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Zarnoosheh Farahani T, Nejadmoghaddam MR, Sari S, Ghahremanzadeh R, Minai-Tehrani A. Generation of anti-SN38 antibody for loading efficacy and therapeutic monitoring of SN38-containing therapeutics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33232. [PMID: 39021912 PMCID: PMC11253049 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
SN38, one of the most potent anti-tumor analogues of the camptothecins (CPTs), has limitations in its direct formulation as an anticancer agent due to its super toxicity and poor solubility in water and pharmaceutically approved solvents. However, it has garnered significant scientific interest as a payload in conjugated nanomedicine platforms (e.g., SN-38lip, NK012, SNB-101, and ADCs) to enhance their effectiveness and safety. The development of these platforms necessitates a convenient quantitative determination of SN38 in preclinical and clinical studies, a need that our study directly addresses, offering a practical solution to a pressing problem in cancer research and drug development. This study details the meticulous process of generating poly and monoclonal antibodies (pAb and mAb) against SN38 and their application to measure the SN38 in naked and conjugated forms of SN38-conjugated ADCs. For this purpose, two haptens of SN38 were synthesized by introducing the glycine or 4-amino-4-oxobutanyol(glycine) moiety as a conjugation functional group of the SN38. IR, NMR and mass spectrometric techniques confirmed the chemical modifications of the haptens. The haptens were then conjugated to each bovine serum albumin (BSA) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) protein. The SN38-KLH conjugates were meticulously examined for immunization and generation of pAb and mAb. The immunization efficiency, reactivity, binding affinity, specificity, and cross-reactivity of purified pAb and mAb against Irinotecan, a model for the emergence of an SN38 derivative in clinical settings, were evaluated using ELISA and western blotting (WB) techniques. Conjugation efficiency of the SN38 to the KLH was increased using 4-amino-4-oxobutanyol(glycine) moiety, as its immunization efficacy was more to generate pAb. Furthermore, only this hapten could immunized mice to generate mAb recognizing SN38 with nanomolar equilibrium affinity. Our recent findings strongly support the notion that the generated pAb employed in developing an ELISA effectively ascertains the presence of SN38 in SN38-conjugated ADC, with a test midpoint EC50 of 2.5 μg/mL. Our study's unique contribution to the field lies in the development of specific antibodies against SN38 for measuring it on ADC, a feat that has not been achieved before. These immunoassays can be readily applied to detect other SN38-conjugate therapeutic platforms, thereby enhancing their clinical knowledge translation. The affinity of both pAb and mAb also meets the acceptance criteria for quantifying SN38 in fluidic material, as well as in Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) studies, a crucial aspect of personalized medicine. The potential applications of the anti-SN38 antibodies extend to reducing SN38-induced systemic toxicity through an inverse targeting strategy, a novel approach that piques further interest in our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Zarnoosheh Farahani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soyar Sari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Ghahremanzadeh
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Minai-Tehrani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Farhangnia P, Ghods R, Falak R, Zarnani AH, Delbandi AA. Identification of placenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC-1) expression on human PC-3 cell line-derived prostate cancer stem cells compared to the tumor parental cells. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:251. [PMID: 38943028 PMCID: PMC11213845 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Placenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC-1) is a gene primarily expressed in the placenta and the testis. Interestingly, it is also found to be expressed in many solid tumors, and it is involved in malignant cell features. However, no evidence has been reported regarding the relationship between PLAC-1 and cancer stem cells (CSCs). In the current research, we explored the expression of the PLAC-1 molecule in prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) derived from the human PC-3 cell line. The enrichment of PCSCs was achieved using a three-dimensional cell culture technique known as the sphere-formation assay. To confirm the identity of PCSCs, we examined the expression of genes associated with stemness and pluripotency, such as SOX2, OCT4, Nanog, C-Myc, and KLF-4, as well as stem cell differentiation molecules like CD44 and CD133. These evaluations were conducted in both the PCSCs and the original tumor cells (parental cells) using real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Subsequently, we assessed the expression of the PLAC-1 molecule in both enriched cells and parental tumor cells at the gene and protein levels using the same techniques. The tumor cells from the PC-3 cell line formed spheroids with CSC characteristics in a non-adherent medium. The expression of SOX2, OCT4, Nanog, and C-Myc genes (p < 0.01), and the molecules CD44 and CD133 (p < 0.05) were significantly elevated in PCSCs compared to the parental cells. The expression of the PLAC-1 molecule in PCSCs showed a significant increase compared to the parental cells at both gene (p < 0.01) and protein (p < 0.001) levels. In conclusion, it was indicated for the first time that PLAC-1 is up-regulated in PCSCs derived from human PC-3 cell line. This study may propose PLAC-1 as a potential target in targeted therapies, which should be confirmed through further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Farhangnia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghods
