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Merolle L, Schiroli D, Farioli D, Razzoli A, Gavioli G, Iori M, Piccagli V, Lambertini D, Bassi MC, Baricchi R, Marraccini C. Reduction of EpCAM-Positive Cells from a Cell Salvage Product Is Achieved by Leucocyte Depletion Filters Alone. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4088. [PMID: 37373781 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative cell salvage reduces the need for allogeneic blood transfusion in complex cancer surgery, but concerns about the possibility of it re-infusing cancer cells have hindered its application in oncology. We monitored the presence of cancer cells on patient-salvaged blood by means of flow cytometry; next, we simulated cell salvage, followed by leucodepletion and irradiation on blood contaminated with a known amount of EpCAM-expressing cancer cells, assessing also residual cancer cell proliferation as well as the quality of salvaged red blood cell concentrates (RBCs). We observed a significant reduction of EpCAM-positive cells in both cancer patients and contaminated blood, which was comparable to the negative control after leucodepletion. The washing, leucodepletion and leucodepletion plus irradiation steps of cell salvage were shown to preserve the quality of RBCs in terms of haemolysis, membrane integrity and osmotic resistance. Finally, cancer cells isolated from salvaged blood lose their ability to proliferate. Our results confirm that cell salvage does not concentrate proliferating cancer cells, and that leucodepletion allows for the reduction of residual nucleated cells, making irradiation unnecessary. Our study gathers pieces of evidence on the feasibility of this procedure in complex cancer surgery. Nevertheless, it highlights the necessity of finding a definitive consensus through prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Merolle
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Davide Schiroli
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Daniela Farioli
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Agnese Razzoli
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gaia Gavioli
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Mauro Iori
- Medical Physics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Vando Piccagli
- Medical Physics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Daniele Lambertini
- Medical Physics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Bassi
- Medical Library, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Baricchi
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Marraccini
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Huang EM, Ma N, Ma T, Zhou JY, Yang WS, Liu CX, Hou ZH, Chen S, Zong Z, Zeng B, Li YR, Zhou TC. Cuproptosis-related long non-coding RNAs model that effectively predicts prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:1981-2003. [PMID: 36310708 PMCID: PMC9611437 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i10.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cuproptosis has recently been considered a novel form of programmed cell death. To date, long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) crucial to the regulation of this process remain unelucidated.
AIM To identify lncRNAs linked to cuproptosis in order to estimate patients' prognoses for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS Using RNA sequence data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Live Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC), a co-expression network of cuproptosis-related genes and lncRNAs was constructed. For HCC prognosis, we developed a cuproptosis-related lncRNA signature (CupRLSig) using univariate Cox, lasso, and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare overall survival among high- and low-risk groups stratified by median CupRLSig risk score. Furthermore, comparisons of functional annotation, immune infiltration, somatic mutation, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and pharmacologic options were made between high- and low-risk groups.
RESULTS Three hundred and forty-three patients with complete follow-up data were recruited in the analysis. Pearson correlation analysis identified 157 cuproptosis-related lncRNAs related to 14 cuproptosis genes. Next, we divided the TCGA-LIHC sample into a training set and a validation set. In univariate Cox regression analysis, 27 LncRNAs with prognostic value were identified in the training set. After lasso regression, the multivariate Cox regression model determined the identified risk equation as follows: Risk score = (0.2659 × PICSAR expression) + (0.4374 × FOXD2-AS1 expression) + (-0.3467 × AP001065.1 expression). The CupRLSig high-risk group was associated with poor overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.162, 95%CI = 1.063-1.270; P < 0.001) after the patients were divided into two groups depending upon their median risk score. Model accuracy was further supported by receiver operating characteristic and principal component analysis as well as the validation set. The area under the curve of 0.741 was found to be a better predictor of HCC prognosis as compared to other clinicopathological variables. Mutation analysis revealed that high-risk combinations with high TMB carried worse prognoses (median survival of 30 mo vs 102 mo of low-risk combinations with low TMB group). The low-risk group had more activated natural killer cells (NK cells, P = 0.032 by Wilcoxon rank sum test) and fewer regulatory T cells (Tregs, P = 0.021) infiltration than the high-risk group. This finding could explain why the low-risk group has a better prognosis. Interestingly, when checkpoint gene expression (CD276, CTLA-4, and PDCD-1) and tumor immune dysfunction and rejection (TIDE) scores are considered, high-risk patients may respond better to immunotherapy. Finally, most drugs commonly used in preclinical and clinical systemic therapy for HCC, such as 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, imatinib, sunitinib, rapamycin, and XL-184 (cabozantinib), were found to be more efficacious in the low-risk group; erlotinib, an exception, was more efficacious in the high-risk group.
