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Ihara S, Nguyen BV, Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L. Mucosal vaccination in a murine gnotobiotic model of Giardia lamblia infection. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0006524. [PMID: 38722167 PMCID: PMC11237505 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00065-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is an important protozoan cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, delayed development and cognitive impairment in children in low- and middle-income countries, and protracted post-infectious syndromes in developed regions. G. lamblia resides in the lumen and at the epithelial surface of the proximal small intestine but is not mucosa invasive. The protozoan parasite is genetically diverse with significant genome differences across strains and assemblages. Animal models, particularly murine models, have been instrumental in defining mechanisms of host defense against G. lamblia, but mice cannot be readily infected with most human pathogenic strains. Antibiotic pretreatment can increase susceptibility, suggesting that the normal microbiota plays a role in controlling G. lamblia infection in mice, but the broader implications on susceptibility to diverse strains are not known. Here, we have used gnotobiotic mice to demonstrate that robust intestinal infection can be achieved for a broad set of human-pathogenic strains of the genetic assemblages A and B. Furthermore, gnotobiotic mice were able to eradicate infection with a similar kinetics to conventional mice after trophozoite challenge. Germ-free mice could also be effectively immunized by the mucosal route with a protective antigen, α1-giardin, in a manner dependent on CD4 T cells. These results indicate that the gnotobiotic mouse model is powerful for investigating acquired host defenses in giardiasis, as the mice are broadly susceptible to diverse G. lamblia strains yet display no apparent defects in mucosal immunity needed for controlling and eradicating this lumen-dwelling pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sozaburo Ihara
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Brian V Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Zhao P, Li J, Li X, Dong J, Wang X, Zhang N, Li S, Sun M, Zhang X, Wang Z, Liang M, Li Y, Cao L, Gong P. The NLRP3 inflammasome recognizes alpha-2 and alpha-7.3 giardins and decreases the pathogenicity of Giardia duodenalis in mice. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:85. [PMID: 36869360 PMCID: PMC9983531 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is a parasitic organism that can cause giardiasis, an intestinal infection, particularly prevalent in young children, with clinical symptoms of diarrhea. We previously reported that extracellular G. duodenalis triggers intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and regulates the host inflammatory response by secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the exact pathogen-associated molecular patterns in G. duodenalis EVs (GEVs) involved in this process and the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in giardiasis remain to be elucidated. METHODS Recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmids of pcDNA3.1(+)-alpha-2 and alpha-7.3 giardins in GEVs were constructed, transfected into primary mouse peritoneal macrophages and screened by measuring the expression levels of the inflammasome target molecule caspase-1 p20. The preliminary identification of G. duodenalis alpha-2 and alpha-7.3 giardins was further verified by measuring the protein expression levels of key molecules of the NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, pro-interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β], pro-caspase-1, and caspase-1 p20), the secretion levels of IL-1β, the level of apoptosis speck-like protein (ASC) oligomerization and the immunofluorescence localization of NLRP3 and ASC. The roles of the NLRP3 inflammasome in G. duodenalis pathogenicity were then evaluated using mice in which NLRP3 activation was blocked (NLRP3-blocked mice), and body weight, parasite burden in the duodenum and histopathological changes in the duodenum were monitored. In addition, we explored whether alpha-2 and alpha-7.3 giardins triggered IL-1β secretion in vivo through the NLRP3 inflammasome and determined the roles of these molecules in G. duodenalis pathogenicity in mice. RESULTS Alpha-2 and alpha-7.3 giardins triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vitro. This led to caspase-1 p20 activation, upregulation of the protein expression levels of NLRP3, pro-IL-1β and pro-caspase-1, significant enhancement of IL-1β secretion, ASC speck formation in the cytoplasm and also induction of ASC oligomerization. Deletion of the NLRP3 inflammasome aggravated G. duodenalis pathogenicity in mice. Compared to wild-type mice gavaged with cysts, mice gavaged with cysts in NLRP3-blocked mice displayed increased trophozoite loads and severe duodenal villus damage, characterized by necrotic crypts with atrophy and branching. In vivo assays revealed that alpha-2 and alpha-7.3 giardins could induce IL-1β secretion through the NLRP3 inflammasome and that immunization with alpha-2 and alpha-7.3 giardins decreased G. duodenalis pathogenicity in mice. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of the present study revealed that alpha-2 and alpha-7.3 giardins trigger host NLRP3 inflammasome activation and decrease G. duodenalis infection ability in mice, which are promising targets for the prevention of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingquan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibang Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China. .,Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengtao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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Dougherty M, Bartelt LA. Giardia and growth impairment in children in high-prevalence settings: consequence or co-incidence? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2022; 35:417-423. [PMID: 35980005 PMCID: PMC10373467 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Giardia is a common intestinal parasite worldwide, and infection can be associated with clear, and sometimes persistent symptomatology. However, in children in high-prevalence settings, it is most often not associated with or is perhaps even protective against acute diarrhea. Nonetheless, recent longitudinal studies in high-prevalence settings increasingly identify an association with long-term outcomes that has been difficult to discern. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have made progress in disentangling this apparent paradox. First, prospective, well characterized cohort studies have repeatedly identified associations between Giardia infection, gut function, and child growth. Second, experimental animal and in-vitro models have further characterized the biological plausibility that Giardia could impair intestinal function and subsequently child development through different pathways, depending upon biological and environmental factors. Finally, new work has shed light on the potential for Giardia conspiring with specific other gut microbes, which may explain discrepant findings in the literature, help guide future higher resolution analyses of this pathogen, and inform new opportunities for intervention. SUMMARY Recent prospective studies have confirmed a high, if not universal, prevalence of persistent Giardia infections in low-and-middle income countries associated with child-growth shortfalls and altered gut permeability. However, the predominance of subclinical infections limits understanding of the true clinical impact of endemic pediatric giardiasis, and global disease burdens remain uncalculated. Integrating the role of Giardia in multipathogen enteropathies and how nutritional, microbial, metabolic, and pathogen-strain variables influence Giardia infection outcomes could sharpen delineations between pathogenic and potentially beneficial attributes of this enigmatic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dougherty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Rex Digestive Healthcare, UNC REX Healthcare, Raleigh
| | - Luther A. Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Sardinha-Silva A, Alves-Ferreira EVC, Grigg ME. Intestinal immune responses to commensal and pathogenic protozoa. Front Immunol 2022; 13:963723. [PMID: 36211380 PMCID: PMC9533738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical barrier of the intestine and associated mucosal immunity maintains a delicate homeostatic balance between the host and the external environment by regulating immune responses to commensals, as well as functioning as the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms. Understanding the orchestration and characteristics of the intestinal mucosal immune response during commensal or pathological conditions may provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying microbe-induced immunological tolerance, protection, and/or pathogenesis. Over the last decade, our knowledge about the interface between the host intestinal mucosa and the gut microbiome has been dominated by studies focused on bacterial communities, helminth parasites, and intestinal viruses. In contrast, specifically how commensal and pathogenic protozoa regulate intestinal immunity is less well studied. In this review, we provide an overview of mucosal immune responses induced by intestinal protozoa, with a major focus on the role of different cell types and immune mediators triggered by commensal (Blastocystis spp. and Tritrichomonas spp.) and pathogenic (Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium parvum) protozoa. We will discuss how these various protozoa modulate innate and adaptive immune responses induced in experimental models of infection that benefit or harm the host.
