1
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Chu D, Qu H, Huang X, Shi Y, Li K, Lin W, Xu Z, Li D, Chen H, Gao L, Wang W, Wang H. Manganese Amplifies Photoinduced ROS in Toluidine Blue Carbon Dots to Boost MRI Guided Chemo/Photodynamic Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304968. [PMID: 37715278 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The contrast agents and tumor treatments currently used in clinical practice are far from satisfactory, due to the specificity of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Identification of diagnostic and therapeutic reagents with strong contrast and therapeutic effect remains a great challenge. Herein, a novel carbon dot nanozyme (Mn-CD) is synthesized for the first time using toluidine blue (TB) and manganese as raw materials. As expected, the enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging capability of Mn-CDs is realized in response to the TME (acidity and glutathione), and r1 and r2 relaxation rates are enhanced by 224% and 249%, respectively. In addition, the photostability of Mn-CDs is also improved, and show an efficient singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) yield of 1.68. Moreover, Mn-CDs can also perform high-efficiency peroxidase (POD)-like activity and catalyze hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radicals, which is greatly improved under the light condition. The results both in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that the Mn-CDs are able to achieve real-time MR imaging of TME responsiveness through aggregation of the enhanced permeability and retention effect at tumor sites and facilitate light-enhanced chemodynamic and photodynamic combination therapies. This work opens a new perspective in terms of the role of carbon nanomaterials in integrated diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchuan Chu
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Hang Qu
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Xueping Huang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Ke Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Wenzheng Lin
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Zhuobin Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Lizeng Gao
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
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2
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Kozik A, Pavlova M, Petrov I, Bychkov V, Kim L, Dorozhko E, Cheng C, Rodriguez RD, Sheremet E. A review of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in pathological processes. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1187:338978. [PMID: 34753586 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the continuous growth of the human population and new challenges in the quality of life, it is more important than ever to diagnose diseases and pathologies with high accuracy, sensitivity and in different scenarios from medical implants to the operation room. Although conventional methods of diagnosis revolutionized healthcare, alternative analytical methods are making their way out of academic labs into clinics. In this regard, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) developed immensely with its capability to achieve single-molecule sensitivity and high-specificity in the last two decades, and now it is well on its way to join the arsenal of physicians. This review discusses how SERS is becoming an essential tool for the clinical investigation of pathologies including inflammation, infections, necrosis/apoptosis, hypoxia, and tumors. We critically discuss the strategies reported so far in nanoparticle assembly, functionalization, non-metallic substrates, colloidal solutions and how these techniques improve SERS characteristics during pathology diagnoses like sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limit. Moreover, it is crucial to introduce the most recent developments and future perspectives of SERS as a biomedical analytical method. We finally discuss the challenges that remain as bottlenecks for a routine SERS implementation in the medical room from in vitro to in vivo applications. The review showcases the adaptability and versatility of SERS to resolve pathological processes by covering various experimental and analytical methods and the specific spectral features and analysis results achieved by these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Kozik
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave, 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia; Siberian Medical State University, Moskovskiy Trakt, 2, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Marina Pavlova
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave, 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia; Siberian Medical State University, Moskovskiy Trakt, 2, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Ilia Petrov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave, 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Bychkov
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, 5 Kooperativny Street, Tomsk, 634009, Russia
| | - Larissa Kim
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave, 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Elena Dorozhko
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave, 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Raul D Rodriguez
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave, 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
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3
