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Silva E, Dantas R, Barbosa JC, Berlinck RGS, Fill T. Metabolomics approach to understand molecular mechanisms involved in fungal pathogen-citrus pathosystems. Mol Omics 2024; 20:154-168. [PMID: 38273771 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00182b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Citrus is a crucial crop with a significant economic impact globally. However, postharvest decay caused by fungal pathogens poses a considerable threat, leading to substantial financial losses. Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Geotrichum citri-aurantii and Phyllosticta citricarpa are the main fungal pathogens, causing green mold, blue mold, sour rot and citrus black spot diseases, respectively. The use of chemical fungicides as a control strategy in citrus raises concerns about food and environmental safety. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions is essential to find safer alternatives. This review highlights the potential of the metabolomics approach in the search for bioactive compounds involved in the pathogen-citrus interaction, and how the integration of metabolomics and genomics contributes to the understanding of secondary metabolites associated with fungal virulence and the fungal infection mechanisms. Our goal is to provide a pipeline combining metabolomics and genomics that can effectively guide researchers to perform studies aiming to contribute to the understanding of the fundamental chemical and biochemical aspects of pathogen-host interactions, in order to effectively develop new alternatives for fungal diseases in citrus cultivation. We intend to inspire the scientific community to question unexplored biological systems, and to employ diverse analytical approaches and metabolomics techniques to address outstanding questions about the non-studied pathosystems from a chemical biology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Silva
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Dantas
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Júlio César Barbosa
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberto G S Berlinck
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry, CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Taicia Fill
- State University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, CEP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Flubacher N, Baltenweck R, Hugueney P, Fischer J, Thines E, Riemann M, Nick P, Khattab IM. The fungal metabolite 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid from Neofusicoccum parvum modulates defence responses in grapevine. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3575-3591. [PMID: 37431974 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In a consequence of global warming, grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) have become a pertinent problem to viticulture, because endophytic fungi can turn necrotrophic upon host stress killing the plant. In Neofusicoccum parvum Bt-67, plant-derived ferulic acid makes the fungus release Fusicoccin aglycone triggering plant cell death. Now, we show that the absence of ferulic acid lets the fungus secrete 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4-HPA), mimicking the effect of auxins on grapevine defence and facilitating fungal spread. Using Vitis suspension cells, we dissected the mode of action of 4-HPA during defence triggered by the bacterial cell-death elicitor, harpin. Early responses (cytoskeletal remodelling and calcium influx) are inhibited, as well as the expression of Stilbene Synthase 27 and phytoalexin accumulation. In contrast to other auxins, 4-HPA quells transcripts for the auxin conjugating GRETCHEN HAGEN 3. We suggest that 4-HPA is a key component of the endophytic phase of N. parvum Bt-67 preventing host cell death. Therefore, our study paves the way to understand how GTDs regulate their latent phase for successful colonisation, before turning necrotrophic and killing the vines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Flubacher
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter Institute of Plant Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter Institute of Plant Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter Institute of Plant Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Islam M Khattab
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter Institute of Plant Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 5, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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3
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Restrepo-Leal JD, Belair M, Fischer J, Richet N, Fontaine F, Rémond C, Fernandez O, Besaury L. Differential carbohydrate-active enzymes and secondary metabolite production by the grapevine trunk pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum Bt-67 grown on host and non-host biomass. Mycologia 2023; 115:579-601. [PMID: 37358885 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2216122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Neofusicoccum parvum is one of the most aggressive Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with grapevine trunk diseases. This species may secrete enzymes capable of overcoming the plant barriers, leading to wood colonization. In addition to their roles in pathogenicity, there is an interest in taking advantage of N. parvum carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), related to plant cell wall degradation, for lignocellulose biorefining. Furthermore, N. parvum produces toxic secondary metabolites that may contribute to its virulence. In order to increase knowledge on the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity and virulence, as well as the exploration of its metabolism and CAZymes for lignocellulose biorefining, we evaluated the N. parvum strain Bt-67 capacity in producing lignocellulolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites when grown in vitro with two lignocellulosic biomasses: grapevine canes (GP) and wheat straw (WS). For this purpose, a multiphasic study combining enzymology, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses was performed. Enzyme assays showed higher xylanase, xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase, and glucosidase activities when the fungus was grown with WS. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the lignocellulosic biomass degradation caused by the secreted enzymes. Transcriptomics indicated that the N. parvum Bt-67 gene expression profiles in the presence of both biomasses were similar. In total, 134 genes coding CAZymes were up-regulated, where 94 of them were expressed in both biomass growth conditions. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), glucosidases, and endoglucanases were the most represented CAZymes and correlated with the enzymatic activities obtained. The secondary metabolite production, analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible spectophotometry-mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV/Vis-MS), was variable depending on the carbon source. The diversity of differentially produced metabolites was higher when N. parvum Bt-67 was grown with GP. Overall, these results provide insight into the influence of lignocellulosic biomass on virulence factor expressions. Moreover, this study opens the possibility of optimizing the enzyme production from N. parvum with potential use for lignocellulose biorefining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián D Restrepo-Leal
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
- MALDIVE Chair, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC 1488, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Marie Belair
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Richet
- Plateau Technique Mobile de Cytométrie Environnementale (MOBICYTE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne/Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 51100 Reims, France
| | - Florence Fontaine
- MALDIVE Chair, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC 1488, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Caroline Rémond
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Olivier Fernandez
- MALDIVE Chair, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC 1488, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Ludovic Besaury
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
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Berikashvili V, Khardziani T, Kobakhidze A, Kulp M, Kuhtinskaja M, Lukk T, Gargano ML, Venturella G, Kachlishvili E, Metreveli E, Elisashvili VI, Asatiani M. Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Mushrooms and Optimization of Submerged Culture Conditions for Schizophyllum commune (Agaricomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:1-21. [PMID: 37830193 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023049836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of the present study was the exploration of the antifungal properties of Agaricomycetes mushrooms. Among twenty-three tested mushrooms against A. niger, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, and G. bidwellii, Schizophyllum commune demonstrated highest inhibition rates and showed 35.7%, 6.5%, 50.4%, and 66.0% of growth inhibition, respectively. To reveal culture conditions enhancing the antifungal potential of Sch. commune, several carbon (lignocellulosic substrates among them) and nitrogen sources and their optimal concentrations were investigated. Presence of 6% mandarin juice production waste (MJPW) and 6% of peptone in nutrient medium promoted antifungal activity of selected mushroom. It was determined that, extracts obtained in the presence of MJPW effectively inhibited the grow of pathogenic fungi. Moreover, the content of phenolic compounds in the extracts obtained from Sch. commune grown on MJPW was several times higher (0.87 ± 0.05 GAE/g to 2.38 ± 0.08 GAE/g) than the extracts obtained from the mushroom grown on the synthetic (glycerol contained) nutrient medium (0.21 ± 0.03 GAE/g to 0.88 ± 0.05 GAE/g). Flavonoid contents in the extracts from Sch. commune varied from 0.58 ± 0.03 to 27.2 ± 0.8 mg QE/g. Identification of phenolic compounds composition in water and ethanol extracts were provided by mass spectrometry analysis. Extracts demonstrate considerable free radical scavenging activities and the IC50 values were generally low for the extracts, ranging from 1.9 mg/ml to 6.7 mg/ml. All the samples displayed a positive correlation between their concentration (0.05-15.0 mg/ml) and DPPH radical scavenging activity. This investigation revealed that Sch. commune mushroom has great potential to be used as a source of antifungal and antioxidant substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Berikashvili
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Khardziani
- Durmishidze Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Academy of Science of Georgia, 10 km Agmashenebeli kheivani, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia; Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Aza Kobakhidze
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maria Kulp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maria Kuhtinskaja
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tiit Lukk
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maria Letizia Gargano
- Departament of Schol, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola, 165/A - 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Venturella
- Italian Society of Medicinal Mushrooms, Pisa, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Eva Kachlishvili
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Eka Metreveli
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Vladimir I Elisashvili
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mikheil Asatiani