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Solaymani-Mohammadi S. Mucosal Defense Against Giardia at the Intestinal Epithelial Cell Interface. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817468. [PMID: 35250996 PMCID: PMC8891505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis, Lamblia intestinalis), is one of the most commonly-identified parasitic diseases worldwide. Chronic G. duodenalis infections cause a malabsorption syndrome that may lead to failure to thrive and/or stunted growth, especially in children in developing countries. Understanding the parasite/epithelial cell crosstalk at the mucosal surfaces of the small intestine during human giardiasis may provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the parasite-induced immunopathology and epithelial tissue damage, leading to malnutrition. Efforts to identify new targets for intervening in the development of intestinal immunopathology and the progression to malnutrition are critical. Translating these findings into a clinical setting will require analysis of these pathways in cells and tissues from humans and clinical trials could be devised to determine whether interfering with unwanted mucosal immune responses developed during human giardiasis provide better therapeutic benefits and clinical outcomes for G. duodenalis infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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Abo-Zaid MA, Hamdi AA. Evaluation of Immune Response and Haematological Parameters in Infected Male Albino Rats by Giardiasis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12908. [PMID: 35104007 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to study the effects of G. lamblia infection on immunological, haematological studies and to evaluate immunoglobulins and some cytokines. Fifty male albino rats were divided into six groups. The control group including 20 rats and the infected group includes 30 rats. All the estimations were checked all over five checkpoints (CP) (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days post-infection). Serum levels of IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE. Cytokines INF-γ, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-10, and haematological parameters were determined. Cyst and trophozoite were counted. A considerable increase in the level of immunoglobulins and cytokines in all infected groups compared to the control group was documented. Furthermore, a significant decrease in red blood corpuscles, haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration levels, whereas substantial increases in mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and platelets were observed. Moreover, infected rats had a substantial rise in WBCs, lymphocytes, and eosinophil counts compared to the control group, whereas neutrophils and monocytes had a significant decrease. Number of trophozoites and cysts were significantly increased in infected groups before diminishing after day 28. The current results showed that Th1 and Th2 immune responses, which are characterized by the production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10, are important for protection against Giardia infections and also verified the balance between these cytokines and the timing of their production was crucial in G. lamblia immune response. Giardia lamblia, Immunity, Antibodies, cytokines, eosinophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabrouk A Abo-Zaid
- Biology department faculty of science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah Ali Hamdi
- Biology department faculty of science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Oliveira LM, Oliveira YLDC, Oliveira YLM, Ramos ACS, Andrade GF, Sá VL, Geraldi RM, Pinheiro CS, Bueno LL, Fujiwara RT, Dolabella SS. Intestinal polyparasitism and levels of mucosal anthelmintic SIgA in children from endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12899. [PMID: 34861047 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between parasites during co-infections are often complex and can impact immunization and treatment programmes, as well as disease outcomes and morbidity. However, little is known about these interactions and the mechanisms involved. In this study, a coproparasitological survey was carried out in school-age children living in endemic areas of parasitic infection in the state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil. Anti-helminth-specific and total secretory immunoglobulin-A (SIgA) levels were measured in stool and saliva samples and were compared in children presenting monoparasitism, polyparasitism (helminths and/or intestinal protozoa) and no infections. The survey showed that protozoa were more prevalent than helminths, and that there was a high frequency of polyparasitism in the studied population, mainly from combinations of protozoan species. Although less frequent, combinations between species of protozoa and helminths were also observed. The levels of salivary SIgA in these co-infected individuals were lower than the average observed in infections with helminths alone. Although the children participating in this survey were asymptomatic, and it was, therefore, not possible to evaluate the impact of salivary SIgA reduction on the diseases, and the study highlights the need for further investigations of co-infections by intestinal parasites and the effects on immune response induced by the interactions between different parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Yvanna L D C Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Yrna L M Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline S Ramos
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Gabriela F Andrade
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Vitor L Sá
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M Geraldi
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Carina S Pinheiro
- Department of Biointeraction, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
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Chen J, Huang F, Hou Y, Lin X, Liang R, Hu X, Zhao J, Wang J, Olsen N, Zheng SG. TGF-β-induced CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cell-derived extracellular vesicles modulate Notch1 signaling through miR-449a and prevent collagen-induced arthritis in a murine model. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2516-2529. [PMID: 34556822 PMCID: PMC8545930 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cells are central to the maintenance of self-tolerance and can be defective in autoimmunity. In autoimmune rheumatic diseases, dysfunctional self-tolerance, is to a large extent, caused by insufficient Treg-cell activity. Although nTregs have therapeutic effects in vivo, their relative scarcity and slow rate of in vitro expansion hinder the application of nTreg therapy. It was previously reported that EVs contribute significantly to the suppressive function of FOXP3+ Treg cells. Considering that the stability and plasticity of nTregs remain major challenges in vivo, we established EVs derived from in vitro TGF-β-induced Treg cells (iTreg-EVs) and assessed their functions in a murine model of autoimmune arthritis. The results demonstrated that iTreg-EVs preferentially homed to the pathological joint and efficiently prevented the imbalance in Th17/Treg cells in arthritic mice. Furthermore, we found that miR-449a-5p mediated Notch1 expression modulation and that miR-449a-5p knockdown abolished the effects of iTreg-EVs on effector T cells and regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results show that iTreg-EVs control the inflammatory responses of recipient T cells through miR-449a-5p-dependent modulation of Notch1 and ameliorate the development and severity of arthritis, which may provide a potential cell-free strategy based on manipulating iTreg-EVs to prevent autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Chen