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Grieve S, Puvvada N, Phinyomark A, Russell K, Murugesan A, Zed E, Hassan A, Legare JF, Kienesberger PC, Pulinilkunnil T, Reiman T, Scheme E, Brunt KR. Nanoparticle surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a noninvasive, label-free tool to monitor hematological malignancy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2175-2188. [PMID: 34547916 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Monitoring minimal residual disease remains a challenge to the effective medical management of hematological malignancies; yet surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a potential clinical tool to do so. Materials & methods: We developed a cell-free, label-free SERS approach using gold nanoparticles (nanoSERS) to classify hematological malignancies referenced against two control cohorts: healthy and noncancer cardiovascular disease. A predictive model was built using machine-learning algorithms to incorporate disease burden scores for patients under standard treatment upon. Results: Linear- and quadratic-discriminant analysis distinguished three cohorts with 69.8 and 71.4% accuracies, respectively. A predictive nanoSERS model correlated (MSE = 1.6) with established clinical parameters. Conclusion: This study offers a proof-of-concept for the noninvasive monitoring of disease progression, highlighting the potential to incorporate nanoSERS into translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Grieve
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,IMPART investigator team, Canada
| | - Nagaprasad Puvvada
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Indrashil University, Gujarat, India
| | - Angkoon Phinyomark
- IMPART investigator team, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kevin Russell
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Alli Murugesan
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Zed
- Department of Oncology, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ansar Hassan
- IMPART investigator team, Canada.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Legare
- IMPART investigator team, Canada.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Petra C Kienesberger
- IMPART investigator team, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- IMPART investigator team, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Tony Reiman
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,IMPART investigator team, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Erik Scheme
- IMPART investigator team, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- IMPART investigator team, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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4
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Lehman SE, McCracken JM, Miller LA, Jayalath S, Nuzzo RG. Biocompliant Composite Au/pHEMA Plasmonic Scaffolds for 3D Cell Culture and Noninvasive Sensing of Cellular Metabolites. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001040. [PMID: 32902201 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The field of 3D printing is an area of active research, with a substantial focus given to the design and construction of customized tools for applications in technology. There exists a particular need in these developing areas of opportunity for new multi-functional soft materials that are biologically compatible for the growth and directed culturing of cells. Herein, a composite material consisting of gold nanoparticles with useful plasmonic properties embedded within a highly hydrophilic poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate matrix is described and characterized. This composite material serves dual functions as both host framework scaffold for cell lines such as pre-osteoblasts as well as a plasmonic biosensor for in situ measurements of living cells. The plasmonic properties of this system are characterized as a function of the material properties and related to compositional features of the material through a proposed light-directed mechanism. This chemistry provides a tunable, 3D printable plasmonic composite material of encapsulated gold nanoparticles in a biologically-compliant, acrylate-based hydrogel matrix. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering studies of 3D-microcultures supported by the scaffolds are carried out and the strong influence of perm-selective molecular diffusion in its analytical responses is established. Most notably, specific, largely hydrophilic, cellular metabolites are detected within the supported live cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Lehman
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Joselle M. McCracken
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Lou Ann Miller
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Sanjaya Jayalath
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Ralph G. Nuzzo
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Surface and Corrosion Science School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Drottning Kristinasväg 51 Stockholm 100 44 Sweden
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5
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Golubewa L, Karpicz R, Matulaitiene I, Selskis A, Rutkauskas D, Pushkarchuk A, Khlopina T, Michels D, Lyakhov D, Kulahava T, Shah A, Svirko Y, Kuzhir P. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules and Living Cells with Gold-Plated Black Silicon. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50971-50984. [PMID: 33107725 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black silicon (bSi) refers to an etched silicon surface comprising arrays of microcones that effectively suppress reflection from UV to near-infrared (NIR) while simultaneously enhancing the scattering and absorption of light. This makes bSi covered with a nm-thin layer of plasmonic metal, i.e., gold, an attractive substrate material for sensing of bio-macromolecules and living cells using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The performed Raman measurements accompanied with finite element numerical simulation and density functional theory analysis revealed that at the 785 nm excitation wavelength, the SERS enhancement factor of the bSi/Au substrate is as high as 108 due to a combination of electromagnetic and chemical mechanisms. This finding makes the SERS-active bSi/Au substrate suitable for detecting trace amounts of organic molecules. We demonstrate the outstanding performance of this substrate by highly sensitive and specific detection of a small organic molecule of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and living C6 rat glioma cell nucleic acids/proteins/lipids. Specifically, the bSi/Au SERS-active substrate offers a unique opportunity to investigate the living cells' malignant transformation using characteristic protein disulfide Raman bands as a marker. Our findings evidence that bSi/Au provides a pathway to the highly sensitive and selective, scalable, and low-cost substrate for lab-on-a-chip SERS biosensors that can be integrated into silicon-based photonics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Golubewa
