, Chryseobacterium, and Pigmentiphaga, which accounted for over 98% of the total population. Sphingomonas was discovered as a new CAP degrader that could subsist on CAP as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy sources. Sphingomonas sp. CL5.1 was able to completely remove 120 mg/L CAP within 48 hours with a mineralization rate of 50.4%. The presence of acetate or nitrite could inhibit CAP metabolization by strain CL5.1. Four CAP metabolic pathways were constructed, including modification of the C3 hydroxyl group of CAP via acetylation, oxidization, dehydration and the bond cleavage between C1 and C2. C3 hydroxyl group dehydration and C1-C2 bond-cleavage were first reported regarding to CAP biotransformation. Strain CL5.1 played a core role in the consortia and was responsible for C3 hydroxyl oxidation, C3 dehydration, and C1-C2 bond cleavage. Genomic information of strain CL5.1 revealed the further mineralization pathways of downstream product p-nitrobenzoic acid via ortho- and meta-cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhui Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Renxin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ke Yu
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huaxin Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiyang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Research Laboratory for Sludge and Food Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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12
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Storck V, Gallego S, Vasileiadis S, Hussain S, Béguet J, Rouard N, Baguelin C, Perruchon C, Devers-Lamrani M, Karpouzas DG, Martin-Laurent F. Insights into the Function and Horizontal Transfer of Isoproturon Degradation Genes ( pdmAB) in a Biobed System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00474-20. [PMID: 32414799 PMCID: PMC7357488 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00474-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biobeds, designed to minimize pesticide point source contamination, rely mainly on biodegradation processes. We studied the interactions of a biobed microbial community with the herbicide isoproturon (IPU) to explore the role of the pdmA gene, encoding the large subunit of an N-demethylase responsible for the initial demethylation of IPU, via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) and the effect of IPU on the diversity of the total bacterial community and its active fraction through amplicon sequencing of DNA and RNA, respectively. We further investigated the localization and dispersal mechanisms of pdmAB in the biobed packing material by measuring the abundance of the plasmid pSH (harboring pdmAB) of the IPU-degrading Sphingomonas sp. strain SH (previously isolated from the soil used in the biobed) compared with the abundance of the pdmA gene and metagenomic fosmid library screening. pdmA abundance and expression increased concomitantly with IPU mineralization, verifying its major role in IPU transformation in the biobed system. DNA- and RNA-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed no effects on bacterial diversity. The pdmAB-harboring plasmid pSH showed a consistently lower abundance than pdmA, suggesting the localization of pdmAB in replicons other than pSH. Metagenomic analysis identified four pdmAB-carrying fosmids. In three of these fosmids, the pdmAB genes were organized in a well-conserved operon carried by sphingomonad plasmids with low synteny with pSH, while the fourth fosmid contained an incomplete pdmAB cassette localized in a genomic fragment of a Rhodanobacter strain. Further analysis suggested a potentially crucial role of IS6 and IS256 in the transposition and activation of the pdmAB operon.IMPORTANCE Our study provides novel insights into the interactions of IPU with the bacterial community of biobed systems, reinforces the assumption of a transposable nature of IPU-degrading genes, and verifies that on-farm biobed systems are hot spots for the evolution of pesticide catabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Storck
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sara Gallego
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sotirios Vasileiadis
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Viopolis, Larisa, Greece
| | - Sabir Hussain
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College, University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Jérémie Béguet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Nadine Rouard
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Céline Baguelin
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Viopolis, Larisa, Greece
- Hydreka Enoveo, Lyon, France
| | - Chiara Perruchon
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Viopolis, Larisa, Greece
| | - Marion Devers-Lamrani
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Dimitrios G Karpouzas
- University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Viopolis, Larisa, Greece
| | - Fabrice Martin-Laurent
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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13