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Khorami-Sarvestani S, Vanaki N, Shojaeian S, Zarnani K, Stensballe A, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Zarnani AH. Placenta: an old organ with new functions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385762. [PMID: 38707901 PMCID: PMC11066266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition from oviparity to viviparity and the establishment of feto-maternal communications introduced the placenta as the major anatomical site to provide nutrients, gases, and hormones to the developing fetus. The placenta has endocrine functions, orchestrates maternal adaptations to pregnancy at different periods of pregnancy, and acts as a selective barrier to minimize exposure of developing fetus to xenobiotics, pathogens, and parasites. Despite the fact that this ancient organ is central for establishment of a normal pregnancy in eutherians, the placenta remains one of the least studied organs. The first step of pregnancy, embryo implantation, is finely regulated by the trophoectoderm, the precursor of all trophoblast cells. There is a bidirectional communication between placenta and endometrium leading to decidualization, a critical step for maintenance of pregnancy. There are three-direction interactions between the placenta, maternal immune cells, and the endometrium for adaptation of endometrial immune system to the allogeneic fetus. While 65% of all systemically expressed human proteins have been found in the placenta tissues, it expresses numerous placenta-specific proteins, whose expression are dramatically changed in gestational diseases and could serve as biomarkers for early detection of gestational diseases. Surprisingly, placentation and carcinogenesis exhibit numerous shared features in metabolism and cell behavior, proteins and molecular signatures, signaling pathways, and tissue microenvironment, which proposes the concept of "cancer as ectopic trophoblastic cells". By extensive researches in this novel field, a handful of cancer biomarkers has been discovered. This review paper, which has been inspired in part by our extensive experiences during the past couple of years, highlights new aspects of placental functions with emphasis on its immunomodulatory role in establishment of a successful pregnancy and on a potential link between placentation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khorami-Sarvestani
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Vanaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sorour Shojaeian
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Kayhan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Onyido EK, James D, Garcia-Parra J, Sinfield J, Moberg A, Coombes Z, Worthington J, Williams N, Francis LW, Conlan RS, Gonzalez D. Elucidating Novel Targets for Ovarian Cancer Antibody-Drug Conjugate Development: Integrating In Silico Prediction and Surface Plasmon Resonance to Identify Targets with Enhanced Antibody Internalization Capacity. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:65. [PMID: 37873862 PMCID: PMC10594448 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) constitute a rapidly expanding category of biopharmaceuticals that are reshaping the landscape of targeted chemotherapy. The meticulous process of selecting therapeutic targets, aided by specific monoclonal antibodies' high specificity for binding to designated antigenic epitopes, is pivotal in ADC research and development. Despite ADCs' intrinsic ability to differentiate between healthy and cancerous cells, developmental challenges persist. In this study, we present a rationalized pipeline encompassing the initial phases of the ADC development, including target identification and validation. Leveraging an in-house, computationally constructed ADC target database, termed ADC Target Vault, we identified a set of novel ovarian cancer targets. We effectively demonstrate the efficacy of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology and in vitro models as predictive tools, expediting the selection and validation of targets as ADC candidates for ovarian cancer therapy. Our analysis reveals three novel robust antibody/target pairs with strong binding and favourable antibody internalization rates in both wild-type and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. This approach enhances ADC development and offers a comprehensive method for assessing target/antibody combinations and pre-payload conjugation biological activity. Additionally, the strategy establishes a robust platform for high-throughput screening of potential ovarian cancer ADC targets, an approach that is equally applicable to other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emenike Kenechi Onyido
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (Z.C.); (L.W.F.); (R.S.C.)
| | - David James
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (Z.C.); (L.W.F.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Jezabel Garcia-Parra
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (Z.C.); (L.W.F.); (R.S.C.)
| | - John Sinfield
- Cytiva, Björkgatan 30, 751 84 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Moberg
- Cytiva, Björkgatan 30, 751 84 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Zoe Coombes
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (Z.C.); (L.W.F.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Jenny Worthington
- Axis Bioservices Ltd., 189 Castleroe Rd, Coleraine BT51 3RP, UK; (J.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Nicole Williams
- Axis Bioservices Ltd., 189 Castleroe Rd, Coleraine BT51 3RP, UK; (J.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Lewis Webb Francis
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (Z.C.); (L.W.F.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Robert Steven Conlan
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (Z.C.); (L.W.F.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (Z.C.); (L.W.F.); (R.S.C.)