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, Minsk 220006, Belarus
| | - Renata Karpicz
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Matulaitiene
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Selskis
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Danielis Rutkauskas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Aliaksandr Pushkarchuk
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, Minsk 220006, Belarus
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Surganova 13, Minsk 220072, Belarus
| | - Tatsiana Khlopina
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, Minsk 220006, Belarus
| | - Dominik Michels
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dmitry Lyakhov
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tatsiana Kulahava
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, Minsk 220006, Belarus
| | - Ali Shah
- Department of Micro and Nanosciences, Aalto University, Espoo, P. O. Box 13500, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Yuri Svirko
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, Joensuu FI-80100, Finland
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, Minsk 220006, Belarus
- Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, Joensuu FI-80100, Finland
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6
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Kelp G, Li J, Lu J, DiNapoli N, Delgado R, Liu C, Fan D, Dutta-Gupta S, Shvets G. Infrared spectroscopy of live cells from a flowing solution using electrically-biased plasmonic metasurfaces. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2136-2153. [PMID: 32406430 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectral cytopathology (SCP) is a promising label-free technique for diagnosing diseases and monitoring therapeutic outcomes using FTIR spectroscopy. In most cases, cells must be immobilized on a substrate prior to spectroscopic interrogation. This creates significant limitations for high throughput phenotypic whole-cell analysis, especially for the non-adherent cells. Here we demonstrate how metasurface-enhanced infrared reflection spectroscopy (MEIRS) can be applied to a continuous flow of live cell solution by applying AC voltage to metallic metasurfaces. By integrating metasurfaces with microfluidic delivery channels and attracting the cells to the metasurface via dielectrophoretic (DEP) force, we collect the infrared spectra of cells in real time within a minute, and correlate the spectra with simultaneously acquired images of the attracted cells. The resulting DEP-MEIRS technique paves the way for rapid SCP of complex cell-containing body fluids with low cell concentrations, and for the development of a wide range of label-free liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Kelp
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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7
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Kao YC, Han X, Lee YH, Lee HK, Phan-Quang GC, Lay CL, Sim HYF, Phua VJX, Ng LS, Ku CW, Tan TC, Phang IY, Tan NS, Ling XY. Multiplex Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Identification and Quantification of Urine Metabolites in Patient Samples within 30 min. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2542-2552. [PMID: 32049493 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Successful translation of laboratory-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platforms to clinical applications requires multiplex and ultratrace detection of small biomarker molecules from a complex biofluid. However, these biomarker molecules generally exhibit low Raman scattering cross sections and do not possess specific affinity to plasmonic nanoparticle surfaces, significantly increasing the challenge of detecting them at low concentrations. Herein, we demonstrate a "confine-and-capture" approach for multiplex detection of two families of urine metabolites correlated with miscarriage risks, 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol-3α-glucuronide and tetrahydrocortisone. To enhance SERS signals by 1012-fold, we use specific nanoscale surface chemistry for targeted metabolite capture from a complex urine matrix prior to confining them on a superhydrophobic SERS platform. We then apply chemometrics, including principal component analysis and partial least-squares regression, to convert molecular fingerprint information into quantifiable readouts. The whole screening procedure requires only 30 min, including urine pretreatment, sample drying on the SERS platform, SERS measurements, and chemometric analyses. These readouts correlate well with the pregnancy outcomes in a case-control study of 40 patients presenting threatened miscarriage symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chuan Kao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Xuemei Han
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Yih Hong Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Hiang Kwee Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Gia Chuong Phan-Quang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Chee Leng Lay
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 , Singapore 138634 , Singapore
| | - Howard Yi Fan Sim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Vanessa Jing Xin Phua
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Li Shiuan Ng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Chee Wai Ku
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital , 100 Bukit Timah Road , Singapore 229899 , Singapore
| | - Thiam Chye Tan
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital , 100 Bukit Timah Road , Singapore 229899 , Singapore
| | - In Yee Phang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 , Singapore 138634 , Singapore