CONCLUSION The lncRNA signature, CupRLSig, constructed in this study is valuable in prognostic estimation of HCC. Importantly, CupRLSig also predicts the level of immune infiltration and potential efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Min Huang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun-Yi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Sheng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chuang-Xiong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Hui Hou
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen Zong
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Bing Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Ru Li
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tai-Cheng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
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Huang E, Ma T, Zhou J, Ma N, Yang W, Liu C, Hou Z, Chen S, de Castria TB, Zeng B, Zong Z, Zhou T. The development and validation of a novel senescence-related long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signature that predicts prognosis and the tumor microenvironment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:766. [PMID: 35965795 PMCID: PMC9372681 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background The epigenetic regulators of cellular senescence, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), remain unclear. The expression levels of lncRNA were previously known to be prognostic indicators for tumors. We hypothesized that lncRNAs regulating cellular senescence could also predict prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and developed a novel lncRNA predictive signature. Methods Using RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) database, a co-expression network of senescence-related messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and lncRNAs was constructed. Using univariate Cox regression analysis and a stepwise multiple Cox regression analysis, we constructed a prognostic HCC senescence-related lncRNA signature (HCCSenLncSig). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the overall survival (OS) of high- and low-risk groups stratified by the HCCSenLncSig. Furthermore, the HCCSenLncSig risk score and other clinical characteristics were included to develop an HCC prognostic nomogram. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by the time dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves, respectively. Results We obtained a prognostic risk model consisting of 8 senescence-related lncRNAs: AL117336.3, AC103760.1, FOXD2-AS1, AC009283.1, AC026401.3, AC021491.4, AC124067.4, and RHPN1-AS1. The HCCSenLncSig high-risk group was associated with poor OS [hazard ratio (HR) =1.125, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.082-1.169; P<0.001]. The accuracy of the model was further supported by ROC curves (the area under the curve is 0.783, sensitivity of 0.600, and specificity of 0.896 at the cut-off value of 1.447). The HCCSenLncSig was found to be an independent prognostic factor from other clinical factors in both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The prognostic nomogram shows HCCSenLncSig has a good prognostic effect for survival risk stratification. Finally, we found that a higher number of immunosuppressed Treg cells infiltrate in high-risk patients (P<0.001 compared to low-risk patients), possibly explaining why these patients have a poor prognosis. On the other hand, the expression of immunotherapy markers, such as CD276, PDCD1, and CTLA4, was also up-regulated in the high-risk patients, indicating potential immunotherapy response in these patients. Conclusions The development of HCCSenLncSig allows us to better predict HCC patients' survival outcomes and disease risk, as well as contribute to the development of novel HCC anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuangxiong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehui Hou
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Bing Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zong
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Taicheng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Winter A, Zacharowski K, Meybohm P, Schnitzbauer A, Ruf P, Kellermann C, Lindhofer H. Removal of EpCAM-positive tumor cells from blood collected during major oncological surgery using the Catuvab device- a pilot study. BMC Anesthesiol 2021; 21:261. [PMID: 34715784 PMCID: PMC8555247 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-021-01479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraoperative blood salvage (IBS) is regarded as an alternative to allogeneic blood transfusion excluding the risks associated with allogeneic blood. Currently, IBS is generally avoided in tumor surgeries due to concern for potential metastasis caused by residual tumor cells in the erythrocyte concentrate. METHODS The feasibility, efficacy and safety aspects of the new developed Catuvab procedure using the bispecific trifunctional antibody Catumaxomab was investigated in an ex-vivo pilot study in order to remove residual EpCAM positive tumor cells from the autologous erythrocyte concentrates (EC) from various cancer patients, generated by a IBS device. RESULTS Tumor cells in intraoperative blood were detected in 10 of 16 patient samples in the range of 69-2.6 × 105 but no residual malignant cells in the final erythrocyte concentrates after Catuvab procedure. IL-6 and IL-8 as pro-inflammatory cytokines released during surgery, were lowered in mean 28-fold and 52-fold during the Catuvab procedure, respectively, whereas Catumaxomab antibody was detected in 8 of 16 of the final EC products at a considerable decreased and uncritical residual amount (37 ng in mean). CONCLUSION The preliminary study results indicate efficacy and feasibility of the new medical device Catuvab allowing potentially the reinfusion of autologous erythrocyte concentrates (EC) produced by IBS device during oncological high blood loss surgery. An open-label, multicenter clinical study on the removal of EpCAM-positive tumor cells from blood collected during tumor surgery using the Catuvab device is initiated to validate these encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winter
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnitzbauer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Ruf
- Trion Research GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Horst Lindhofer
- Trion Research GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
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Weller A, Seyfried T, Ahrens N, Baier-Kleinhenz L, Schlitt HJ, Peschel G, Graf BM, Sinner B. Cell Salvage During Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis of Tumor Recurrence Following Irradiation of the Salvaged Blood. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:1639-1644. [PMID: 33994180 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the treatment option for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). OLT is often associated with high blood loss, requiring blood transfusion. Retransfusion of autologous blood is a key part of blood conservation. There are, however, concerns that the retransfusion of salvaged blood might cause the spread of cancer cells and induce metastasis. Irradiation of salvaged blood before retransfusion eliminates viable cancer cells. Here, we analyzed the incidence of tumor recurrence in patients with HCC undergoing OLT who received irradiated cell-salvaged blood during transplant surgery. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed patients undergoing OLT for HCC between 2002 and 2018 at our center. We compared the tumour recurrence in patients who received no retransfusion of autologous blood with patients who received autologous blood with or without preceding irradiation of the blood. RESULTS Fifty-one (40 male, 11 female) patients were included in the analysis; 10 patients developed tumor recurrence within a time period of 2.45 ± 2.0 years. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in tumor recurrence between patients who received autologous blood with or without irradiation. CONCLUSION Intraoperative transfusion of cell-salvaged blood did not increase tumor recurrence rates. Cell salvage should be used in liver transplantation of HCC patients as part of a blood conservation strategy. The effect of blood irradiation on tumor recurrence could not be definitively evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Weller
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Timo Seyfried
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Ahrens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Georg Peschel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard M Graf
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Sinner
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Chae YK, Kang C. Comparison of Three Different Entry Molecules for Probing a Metabolic Response to Radiation Exposure by
Two‐Dimensional NMR
Spectroscopy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Kee Chae
- Department of Chemistry Sejong University Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang‐Mo Kang
- Division of Radiation Effect Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences Seoul Republic of Korea
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