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Cagliani R, Fayed B, Jagal J, Shakartalla SB, Soliman SSM, Haider M. Peptide-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles for the selective targeting of breast cancer expressing placenta-specific protein 1. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 227:113357. [PMID: 37210795 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated specific binding affinity to antigens or receptors presented on the cancer cell surface, favouring selective targeting and minimizing side effects during the chemotherapy. Placenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC-1) is a small cell surface protein overexpressed in certain types of breast cancer (BC); therefore, it can be used as a therapeutic target. The objective of this study is to develop NPs that can bind PLAC-1 and hence can inhibit the progression and metastatic potential of BC cells. Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs were coated with a peptide (GILGFVFTL), which possesses a strong binding ability to PLAC-1. The physical attachment of the peptide to ZnO NPs was verified through various physicochemical and morphological characterization techniques. The selective cytotoxicity of the designed NPs was investigated using PLAC-1-bearing MDA-MB 231 human BC cell line and compared to LS-180 cells that do not express PLAC-1. The anti-metastatic and pro-apoptotic effects of the functionalized NPs on MDA-MB 231 cells were examined. Confocal microscopy was used to investigate the mechanism of NPs uptake by MDA-MB 231 cells. Compared to non-functionalized NPs, peptide functionalization significantly improved the targeting and uptake of the designed NPs by PLAC-1-expressing cancer cells with significant pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic effects. The uptake of peptide functionalized ZnO NPs (ZnO-P NPs) occurred via peptide-PLAC1 interaction-assisted clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These findings highlight the potential targeted therapy of ZnO-P NPs against PLAC-1-expressing breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cagliani
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Product Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Jayalakshmi Jagal
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarra B Shakartalla
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, P.O. Box. 21111, Wadmedani, Sudan
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Haider
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Conese M, Napolitano O, Laselva O, Di Gioia S, Nappi L, Trabace L, Matteo M. The Oncogenic Theory of Preeclampsia: Is Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived PLAC1 Involved? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043612. [PMID: 36835024 PMCID: PMC9962629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathomechanisms of preeclampsia (PE), a complication of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, and due to improper placentation, are not well known. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from the amniotic membrane (AMSCs) may play a role in PE pathogenesis as placental homeostasis regulators. PLACenta-specific protein 1 (PLAC1) is a transmembrane antigen involved in trophoblast proliferation that is found to be associated with cancer progression. We studied PLAC1 in human AMSCs obtained from control subjects (n = 4) and PE patients (n = 7), measuring the levels of mRNA expression (RT-PCR) and secreted protein (ELISA on conditioned medium). Lower levels of PLAC1 mRNA expression were observed in PE AMSCs as compared with Caco2 cells (positive controls), but not in non-PE AMSCs. PLAC1 antigen was detectable in conditioned medium obtained from PE AMSCs, whereas it was undetectable in that obtained from non-PE AMSCs. Our data suggest that abnormal shedding of PLAC1 from AMSC plasma membranes, likely by metalloproteinases, may contribute to trophoblast proliferation, supporting its role in the oncogenic theory of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Conese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ottavio Napolitano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Onofrio Laselva
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi Nappi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Matteo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 121, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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Hosseini R, Asef-Kabiri L, Sarvnaz H, Ghanavatinejad A, Rezayat F, Eskandari N, Akbari ME. Blockade of exosome release alters HER2 trafficking to the plasma membrane and gives a boost to Trastuzumab. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2023; 25:185-198. [PMID: 36018441 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Exosomal HER2 has been evidenced to interfere with antibody-induced anti-tumor effects. However, whether the blockade of HER2+ exosomes release would affect antibody-mediated tumor inhibition has yet to be investigated. METHODS Exosomes derived from BT-474, SK-BR3 and SK-OV3 (HER2-overexpressing tumor cells) and MDA-MB-231 cells (HER2 negative) were purified and characterized by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay, western blotting and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Inhibition of exosome release was achieved by neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase-2) inhibitor, GW4869. The effects of exosome blockade on the anti-proliferative effects, apoptosis induction, and antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of Trastuzumab were examined using MTT, flow cytometry, and LDH release assays. Also, the effects of exosome inhibition on the surface expression and endocytosis/internalization of HER2 were studied by flow cytometry. RESULTS Purified exosomes derived from HER2 overexpressing cancer cells were positive for HER2 protein. Blockade of exosome release was able to significantly improve apoptosis induction, anti-proliferative and ADCC responses of Trastuzumab dose dependently. The pretreatment of Trastuzumab/purified NK cells, but not PBMCs, with HER2+ exosomes could also decrease the ADCC effects of Trastuzumab. Exosome inhibition also remarkably downregulated surface HER2 levels in a time-dependent manner, but does not affect its endocytosis/internalization. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, HER2+ exosomes may benefit tumor progression by dually suppressing Trastuzumab-induced tumor growth inhibition and cytotoxicity of NK cells. It seems that concomitant blocking of exosome release might be an effective approach for improving the therapeutic effects of Trastuzumab, and potentially other HER2-directed mAbs. In addition, the exosome secretion pathway possibly contributes to the HER2 trafficking to plasma membrane, since the blockade of exosome secretion decreased surface HER2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Asef-Kabiri