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building , Nanyang Technological University , 11 Mandalay Road , Singapore 308232 , Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551 , Singapore
| | - Xing Yi Ling
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
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8
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Rodrigues MC, Vieira LG, Horst FH, de Araújo EC, Ganassin R, Merker C, Meyer T, Böttner J, Venus T, Longo JPF, Chaves SB, Garcia MP, Estrela-Lopis I, Azevedo RB, Muehlmann LA. Photodynamic therapy mediated by aluminium-phthalocyanine nanoemulsion eliminates primary tumors and pulmonary metastases in a murine 4T1 breast adenocarcinoma model. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 204:111808. [PMID: 32006892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective in the treatment of different types of cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma and other superficial cancers. However, improvements in photosensitizer delivery are still needed, and the use of PDT against more deeply located tumors has been the subject of many studies. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a nanoemulsion containing aluminium-phthalocyanine (AlPc-NE) as a mediator of photodynamic therapy (PDT-AlPc-NE) against grafted 4T1 breast adenocarcinoma tumors in mice (BALB/c). Short after the appearance of the tumor, the animals were divided into groups (n = 5) as follows: untreated; only AlPc-NE and treated with PDT-AlPc-NE. The tumor volume was measured with a digital calliper at specific times. The presence of metastasis in the lungs was evaluated by microtomography and histopathological analyses. The results show that the application of PDT-AlPc-NE eradicated the transplanted tumors in all the treated animals, while the animals from control groups presented a robust increase in the tumor volume. Still more significantly, microtomography showed the animals submitted the PDT-AlPc-NE to be free of detectable metastasis in the lungs. The histological analysis of the lungs further confirmed the results verified by the microtomography. Therefore, this study suggests that PDT-AlPc-NE is effective in the elimination of experimentally grafted breast tumors in mice and also in preventing the formation of metastasis in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosar Corrêa Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Immunology, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF 72220-900, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gumieri Vieira
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Immunology, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF 72220-900, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Frederíco Hillesheim Horst
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Campos de Araújo
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Immunology, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF 72220-900, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Rayane Ganassin
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Immunology, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF 72220-900, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Carolin Merker
- Institute of Medical Physics & Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Institute of Medical Physics & Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Julia Böttner
- Institute of Medical Physics & Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Tom Venus
- Institute of Medical Physics & Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - João Paulo F Longo
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Sacha Braun Chaves
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Mônica Pereira Garcia
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Irina Estrela-Lopis
- Institute of Medical Physics & Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bentes Azevedo
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Immunology, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF 72220-900, Brazil; Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
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9
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Kim N, Thomas MR, Bergholt MS, Pence IJ, Seong H, Charchar P, Todorova N, Nagelkerke A, Belessiotis-Richards A, Payne DJ, Gelmi A, Yarovsky I, Stevens MM. Surface enhanced Raman scattering artificial nose for high dimensionality fingerprinting. Nat Commun 2020; 11:207. [PMID: 31924755 PMCID: PMC6954179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can interrogate systems by directly fingerprinting their components' unique physicochemical properties. In complex biological systems however, this can yield highly overlapping spectra that hinder sample identification. Here, we present an artificial-nose inspired SERS fingerprinting approach where spectral data is obtained as a function of sensor surface chemical functionality. Supported by molecular dynamics modeling, we show that mildly selective self-assembled monolayers can influence the strength and configuration in which analytes interact with plasmonic surfaces, diversifying the resulting SERS fingerprints. Since each sensor generates a modulated signature, the implicit value of increasing the dimensionality of datasets is shown using cell lysates for all possible combinations of up to 9 fingerprints. Reliable improvements in mean discriminatory accuracy towards 100% are achieved with each additional surface functionality. This arrayed label-free platform illustrates the wide-ranging potential of high-dimensionality artificial-nose based sensing systems for more reliable assessment of complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael R Thomas
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mads S Bergholt
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Isaac J Pence
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hyejeong Seong
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Patrick Charchar
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nevena Todorova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexis Belessiotis-Richards
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David J Payne