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Feng Huang
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Yuluan Hou
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Rongzhen Liang
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xiaojiang Hu
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jun Zhao
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Julie Wang
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Nancy Olsen
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- grid.412558.f0000 0004 1762 1794Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
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Abstract
Giardia duodenalis captured the attention of Leeuwenhoek in 1681 while he was examining his own diarrheal stool, but, ironically, it did not really gain attention as a human pathogen until the 1960s, when outbreaks were reported. Key technological advances, including in vitro cultivation, genomic and proteomic databases, and advances in microscopic and molecular approaches, have led to an understanding that this is a eukaryotic organism with a reduced genome rather than a truly premitochondriate eukaryote. This has included the discovery of mitosomes (vestiges of mitochondria), a transport system with many of the features of the Golgi apparatus, and even evidence for a sexual or parasexual cycle. Cell biology approaches have led to a better understanding of how Giardia survives with two nuclei and how it goes through its life cycle as a noninvasive organism in the hostile environment of the lumen of the host intestine. Studies of its immunology and pathogenesis have moved past the general understanding of the importance of the antibody response in controlling infection to determining the key role of the Th17 response. This work has led to understanding of the requirement for a balanced host immune response that avoids the extremes of an excessive response with collateral damage or one that is unable to clear the organism. This understanding is especially important in view of the remarkable ranges of early manifestations, which range from asymptomatic to persistent diarrhea and weight loss, and longer-term sequelae that include growth stunting in children who had no obvious symptoms and a high frequency of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
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Dashti N, Zarebavani M. Probiotics in the management of Giardia duodenalis: an update on potential mechanisms and outcomes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1869-1878. [PMID: 34324017 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common cause of infection in children and travelers. The most frequent symptom is diarrhea in these patients. G. duodenalis trophozoites use a highly specialized adhesive disc to attach the host intestinal epithelium to induce intestinal damages. Pathological features of the small intestine following giardiasis include villous atrophy; infiltration of granulocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells into the lamina propria; and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. The disturbed intestinal microbiota has been observed in patients with giardiasis. Therefore, a growing body of evidence has emphasized restoring the gut microbiome by probiotics in giardiasis. This study aimed to review the literature to find the pathologic features of giardiasis and its relationship with imbalanced microbiota. Then, benefits of probiotics in giardiasis and their potential molecular mechanisms were discussed. It has been illustrated that using probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces) can reduce the time of gastrointestinal symptoms and repair the damages, particularly in giardiasis. Probiotics' capability in restoring the composition of commensal microbiota may lead to therapeutic outcomes. According to preclinical and clinical studies, probiotics can protect against parasite-induced mucosal damages via increasing the antioxidant capacity, suppressing oxidative products, and regulating the systemic and mucosal immune responses. In addition, they can reduce the proportion of G. duodenalis load by directly targeting the parasite. They can destroy the cellular architecture of parasites and suppress the proliferation and growth of trophozoites via the production of some factors with anti-giardial features. Further researches are required to find suitable probiotics for the prevention and treatment of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Dashti
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Zarebavani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Maertens B, Gagnaire A, Paerewijck O, De Bosscher K, Geldhof P. Regulatory role of the intestinal microbiota in the immune response against Giardia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10601. [PMID: 34011991 PMCID: PMC8134572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most commonly found intestinal parasites in mammalian hosts. Infections can generally be cleared by mounting an adequate protective immune response that is orchestrated through IL-17A. This study was aimed to investigate if and how the intestinal microbiome affects the protective Th17 response against Giardia by analysing and comparing the immune response following a G. muris and G. duodenalis infection in antibiotic treated and untreated mice. Depletion of the intestinal flora by antibiotic treatment had a severe effect on the infection dynamics of both Giardia species. Not only duration of infection was affected, but also the parasite burden increased significantly. Markers associated with a protective immune response, such as IL-17A and mannose binding lectin 2 were still significantly upregulated following infection in the antibiotic-treated mice, despite the lack of protection. On the other hand, the antibiotic treatment significantly decreased the level of IgA in the intestinal lumen by affecting its transporter and by reducing the number of IgA+ B-cells at the Peyer's patches. Furthermore, the depletion of the gut microbiota by antibiotics also significantly lowered the intestinal motility. The combination of these factors likely results in a decreased clearance of the parasite from the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maertens
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Gagnaire
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - O Paerewijck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K De Bosscher
- VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Translational Nuclear Receptor Research Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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12
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Yordanova IA, Lamatsch M, Kühl AA, Hartmann S, Rausch S. Eosinophils are dispensable for the regulation of IgA and Th17 responses in Giardia muris infection. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12791. [PMID: 32918307 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS IgA and Th17 responses are pivotal for the control of Giardia infections. Eosinophils support IgA class switching, the survival of intestinal IgA+ plasma cells at steady state and can control Th17 activity in the small intestine. To see whether eosinophils regulate adaptive immune responses during giardiasis, we investigated Giardia muris infections in wild-type BALB/c and eosinophil-deficient ∆dblGATA-1 mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Infected ∆dblGATA-1 mice did not differ markedly in parasite control from wild-type mice. Confirming previous studies, naive ∆dblGATA-1 mice displayed diminished IgA+ B cell frequencies in Peyer's patches. However, IgA class switching and intestinal IgA secretion in response to G muris infection were comparable in wild-type BALB/c and ∆dblGATA-1 mice. Both strains displayed similarly low intestinal Th17 responses, accompanied by a mild expansion of type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3). CONCLUSIONS Contrasting previous reports on overt small intestinal Th17 activity in eosinophil-deficient mice, IL-17A production is kept in check in the absence of eosinophils during Giardia infection. Suboptimal homeostatic IgA responses in the absence of eosinophils are transiently fostered in infected mice and the maintenance of IgA+ plasma cells appears to be restored during persisting Giardia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivet A Yordanova
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lamatsch
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Core Unit for Immunopathology for Experimental Models, iPATH.Berlin, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Center for Infection Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Amezcua Vesely MC, Rodríguez C, Gruppi A, Acosta Rodríguez EV. Interleukin-17 mediated immunity during infections with Trypanosoma cruzi and other protozoans. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165706. [PMID: 31987839 PMCID: PMC7071987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Host resistance during infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, and other protozoans, is dependent on a balanced immune response. Robust immunity against these pathogens requires of the concerted action of many innate and adaptive cell populations including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells and B cells among others. Indeed, during most protozoan infections only a balanced production of inflammatory (TH1) and anti-inflammatory (TH2/regulatory) cytokines will allow the control of parasite spreading without compromising host tissue integrity. The description of TH17 cells, a novel effector helper T cell lineage that produced IL-17 as signature cytokine, prompted the revision of our knowledge about the mechanisms that mediate protection and immunopathology during protozoan infections. In this manuscript we discuss the general features of IL-17 mediated immune responses as well as the cellular sources, effector mechanisms and overall role of IL-17 in the immune response to T. cruzi and other protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carolina Amezcua Vesely
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva Virginia Acosta Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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14
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Faria CP, Neves BM, Lourenço Á, Cruz MT, Martins JD, Silva A, Pereira S, Sousa MDC. Giardia lamblia Decreases NF-κB p65 RelA Protein Levels and Modulates LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Response in Macrophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6234. [PMID: 32277133 PMCID: PMC7148380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Giardia lamblia is the most common cause of parasitic gastrointestinal infection worldwide. The parasite developed sophisticated, yet not completely disclosed, mechanisms to escape immune system and growth in the intestine. To further understand the interaction of G. lamblia with host immune cells, we investigated the ability of parasites to modulate the canonical activation of mouse macrophages (Raw 264.7 cell line) and human monocyte-derived macrophages triggered by the TLR4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We observed that G. lamblia impairs LPS-evoked pro-inflammatory status in these macrophage-like cells through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and subsequent NO production. This effect was in part due to the activity of three G. lamblia proteases, a 135 kDa metalloprotease and two cysteine proteases with 75 and 63 kDa, that cleave the p65RelA subunit of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Moreover, Tnf and Ccl4 transcription was increased in the presence of the parasite. Overall, our data indicates that G. lamblia modulates macrophages inflammatory response through impairment of the NF-κB, thus silencing a crucial signaling pathway of the host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Perez Faria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ágata Lourenço
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João D Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Pereira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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15
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RORγt + Treg to Th17 ratios correlate with susceptibility to Giardia infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20328. [PMID: 31889073 PMCID: PMC6937251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Giardia are among the most common causes of food and water-borne diarrheal disease worldwide. Here, we investigated Th17, Treg and IgA responses, and alterations in gut microbiota in two mouse lines with varying susceptibility to Giardia muris infection. Infected BALB/c mice shed significantly more cysts compared with C57BL/6 mice. Impaired control of infection in BALB/c mice was associated with lower Th17 activity and lower IgA levels compared with C57BL/6 mice. The limited metabolic activity, proliferation and cytokine production of Th17 cells in BALB/c mice was associated with higher proportions of intestinal Foxp3+RORγt+ regulatory T cells and BALB/c mice developed increased RORγt+ Treg:Th17 ratios in response to G. muris infection. Furthermore, G. muris colonization led to a significantly reduced evenness in the gut microbial communities of BALB/c mice. Our data indicate that differential susceptibility to Giardia infections may be related to RORγt+ Treg controlling Th17 activity and that changes in the microbiota composition upon Giardia infection partially depend on the host background.