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Sarvnaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghanavatinejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezayat
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Peptide-functionalized graphene oxide quantum dots as colorectal cancer theranostics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:698-713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rahdan S, Razavi SA, Shojaeian S, Shokri F, Amiri MM, Zarnani AH. Immunization with placenta-specific 1 (plac1) induces potent anti-tumor responses and prolongs survival in a mouse model of melanoma. Adv Med Sci 2022; 67:338-345. [PMID: 36084365 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melanoma is a malignant and metastatic form of skin cancer, which is not diagnosed in early stages of the disease. Nowadays, immunotherapy is changing the treatment landscape for metastatic melanoma. Placenta-specific1 (PLAC1) is a cancer-testis-placenta (CTP) antigen with differential expression in melanoma tissues. Here, we evaluated the potential of plac1 to induce anti-cancer immune responses as well as to prevent cancer development in a mouse model of melanoma. METHODS Two proteins containing full extracellular domain (ED) of mouse plac1+KDEL3 and full ED of mouse plac1+ tetanus toxin P2 and P30+ pan DR epitope (PADRE) + KDEL3 were produced and injected in mice to evaluate their capacity to induce anti-cancer immune responses as well as their potential to prevent melanoma development. Induction of plac1-specific humoral and cellular responses as well as tumor-associated parameters were tested in a series of 36 mice. RESULTS Sera of mice immunized with ED + P2P30+PADRE + KDEL3 contained antibodies able to react with surface plac1 in B16F10 cells. Both proteins induced proliferative cellular immune responses against B16F10 cells and plac1-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and CD107a + CTL responses, which was higher in mice immunized with ED + P2P30+PADRE + KDEL3. Splenocytes of mice vaccinated with ED + P2P30+PADRE + KDEL3 exerted a significant cytotoxicity against B16F10 cells. Vaccination with ED + P2P30+PADRE + KDEL3 significantly delayed B16F10-induced tumor onset, reduced tumor growth, and increased survival. Tumors induced by B16F10 expressed plac1 in vivo. CONCLUSION Our results pave the way for development of effective melanoma preventive vaccine in humans, although further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Rahdan
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Razavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sorour Shojaeian
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Advances with antibody-drug conjugates in breast cancer treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 169:241-255. [PMID: 34748933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate-based therapy for treatment of cancer has attracted much attention because of its enhanced efficacy against numerous cancer types. Commonly, an ADC includes a mAb linked to a therapeutic payload. Antibody, linker and payload are the three main components of ADCs. The high specificity of antibodies is integrated with the strong potency of payloads in ADCs. ADCs with potential cytotoxic small molecules as payloads, generate antibody-mediated cancer therapy. Recently, ADCs with DNA-damaging agents have shown favor over microtubule-targeting agents as payloads. Although ADC resistance can be a barrier to effectiveness, several ADC therapies have been either approved or are in clinical trials for cancer treatment. The ADC-based treatments of breast cancers, particularly TNBC, MDR and metastatic breast cancers, have shown promise in recent years. This review discusses ADC drug designs, and developed for different types of breast cancer including TNBC, MDR and metastatic breast cancer.
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Liu D, Shi K, Fu M, Chen F. Placenta-specific protein 1 promotes cell proliferation via the AKT/GSK-3β/cyclin D1 signaling pathway in gastric cancer. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1131-1141. [PMID: 34110086 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. Therefore, it is important to search for molecules that play a vital role in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease. Placenta-specific 1 (PLAC1) is one of the cancer-testis antigens; it plays an important role in both placental development and tumorigenesis. However, the role of PLAC1 in gastric cancer has not been fully investigated, and its underlying mechanism needs further study. We first explored the expression and clinical relevance of PLAC1 in gastric cancer and performed gene set enrichment analysis of PLAC1-related genes using online databases. Subsequently, we studied the function and mechanism of PLAC1 in gastric cancer cells through in vitro experiments. Our results showed that PLAC1 is highly expressed in gastric cancer, is associated with poor prognosis, and can promote gastric cancer cell proliferation through the AKT/GSK-3β/cyclin D1 signaling pathway. Moreover, we discovered that AKTi attenuates the effect of PLAC1. Our study further revealed the role and mechanism of PLAC1 in gastric cancer and suggested that this antigen might be a useful molecular marker for gastric cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Liu
- Division of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ke Shi
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mingshi Fu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
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12
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Mahmoudi AR, Ghods R, Madjd Z, Abolhasani M, Saeednejad Zanjani L, Safaei M, Balaei Goli L, Vafaei S, Katouzian L, Soltanghoraei H, Shekarabi M, Zarnani AH. Expression profiling of RTL1 in human breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 121:104654. [PMID: 34087231 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in females. In this regard, the identification of molecular alterations driving BC is an immediate need for developing effective immunotherapeutic tools. Here we investigated the expression of a placenta-specific protein, Retrotransposon-like 1 (RTL1) in a series of BC tissues and cell lines. RTL1-specific polyclonal antibody was generated and characterized. Using tissue microarray immunohistochemistry, expression of RTL1 in a total of 147 BC and 36 non-malignant breast tissues was investigated and the association of patient's clinicopathological parameters with RTL1 expression was then examined. Expression of RTL1 in four BC cells was assessed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting. We observed a mixture pattern of nuclear and cytoplasmic RTL1 expression in most tissues examined, however nuclear expression was found to be dominant pattern of expression. The level of nuclear RTL1 expression was significantly higher in BC tissues (P < 0.001). A statistically significant association between nuclear RTL1 expression and histological grade and vascular invasion was found (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). All cell lines expressed RTL1 with varying degrees at their surface. The most invasive BC cell line MDA-MB-231, compared to T-47D, SKBR3 and MCF7 expressed higher levels of RTL1 at their surface. Cells with a low level of surface expression, expressed high levels of intracellular RTL1 expression. Our antibody reacted with a specific band of about 125 KD in normal human placenta and all cell lines examined. In contrast to placenta, two additional bands were also observed in cancer cell lines. Our results showed for the first time that RTL1 is differentially expressed in BC compared to non-malignant breast tissues and is associated with a higher grade and vascular invasion. In BC cells with high metastatic and invasive potential, this antigen is mostly confined to cell surface compartment indicating the possibility of using antibody-based immunotherapy for advanced metastatic BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad-Reza Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghods
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abolhasani
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Masoomeh Safaei
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Balaei Goli
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Vafaei
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Katouzian
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Soltanghoraei
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shekarabi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Hao Y, Lee HJ, Baraboo M, Burch K, Maurer T, Somarelli JA, Conant GC. Baby Genomics: Tracing the Evolutionary Changes That Gave Rise to Placentation. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:35-47. [PMID: 32053193 PMCID: PMC7144826 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been challenging to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind striking morphological innovations such as mammalian pregnancy. We studied the power of a robust comparative orthology pipeline based on gene synteny to address such problems. We inferred orthology relations between human genes and genes from each of 43 other vertebrate genomes, resulting in ∼18,000 orthologous pairs for each genome comparison. By identifying genes that first appear coincident with origin of the placental mammals, we hypothesized that we would define a subset of the genome enriched for genes that played a role in placental evolution. We thus pinpointed orthologs that appeared before and after the divergence of eutherian mammals from marsupials. Reinforcing previous work, we found instead that much of the genetic toolkit of mammalian pregnancy evolved through the repurposing of preexisting genes to new roles. These genes acquired regulatory controls for their novel roles from a group of regulatory genes, many of which did in fact originate at the appearance of the eutherians. Thus, orthologs appearing at the origin of the eutherians are enriched in functions such as transcriptional regulation by Krüppel-associated box-zinc-finger proteins, innate immune responses, keratinization, and the melanoma-associated antigen protein class. Because the cellular mechanisms of invasive placentae are similar to those of metastatic cancers, we then used our orthology inferences to explore the association between placenta invasion and cancer metastasis. Again echoing previous work, we find that genes that are phylogenetically older are more likely to be implicated in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hao
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University
| | - Hyuk Jin Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia
| | | | | | | | - Jason A Somarelli
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine
| | - Gavin C Conant
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University.,Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia.,Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University.,Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University
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14
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Lin C, Qian P, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Dai K, Sun D. Plac1 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells proliferation, migration and invasion via Furin/NICD/PTEN pathway. Tissue Cell 2021; 69:101480. [PMID: 33418237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Placenta-specific protein 1 (Plac1) has critical functions in multiple human malignancies, but its role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) was unclear. Clinical samples of NPC and adjacent normal tissue were collected. Plac1 expressions in both tissues and cells were measured. After cell transfection, NPC cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion were detected using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay, scratch assay and Transwell assay. Relative expressions of Plac1 and proteins related to migration and invasion (E-Cadherin, N-cadherin, Matrix metalloproteinase2 (MMP2), and MMP9), Furin/Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD)/phosphate and tension homology (PTEN) pathway (NICD, PTEN, phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), Akt) were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot as needed. The interaction between Plac1 and Furin, a member of Furin/NICD/PTEN Pathway, was analyzed using co-Immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay. Plac1 expression was upregulated in both NPC tissue and cells. Overexpressed Plac1 promoted Plac1 and Furin expressions and increased cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of NPC cells, while silencing Plac1 showed the opposite effects. Plac1 interacted with Furin, overexpression of Furin reversed the inhibitory effects of silencing Plac1 on NPC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and also reversed the effects of silencing Plac1 on Furin/NICD/PTEN pathway-, cell migration-, and invasion-related protein expressions. Plac1 promoted NPC cell proliferation, migration and invasion via Furin/NICD/PTEN Pathway. The findings of this study provide a possible therapeutic method for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbao Lin
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Weifang Ruiqing Hospital, Weicheng District, Weifang City, Shandong Province, 261021, China
| | - Pengfei Qian
- Department of Pediatrics, W.F. Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Weicheng District, Weifang City, Shandong Province, 261021, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Z.C. Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhucheng City, Weifang City, Shandong Province, 262200, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Weifang Ruiqing Hospital, Weicheng District, Weifang City, Shandong Province, 261021, China
| | - Kun Dai
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dawei Sun
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Weifang Ruiqing Hospital, Weicheng District, Weifang City, Shandong Province, 261021, China.