- The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Khattab IM, Fischer J, Kaźmierczak A, Thines E, Nick P. Ferulic acid is a putative surrender signal to stimulate programmed cell death in grapevines after infection with Neofusicoccum parvum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:339-358. [PMID: 36263963 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An apoplectic breakdown from grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) has become a serious challenge to viticulture as a consequence of drought stress. We hypothesize that fungal aggressiveness is controlled by a chemical communication between the host and colonizing fungus. We introduce the new concept of a 'plant surrender signal' accumulating in host plants under stress and facilitating the aggressive behaviour of the strain Neofusicoccum parvum (Bt-67) causing Botryosphaeriaceae-related dieback in grapevines. Using a cell-based experimental system (Vitis cells) and bioactivity-guided fractionation, we identify trans-ferulic acid, a monolignol precursor, as a 'surrender signal'. We show that this signal specifically activates the secretion of the fungal phytotoxin fusicoccin A aglycone. We show further that this phytotoxin, mediated by 14-3-3 proteins, activates programmed cell death in Vitis cells. We arrive at a model showing a chemical communication facilitating fusicoccin A secretion that drives necrotrophic behaviour during Botryosphaeriaceae-Vitis interaction through trans-ferulic acid. We thus hypothesize that channelling the phenylpropanoid pathway from this lignin precursor to the trans-resveratrol phytoalexin could be a target for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Khattab
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Reveglia P, Billones-Baaijens R, Millera Niem J, Masi M, Cimmino A, Evidente A, Savocchia S. Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:802. [PMID: 33921820 PMCID: PMC8073839 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with Diplodia seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola and Dothiorella vidmadera were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (R)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (R)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with D. seriata but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (R)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (R)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Reveglia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (R.B.-B.); (J.M.N.); (S.S.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.E.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Regina Billones-Baaijens
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (R.B.-B.); (J.M.N.); (S.S.)
| | - Jennifer Millera Niem
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (R.B.-B.); (J.M.N.); (S.S.)
- UPLB Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines—Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita’ di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Sandra Savocchia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (R.B.-B.); (J.M.N.); (S.S.)
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Guan P, Terigele, Schmidt F, Riemann M, Fischer J, Thines E, Nick P. Hunting modulators of plant defence: the grapevine trunk disease fungus Eutypa lata secretes an amplifier for plant basal immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3710-3724. [PMID: 32211774 PMCID: PMC7475250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are progressively affecting vineyard longevity and productivity worldwide. To be able to understand and combat these diseases, we need a different concept of the signals exchanged between the grapevine and fungi than the well-studied pathogen-associated molecular pattern and effector concepts. We screened extracts from fungi associated with GTDs for their association with basal defence responses in suspension cells of grapevine. By activity-guided fractionation of the two selected extracts, O-methylmellein was identified as a candidate modulator of grapevine immunity. O-Methylmellein could not induce immune responses by itself (i.e. does not act as an elicitor), but could amplify some of the defence responses triggered by the bacterial elicitor flg22, such as the induction level of defence genes and actin remodelling. These findings show that Eutypa lata, exemplarily selected as an endophytic fungus linked with GTDs, can secrete compounds that act as amplifiers of basal immunity. Thus, in addition to elicitors that can trigger basal immunity, and effectors that down-modulate antibacterial basal immunity, once it had been activated, E. lata seems to secrete a third type of chemical signal that amplifies basal immunity and may play a role in the context of consortia of mutually competing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Guan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Terigele
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Schmidt
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Secondary metabolites produced by the citrus phytopathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:306-310. [PMID: 30792517 PMCID: PMC6557267 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and structure elucidation of one new fungal metabolite, phenguignardic acid butyl ester (1a), and four previously reported metabolites (1b, 2a, 3-4) from the citrus phytopathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa LGMF06 are described. The new dioxolanone phenguignardic acid butyl ester (1a) had low phytotoxic activity in citrus leaves and fruits (at dose of 100 µg), and its importance as virulence factor in citrus black spot disease needs to be further addressed. Beside the phytotoxic analysis, we also evaluated the antibacterial (against methicillin sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and cytotoxic (A549 non-small cell lung cancer, PC3 prostate cancer and HEL 299 normal epithelial lung) activities of the isolated compounds, which revealed that compounds 1a, 1b and 2a were responsible for the antibacterial activity of this strain.
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