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16
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Fink MY, Maloney J, Keselman A, Li E, Menegas S, Staniorski C, Singer SM. Proliferation of Resident Macrophages Is Dispensable for Protection during Giardia duodenalis Infections. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:412-421. [PMID: 31455692 PMCID: PMC7033283 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease in the world. Previous work has demonstrated that the cells and mechanisms of the adaptive immune system are critical for clearance of this parasite. However, the innate system has not been as well studied in the context of Giardia infection. We have previously demonstrated that Giardia infection leads to the accumulation of a population of CD11b+, F4/80+, ARG1+, and NOS2+ macrophages in the small intestinal lamina propria. In this report, we sought to identify the accumulation mechanism of duodenal macrophages during Giardia infection and to determine if these cells were essential to the induction of protective Giardia immunity. We show that F4/80+, CD11b+, CD11cint, CX3CR1+, MHC class II+, Ly6C−, ARG1+, and NOS2+ macrophages accumulate in the small intestine during infections in mice. Consistent with this resident macrophage phenotype, macrophage accumulation does not require CCR2, and the macrophages incorporate EdU, indicating in situ proliferation rather than the recruitment of monocytes. Depletion of macrophages using anti-CSF1R did not impact parasite clearance nor development of regulatory T cell or Th17 cellular responses, suggesting that these macrophages are dispensable for protective Giardia immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Fink
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Jenny Maloney
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | | | - Erqiu Li
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Samantha Menegas
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | | | - Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
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17
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Singer SM, Fink MY, Angelova VV. Recent insights into innate and adaptive immune responses to Giardia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:171-208. [PMID: 31630758 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Giardia produces a wide range of clinical outcomes. Acutely infected patients may have no overt symptoms or suffer from severe cramps, diarrhea, nausea and even urticaria. Recently, post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome have been identified as long-term sequelae of giardiasis. Frequently, recurrent and chronic Giardia infection is considered a major contributor to stunting in children from low and middle income countries. Perhaps the most unusual outcome of infection with Giardia is the apparent reduced risk of developing moderate-to-severe diarrhea due to other enteric infections which has been noted in several recent studies. The goal of understanding immune responses against Giardia is therefore to identify protective mechanisms which could become targets for vaccine development, but also to identify mechanisms whereby infections lead to these other diverse outcomes. Giardia induces a robust adaptive immune response in both humans and animals. It has been known for many years that there is production of large amounts of parasite-specific IgA following infection and that CD4+ T cell responses contribute to this IgA production and control of the infection. In the past decade, there have been advances in our understanding of the non-antibody effector mechanisms used by the host to fight Giardia infections, in particular the importance of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 in orchestrating these responses. There have also been major advances in understanding how the innate response to Giardia infection is initiated and how it contributes to the development of adaptive immunity. Finally, there here have been significant increases in our knowledge of how the resident microbial community influences the immune response and how these responses contribute to the development of some of the symptoms of giardiasis. In this article, we will focus on data generated in the last 10 years and how it has advanced our knowledge about this important parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Marc Y Fink
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Vanessa V Angelova
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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18
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Lee HY, Park EA, Lee KJ, Lee KH, Park SJ. Increased Innate Lymphoid Cell 3 and IL-17 Production in Mouse Lamina Propria Stimulated with Giardia lamblia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:225-232. [PMID: 31284344 PMCID: PMC6616171 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are key players during an immune response at the mucosal surfaces, such as lung, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Giardia lamblia is an extracellular protozoan pathogen that inhabits the human small intestine. In this study, ILCs prepared from the lamina propria of mouse small intestine were incubated with G. lamblia trophozoites. Transcriptional changes in G. lamblia-exposed ILCs resulted in identification of activation of several immune pathways. Secretion of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, IL-1β, and interferon-γ was increased, whereas levels of IL-13, IL-5, and IL22, was maintained or reduced upon exposure to G. lamblia. Goup 3 ILC (ILC3) was found to be dominant amongst the ILCs, and increased significantly upon co-cultivation with G. lamblia trophozoites. Oral inoculation of G. lamblia trophozoites into mice resulted in their presence in the small intestine, of which, the highest number of parasites was detected at the 5 days-post infection. Increased ILC3 was observed amongst the ILC population at the 5 days-post infection. These findings indicate that ILC3 from the lamina propria secretes IL-17 in response to G. lamblia, leading to the intestinal pathology observed in giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeon Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jo Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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19