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15
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Mahmoudi AR, Ghods R, Rakhshan A, Madjd Z, Bolouri MR, Mahmoudian J, Rahdan S, Shokri MR, Dorafshan S, Shekarabi M, Zarnani AH. Discovery of a potential biomarker for immunotherapy of melanoma: PLAC1 as an emerging target. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:604-613. [PMID: 33106058 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1837865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma has increased in incidence worldwide prompting investigators to search for new biomarkers for targeted immunotherapy of this disease. Placenta specific 1 (PLAC1) is a new member of cancer-testis antigens with widespread expression in many types of cancer. Here, we aimed to study for the first time the expression pattern of PLAC1 in skin cancer samples including cutaneous melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in comparison to normal skin and nevus tissues and potential therapeutic effect of anti-PLAC1 antibody in melanoma cancer cell lines in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were applied for immunohistochemical profiling of PLAC1 expression using tissue microarray. The cytotoxic action of anti-PLAC1 antibody alone or as an antibody drug conjugate (with anti-neoplastic agent SN38) was investigated in melanoma cell lines. RESULTS We observed that 100% (39 of 39) of melanoma tissues highly expressed PLAC1 with both cytoplasmic and surface expression pattern. Investigation of PLAC1 expression in BCC (n = 110) samples showed negative results. Cancer cells in SCC samples (n = 66) showed very weak staining. Normal skin tissues and nevus samples including congenital melanocytic nevus failed to express PLAC1. Anti-PLAC1-SN38 exerted a specific pattern of cytotoxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner in melanoma cells expressing surface PLAC1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings re-inforce the concept of re-expression of embryonic/placental tissue antigens in cancer and highlight the possibility of melanoma targeted therapy by employing anti-PLAC1 antibodies. The data presented here should lead to the future research on targeted immunotherapy of patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad-Reza Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghods
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Rakhshan
- Department of Pathology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Bolouri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Mahmoudian
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Rahdan
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Dorafshan
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shekarabi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Handa S, Hans B, Goel S, Bashorun HO, Dovey Z, Tewari A. Immunotherapy in prostate cancer: current state and future perspectives. Ther Adv Urol 2020; 12:1756287220951404. [PMID: 32952615 PMCID: PMC7476347 DOI: 10.1177/1756287220951404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (PCa) remains an incurable entity. In the era of immunotherapy, the complex PCa microenvironment poses a unique challenge to the successful application of this class of agents. However, in the last decade, a tremendous effort has been made to explore this field of therapeutics. In this review, the physiology of the cancer immunity cycle is highlighted in the context of the prostate tumor microenvironment, and the current evidence for use of various classes of immunotherapy agents including vaccines (dendritic cell based, viral vector based and DNA/mRNA based), immune checkpoint inhibitors, Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, antibody-mediated radioimmunotherapy, antibody drug conjugates, and bispecific antibodies, is consolidated. Finally, the future directions for combinatorial approaches to combat PCa are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Handa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West Hospital, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Bandhul Hans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shokhi Goel
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hafis O Bashorun
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zach Dovey
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashutosh Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Roldán DB, Grimmler M, Hartmann C, Hubich-Rau S, Beißert T, Paret C, Cagna G, Rohde C, Wöll S, Koslowski M, Türeci Ö, Sahin U. PLAC1 is essential for FGF7/FGFRIIIb-induced Akt-mediated cancer cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1862-1875. [PMID: 32499871 PMCID: PMC7244013 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PLAC1 (placenta enriched 1) is a mammalian trophoblast-specific protein. Aberrant expression of PLAC1 is observed in various human cancers, where it is involved in the motility, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, which are associated with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. We previously demonstrated that AKT activation mediates the downstream effects of PLAC1; however, the molecular mechanisms of PLAC1-induced AKT-mediated tumor-related processes are unclear. We studied human choriocarcinoma and breast cancer cell lines to explore the localization and receptor-ligand interactions, as well as the downstream effects of PLAC1. We show secretion and adherence of PLAC1 to the extracellular matrix, where it forms a trimeric complex with fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) and its receptor, FGF receptor 2 IIIb (FGFR2IIIb). We further show that PLAC1 signaling via FGFR2IIIb activates AKT phosphorylation in cancer cell lines. As the FGF pathway is of major interest in anticancer therapeutic strategies, these data further promote PLAC1 as a promising anticancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Barea Roldán
- TRON–Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Matthias Grimmler
- Formerly of TRON–Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Current address: DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Holzheim, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Christoph Hartmann
- Formerly of TRON–Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Current address: Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stefanie Hubich-Rau
- TRON–Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tim Beißert