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Omics Approaches to Pesticide Biodegradation. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:545-563. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Perruchon C, Vasileiadis S, Papadopoulou ES, Karpouzas DG. Genome-Based Metabolic Reconstruction Unravels the Key Role of B12 in Methionine Auxotrophy of an Ortho-Phenylphenol-Degrading Sphingomonas haloaromaticamans. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3009. [PMID: 31998277 PMCID: PMC6970198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxotrophy to amino acids and vitamins is a common feature in the bacterial world shaping microbial communities through cross-feeding relations. The amino acid auxotrophy of pollutant-degrading bacteria could hamper their bioremediation potential, however, the underlying mechanisms of auxotrophy remain unexplored. We employed genome sequence-based metabolic reconstruction to identify potential mechanisms driving the amino acid auxotrophy of a Sphingomonas haloaromaticamans strain degrading the fungicide ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) and provided further verification for the identified mechanisms via in vitro bacterial assays. The analysis identified potential gaps in the biosynthesis of isoleucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, while methionine biosynthesis was potentially effective, relying though in the presence of B12. Supplementation of the bacterium with the four amino acids in all possible combinations rescued its degrading capacity only with methionine. Genome sequence-based metabolic reconstruction and analysis suggested that the bacterium was incapable of de novo biosynthesis of B12 (missing genes for the construction of the corrin ring) but carried a complete salvage pathway for corrinoids uptake from the environment, transmembrane transportation and biosynthesis of B12. In line with this the bacterium maintained its degrading capacity and growth when supplied with environmentally relevant B12 concentrations (i.e., 0.1 ng ml–1). Using genome-based metabolic reconstruction and in vitro testing we unraveled the mechanism driving the auxotrophy of a pesticide-degrading S. haloaromaticamans. Further studies will investigate the corrinoids preferences of S. haloaromaticamans for optimum growth and OPP degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Perruchon
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios Vasileiadis
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelia S Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Karpouzas
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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15
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Papadopoulou ES, Perruchon C, Vasileiadis S, Rousidou C, Tanou G, Samiotaki M, Molassiotis A, Karpouzas DG. Metabolic and Evolutionary Insights in the Transformation of Diphenylamine by a Pseudomonas putida Strain Unravelled by Genomic, Proteomic, and Transcription Analysis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:676. [PMID: 29681895 PMCID: PMC5897751 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphenylamine (DPA) is a common soil and water contaminant. A Pseudomonas putida strain, recently isolated from a wastewater disposal site, was efficient in degrading DPA. Thorough knowledge of the metabolic capacity, genetic stability and physiology of bacteria during biodegradation of pollutants is essential for their future industrial exploitation. We employed genomic, proteomic, transcription analyses and plasmid curing to (i) identify the genetic network of P. putida driving the microbial transformation of DPA and explore its evolution and origin and (ii) investigate the physiological response of bacterial cells during degradation of DPA. Genomic analysis identified (i) two operons encoding a biphenyl (bph) and an aniline (tdn) dioxygenase, both flanked by transposases and (ii) two operons and several scattered genes encoding the ortho-cleavage of catechol. Proteomics identified 11 putative catabolic proteins, all but BphA1 up-regulated in DPA- and aniline-growing cells, and showed that the bacterium mobilized cellular mechanisms to cope with oxidative stress, probably induced by DPA and its derivatives. Transcription analysis verified the role of the selected genes/operons in the metabolic pathway: DPA was initially transformed to aniline and catechol by a biphenyl dioxygenase (DPA-dioxygenase); aniline was then transformed to catechol which was further metabolized via the ortho-cleavage pathway. Plasmid curing of P. putida resulted in loss of the DPA and aniline dioxygenase genes and the corresponding degradation capacities. Overall our findings provide novel insights into the evolution of the DPA degradation pathway and suggests that the degradation capacity of P. putida was acquired through recruitment of the bph and tdn operons via horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia S Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Chiara Perruchon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios Vasileiadis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Constantina Rousidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Tanou
- School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios G Karpouzas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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