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Amy Gelmi
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Irene Yarovsky
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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10
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Chakraborty A, Das A, Raha S, Barui A. Size-dependent apoptotic activity of gold nanoparticles on osteosarcoma cells correlated with SERS signal. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 203:111778. [PMID: 31931389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, gold nanoparticles have emerged as promising agents for in vitro bio-sensing and in vivo cancer theranostics. However, different investigations have reported widely varying cytotoxicity and uptake efficiency of gold nanoparticles depending upon their size. Therefore, more extensive studies are needed to standardize these biological effects as a function of size on a particular cell line. In addition, to obtain robust confirmation on the correlation of a size to biological effect, thorough mechanistic study must also be performed. In this study, the size dependent biological activities of gold nanoparticles on osteosarcoma cells is investigated towards exploring their potential theranostic application in bone cancer, for which very scarce literature reports are available. Tris-assisted citrate based method was optimized to synthesize stable gold naoparticles of 40-60 nm sizes. Nanoparticles were characterized through UV-Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Increasing concentrations of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of 46 nm size, enhanced the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis in MG63 cells by disrupting their mitochondrial membrane potential. Considerably higher cell death was observed for 46 and 60 nm AuNPs compared to 38 nm at all concentrations of 200, 400 and 800 ng/mL. Further, molecular signatures of cellular apoptosis under nanoparticle treatment were optically assessed through surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). A significant Raman enhancement in cancer cells under treatment of larger gold nanoparticles (46 and 60 nm) at fixed wavelength of 785 nm and laser power of 8.0 mW was evident. In corroboration with molecular biology techniques, SERS observation confirmed the size-dependent apoptotic phenomena in osteosarcoma cells under treatment of gold nanoparticles. Study demonstrates a facile, non-active targeting approach for detection of size-dependent AuNP-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells through label-free SERS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Chakraborty
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST) Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Ankita Das
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST) Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Sreyan Raha
- Department of Physics, Main Campus, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Ananya Barui
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST) Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India.
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11
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Xu W, Paidi SK, Qin Z, Huang Q, Yu CH, Pagaduan JV, Buehler MJ, Barman I, Gracias DH. Self-Folding Hybrid Graphene Skin for 3D Biosensing. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1409-1417. [PMID: 30433789 PMCID: PMC6432654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biological samples such as cells have complex three-dimensional (3D) spatio-molecular profiles and often feature soft and irregular surfaces. Conventional biosensors are based largely on 2D and rigid substrates, which have limited contact area with the entirety of the surface of biological samples making it challenging to obtain 3D spatially resolved spectroscopic information, especially in a label-free manner. Here, we report an ultrathin, flexible skinlike biosensing platform that is capable of conformally wrapping a soft or irregularly shaped 3D biological sample such as a cancer cell or a pollen grain, and therefore enables 3D label-free spatially resolved molecular spectroscopy via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Our platform features an ultrathin thermally responsive poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-graphene-nanoparticle hybrid skin that can be triggered to self-fold and wrap around 3D micro-objects in a conformal manner due to its superior flexibility. We highlight the utility of this 3D biosensing platform by spatially mapping the 3D molecular signatures of a variety of microparticles including silica microspheres, spiky pollen grains, and human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Santosh K. Paidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhao Qin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Chi-Hua Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jayson V. Pagaduan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - David H. Gracias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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12
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Yue J, Liang L, Shen Y, Guan X, Zhang J, Li Z, Deng R, Xu S, Liang C, Shi W, Xu W. Investigating Dynamic Molecular Events in Melanoma Cell Nucleus During Photodynamic Therapy by SERS. Front Chem 2019; 6:665. [PMID: 30746359 PMCID: PMC6360157 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the uptake of photosensitizers by cancer cells and the irradiation of a light with a specific wavelength to trigger a series of photochemical reactions based on the generation of reactive oxygen, leading to cancer cell death. PDT has been widely used in various fields of biomedicine. However, the molecular events of the cancer cell nucleus during the PDT process are still unclear. In this work, a nuclear-targeted gold nanorod Raman nanoprobe combined with surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) was exploited to investigate the dynamic intranuclear molecular changes of B16 cells (a murine melanoma cell line) treated with a photosensitizer (Chlorin e6) and the specific light (650 nm). The SERS spectra of the cell nucleus during the PDT treatment were recorded in situ and the spectroscopic analysis of the dynamics of the nucleus uncovered two main events in the therapeutic process: the protein degradation and the DNA fragmentation. We expect that these findings are of vital significance in having a better understanding of the PDT mechanism acting on the cancer cell nucleus and can further help us to design and develop more effective therapeutic platforms and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lijia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Key Lab for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chongyang Liang