- TRON–Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Paret
- Formerly of TRON–Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Cagna
- Formerly of Ganymed Pharmaceuticals AG, Mainz, Germany
- Current address: Lonza Pharma & Biotech, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Rohde
- Formerly of Ganymed Pharmaceuticals AG, Mainz, Germany
- Current address: Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Wöll
- Formerly of Ganymed Pharmaceuticals AG, Mainz, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Koslowski
- Formerly of TRON–Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Formerly of Ganymed Pharmaceuticals AG, Mainz, Germany
- Formerly of University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Current address: GammaDelta Therapeutics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Özlem Türeci
- Formerly of TRON–Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Formerly of Ganymed Pharmaceuticals AG, Mainz, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
- Ci3 Cluster for Individualized Immune Intervention, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- TRON–Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Mahmoudian J, Nazari M, Ghods R, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Ostad SN, Ghahremani MH, Vafaei S, Amiri MM, Zarnani AH. Expression of Human Placenta-specific 1 (PLAC1) in CHO-K1 Cells. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2020; 12:24-31. [PMID: 32153735 PMCID: PMC7035464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placenta-specific 1 (PLAC1), as a new Cancer/Testis Antigen (CTA), is frequently expressed in a variety of cancers and localized to cytoplasm and plasma membrane. Surface expression of cancer target antigens is of great importance that enables antibody-mediated cancer immunotherapy. The aim of the current study was to express the intact human PLAC1 protein on plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell as a model for future anti-PLAC1-based cancer immunotherapy. METHODS In the first approach, entire human PLAC1 gene including its own Signal Peptide (SP) was cloned into pIRES2-EGFP and LeGO-iG2 vectors and expressed in CHO-K1 cells. In the second approach, cytosolic and Signal-Anchor (SA) sequence of Transferrin Receptor Protein 1 (TFR1) were fused to extracellular portion of PLAC1 and expressed as above. Expression of PLAC1 was then assessed using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Western Blot (WB), Immunocytochemistry (ICC), Immunofluorescence (IF) and Flow Cytometry (FC). RESULTS The first approach resulted in the expression of PLAC1 in submembranous but not in the surface of transfected CHO-K1 cells. Using the chimeric human PLAC1 construct, the same intracellular expression pattern was observed. CONCLUSION These results indicated that there are some yet unknown PLAC1 localization signals employed by cancer cells for surface expression of PLAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Mahmoudian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran, Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Nazari
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Amir-Hassan Zarnani, Ph.D., Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran, Mahboobeh Nazari, Ph.D., Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 21 22432020, Fax: +98 21 22432021, E-mail: ;, ,
| | - Roya Ghods
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Nasser Ostad
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Vafaei
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, (ACECR), Tehran, Iran, Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran, Immunology Research Center (IRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Amir-Hassan Zarnani, Ph.D., Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran, Mahboobeh Nazari, Ph.D., Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 21 22432020, Fax: +98 21 22432021, E-mail: ;, ,
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19
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Mahmoudian J, Ghods R, Nazari M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Ghahremani MH, Ghaffari-Tabrizi-Wizsy N, Ostad SN, Zarnani AH. PLAC1: biology and potential application in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1039-1058. [PMID: 31165204 PMCID: PMC11028298 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of immunotherapy has revolutionized medical oncology with unprecedented advances in cancer treatment over the past two decades. However, a major obstacle in cancer immunotherapy is identifying appropriate tumor-specific antigens to make targeted therapy achievable with fewer normal cells being impaired. The similarity between placentation and tumor development and growth has inspired many investigators to discover antigens for effective immunotherapy of cancers. Placenta-specific 1 (PLAC1) is one of the recently discovered placental antigens with limited normal tissue expression and fundamental roles in placental function and development. There is a growing body of evidence showing that PLAC1 is frequently activated in a wide variety of cancer types and promotes cancer progression. Based on the restricted expression of PLAC1 in testis, placenta and a wide variety of cancers, we have designated this molecule with new terminology, cancer-testis-placenta (CTP) antigen, a feature that PLAC1 shares with many other cancer testis antigens. Recent reports from our lab provide compelling evidence on the preferential expression of PLAC1 in prostate cancer and its potential utility in prostate cancer immunotherapy. PLAC1 may be regarded as a potential CTP antigen for targeted cancer immunotherapy based on the available data on its promoting function in cancer development and also its expression in cancers of different histological origin. In this review, we will summarize current data on PLAC1 with emphasis on its association with cancer development and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Mahmoudian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghods
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Nazari
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Building, Enghelab St., Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Nasser Ostad
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Building, Enghelab St., Tehran, 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nafisi Building, Enghelab St., Tehran, 1417613151, Iran.