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Paerewijck O, Maertens B, Gagnaire A, De Bosscher K, Geldhof P. Delayed development of the protective IL-17A response following a Giardia muris infection in neonatal mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8959. [PMID: 31222079 PMCID: PMC6586865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia is an intestinal protozoan parasite that has the ability to infect a wide range of hosts, which can result in the clinical condition 'giardiasis'. Over the years, experimental research has shown the crucial involvement of IL-17A to steer the protective immune response against Giardia. The development of the protective response, as reflected by a significant drop in cyst secretion, typically takes around 3 to 4 weeks. However, early-life infections often have a more chronic character lasting for several weeks or months. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the dynamics of a Giardia muris infection and the subsequent host immune response in neonatal mice infected 4 days after birth. The outcome of the study showed that a G. muris infection in pre-weaned mice failed to trigger a protective IL-17A response, which could explain the prolonged course of infection in comparison to older mice. Only after weaning, a protective intestinal immune response started to develop, characterized by an upregulation of IL-17A and Mbl2 and the secretion of parasite-specific IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Paerewijck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Brecht Maertens
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Gagnaire
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Receptor Research laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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20
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Steel N, Faniyi AA, Rahman S, Swietlik S, Czajkowska BI, Chan BT, Hardgrave A, Steel A, Sparwasser TD, Assas MB, Grencis RK, Travis MA, Worthington JJ. TGFβ-activation by dendritic cells drives Th17 induction and intestinal contractility and augments the expulsion of the parasite Trichinella spiralis in mice. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007657. [PMID: 30998782 PMCID: PMC6472816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are highly prevalent metazoan parasites that infect over a billion of the world's population. Hosts have evolved numerous mechanisms to drive the expulsion of these parasites via Th2-driven immunity, but these responses must be tightly controlled to prevent equally devastating immunopathology. However, mechanisms that regulate this balance are still unclear. Here we show that the vigorous Th2 immune response driven by the small intestinal helminth Trichinella spiralis, is associated with increased TGFβ signalling responses in CD4+ T-cells. Mechanistically, enhanced TGFβ signalling in CD4+ T-cells is dependent on dendritic cell-mediated TGFβ activation which requires expression of the integrin αvβ8. Importantly, mice lacking integrin αvβ8 on DCs had a delayed ability to expel a T. spiralis infection, indicating an important functional role for integrin αvβ8-mediated TGFβ activation in promoting parasite expulsion. In addition to maintaining regulatory T-cell responses, the CD4+ T-cell signalling of this pleiotropic cytokine induces a Th17 response which is crucial in promoting the intestinal muscle hypercontractility that drives worm expulsion. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into intestinal helminth expulsion beyond that of classical Th2 driven immunity, and highlight the importance of IL-17 in intestinal contraction which may aid therapeutics to numerous diseases of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Steel
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aduragbemi A. Faniyi
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Sayema Rahman
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Swietlik
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Beata I. Czajkowska
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany T. Chan
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Hardgrave
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Steel
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D. Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mushref B. Assas
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Travis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - John J. Worthington
- Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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21
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Liu J, Fu Z, Hellman L, Svärd SG. Cleavage specificity of recombinant Giardia intestinalis cysteine proteases: Degradation of immunoglobulins and defensins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 227:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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