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Lab for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Jung GB, Huh JE, Lee HJ, Kim D, Lee GJ, Park HK, Lee JD. Anti-cancer effect of bee venom on human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells using Raman spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5703-5718. [PMID: 30460157 PMCID: PMC6238932 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the apoptotic effect of bee venom (BV) on human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells using Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA). Biochemical changes in cancer cells were monitored following BV treatment; the results for different concentrations and treatment durations differed markedly. Significantly decreased Raman vibrations for DNA and proteins were observed for cells treated with 3.0 µg/mL BV for 48 h compared with those of control cells. These results suggest denaturation and degradation of proteins and DNA fragmentation (all cell death-related processes). The Raman spectroscopy results agreed with those of atomic force microscopy and conventional biological tests such as viability, TUNEL, and western blot assays. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy, with PCA, provides a noninvasive, label-free tool for assessment of cellular changes on the anti-cancer effect of BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Bok Jung
- Department of Physics Education, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jeong-Eun Huh
- East-west Bone & Joint Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 149, Sangil-dong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Myongji University, Gyeonggi-do 17058, South Korea
| | - Gi-Ja Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Hun-Kuk Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Jae-Dong Lee
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Baggio AR, Santos MSC, Souza FHV, Nunes RB, Souza PEN, Báo SN, Patrocinio AOT, Bahnemann DW, Silva LP, Sales MJA, Paterno LG. Quenching Effects of Graphene Oxides on the Fluorescence Emission and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation of Chloroaluminum Phthalocyanine. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6842-6851. [PMID: 30074796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical behavior and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (AlClPc) are evaluated by steady state absorption/emission, transient emission, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies in the presence of graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and carboxylated nanographene oxide (NGO). AlClPc and graphene oxides form a supramolecular structure stabilized by π-π interactions, which quantitatively quenches fluorescence emission and suppresses ROS generation. These effects occur even when graphenes are previously functionalized with Pluronic F-127. A small part of quenching is due to an inner filter effect, in which graphene oxides compete with AlClPc for light absorption. Nonetheless, most of the (static) quenching arises on the formation of a nonemissive ground state complex between AlClPc and graphene oxides. The efficiency of graphene oxides on the fluorescence quenching and ROS generation suppression follows the order: GO < NGO < RGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Baggio
- Laboratory of Research on Polymers and Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry , University of Brasilia , Brasília DF 70904-970 , Brazil
| | - Mayara S C Santos
- Institute of Biology , University of Brasília , Brasilia DF 70919-970 , Brazil
| | - Fabiane H V Souza
- Institute of Biology , University of Brasília , Brasilia DF 70919-970 , Brazil.,College of Ceilândia , University of Brasilia , Brasilia DF 72220-275 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Nunes
- Institute of Physics , University of Brasilia , Brasilia DF 70910-900 , Brazil
| | | | - Sônia N Báo
- Institute of Biology , University of Brasília , Brasilia DF 70919-970 , Brazil
| | - Antonio Otavio T Patrocinio
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry , Federal University of Uberlandia , Uberlandia , Brazil.,Institute of Technical Chemistry , Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Detlef W Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry , Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover , Germany.,Laboratory of "Photoactive Nanocomposite Materials" , Saint-Petersburg State University , Saint-Petersburg , Russia
| | - Luciano P Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PBI , Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology (LNANO) , Brasília DF 70770-917 , Brazil
| | - Maria José A Sales
- Laboratory of Research on Polymers and Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry , University of Brasilia , Brasília DF 70904-970 , Brazil
| | - Leonardo G Paterno
- Laboratory of Research on Polymers and Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemistry , University of Brasilia , Brasília DF 70904-970 , Brazil
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15
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Nwahara N, Achadu OJ, Nyokong T. In-situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles on graphene quantum dots-phthalocyanine nanoplatforms: First description of the photophysical and surface enhanced Raman scattering behaviour. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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