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Zarrintaj P, Mostafapoor F, Milan PB, Saeb MR. Theranostic Platforms Proposed for Cancerous Stem Cells: A Review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:137-145. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x13666181002152247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It is next-to-impossible not to accept that cancer takes a position as the main cause of the global burden of disease, for it is hard to ignore the outnumbered people dying from cancer. Looking at the statistics proves that progress in cancer therapy is always beyond cancer in a race of pessimism about the future; for various kinds of cancers yearly cause death in the world, whereas the conventional and even modern therapies often exhibit lack of reliability in the treatment of cancer. In principle, various reasons are identified for cancer resistance and recurrence. Recognizing the cells/tissue from which cancer takes origin enables its early detection, and optimistically saying, protection of patients against death. It has been recognized that cancer stem cells are responsible for cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Conventional therapies cannot eradicate the cancer stem cell; therefore, cancer recurrence is unavoidable. In this regards, designing smart platforms with specific properties is an essential step in cancer treatment. Theranostic platforms have facilitated the cancer diagnosis and treatment, simultaneously. In this respect, several types of smart materials have been designed to detect and cure cancer. Cancer stem cell as a root of the cancerous tumor should be eradicated to achieve the complete treatment; hence, cancer stem cell mechanism must be known precisely to design an appropriate platform making possible to encounter with cancer stem cell. In this review paper, various therapeutic and diagnostic techniques of cancerous stem cell are discussed to pave a way for designing proper platforms for cancer eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Zarrintaj
- Color and Polymer Research Center (CPRC), Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Mostafapoor
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box: 14965-115, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peiman Brouki Milan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Color and Polymer Research Center (CPRC), Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Nejadmoghaddam MR, Minai-Tehrani A, Ghahremanzadeh R, Mahmoudi M, Dinarvand R, Zarnani AH. Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Possibilities and Challenges. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2019; 11:3-23. [PMID: 30800238 PMCID: PMC6359697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) as efficient targeting agents for tumor cell is still in its infancy for clinical applications. This approach incorporates the antibody specificity and cell killing activity of chemically conjugated cytotoxic agents. Antibody in ADC structure acts as a targeting agent and a nanoscale carrier to deliver a therapeutic dose of cytotoxic cargo into desired tumor cells. Early ADCs encountered major obstacles including, low blood residency time, low penetration capacity to tumor microenvironment, low payload potency, immunogenicity, unusual off-target toxicity, drug resistance, and the lack of stable linkage in blood circulation. Although extensive studies have been conducted to overcome these issues, the ADCs based therapies are still far from having high-efficient clinical outcomes. This review outlines the key characteristics of ADCs including tumor marker, antibody, cytotoxic payload, and linkage strategy with a focus on technical improvement and some future trends in the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Nejadmoghaddam
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Minai-Tehrani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Ghahremanzadeh
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, IUMS, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Bioprocess development of antibody-drug conjugate production for cancer treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206246. [PMID: 30352095 PMCID: PMC6198984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a class of targeted cancer therapies that combine the advantages of monoclonal antibody (mAb)'s specific targeting and chemotherapy's potent cytotoxicity. The therapeutic effect of ADC is significantly affected by its bioproduction process. This study aims to develop an effective ADC production process using anti-HER2 mAb-drug as a model therapeutic. First, a high titer (>2 g/L) of mAb was produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells from fed-batch cell culture. Both live-cell confocal microscopy imaging and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the produced mAb and ADC had strong and specific binding to HER2+ cell line BT474. Second, various conjugation conditions of mAb and drug, including linker selection, ratio of drug and mAb, and conjugation approaches, were investigated to improve the production yield and product quality. Finally, the ADC structure and biological quality were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and anti-breast cancer toxicity study, respectively. The ADC with integral molecular structure and high cytotoxicity (IC50 of 1.95 nM) was produced using the optimized production process. The robust bioproduction process could guide the development of ADC-based biopharmaceuticals.
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Costanzo V, Bardelli A, Siena S, Abrignani S. Exploring the links between cancer and placenta development. Open Biol 2018; 8:180081. [PMID: 29950452 PMCID: PMC6030113 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of metastatic cancer is a multistage process, which often requires decades to complete. Impairments in DNA damage control and DNA repair in cancer cell precursors generate genetically heterogeneous cell populations. However, despite heterogeneity most solid cancers have stereotypical behaviours, including invasiveness and suppression of immune responses that can be unleashed with immunotherapy targeting lymphocyte checkpoints. The mechanisms leading to the acquisition of stereotypical properties remain poorly understood. Reactivation of embryonic development processes in cells with unstable genomes might contribute to tumour expansion and metastasis formation. However, it is unclear whether these events are linked to immune response modulation. Tumours and embryos have non-self-components and need to avoid immune responses in their microenvironment. In mammalian embryos, neo-antigens are of paternal origin, while in tumour cells DNA mismatch repair and replication defects generate them. Inactivation of the maternal immune response towards the embryo, which occurs at the placental-maternal interface, is key to ensuring embryonic development. This regulation is accomplished by the trophoblast, which mimics several malignant cell features, including the ability to invade normal tissues and to avoid host immune responses, often adopting the same cancer immunoediting strategies. A better understanding as to whether and how genotoxic stress promotes cancer development through reactivation of programmes occurring during early stages of mammalian placentation could help to clarify resistance to drugs targeting immune checkpoint and DNA damage responses and to develop new therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Costanzo
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Siena
- Department of Oncology, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
- University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
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