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Al-Kubati AAG, Kandeel M, Hussen J, Hemida MG, Al-Mubarak AIA. Immunoinformatic prediction of the pathogenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes: implications for viral virulence determinants, designing novel diagnostic assays and vaccines development. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1130147. [PMID: 37483297 PMCID: PMC10359904 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1130147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) significantly impacts the bovine industries, both dairy and beef sectors. BVDV can infect various domestic and wild animals, most notably cattle. The dynamic variations among BVDV serotypes due to the continuous genetic diversity, especially in BVDV1 (BVDV1), reduce the effectiveness of the currently available vaccines and reduce the specificity/sensitivity of the diagnostic assays. The development of novel, safe, and effective vaccines against BVDV requires deep knowledge of the antigenicity and virulence of the virus. Previous studies on the antigenicity and the virulence of BVDV serotypes have been mainly focused on one or a few BVDV proteins. While however, little is known about the orchestration of all BVDV in the context of viral virulence and immunogenicity. The main aim of the current study was to do a comparative computational evaluation of the immunogenicity, and virulence for all the encoded proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 and their sub-genotypes. Methods To achieve this goal, 11,737 protein sequences were retrieved from Virus Pathogen Resource. The analysis involved a total of 4,583 sequences after the removal of short sequences and those with unknown collection time. We used the MP3 tool to map the pathogenic proteins across different BVDV strains. The potential protective and the epitope motifs were predicted using the VaxiJen and EMBOSS antigen tools, respectively. Results and discussion The virulence prediction revealed that the NS4B proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 likely have essential roles in BVDV virulence. Similarly, both the capsid (C) and the NS4-A proteins of BVDV1 and the Npro and P7 proteins of BVDV2 are likely important virulent factors. There was a clear trend of increasing predicted virulence with the progression of time in the case of BVDV1 proteins, but that was not the case for the BVDV2 proteins. Most of the proteins of the two BVDV serotypes possess antigens predicted immunogens except Npro, P7, and NS4B. However, the predicted antigenicity of the BVDV1 was significantly higher than that of BVDV2. Meanwhile, the predicted immunogenicity of the immunodominant-E2 protein has been decreasing over time. Based on our predicted antigenicity and pathogenicity studies of the two BVDV serotypes, the sub-genotypes (1a, 1f, 1k, 2a, and 2b) may represent ideal candidates for the development of future vaccines against BVDV infection in cattle. In summary, we identified some common differences between the two BVDV genotypes (BVDV1 and BVDV2) and their sub-genotypes regarding their protein antigenicity and pathogenicity. The data presented here will increase our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of BVDV infection in cattle. It will also pave the way for developing some novel diagnostic assays and novel vaccines against BVDV in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, NY, United States
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Katsura M, Fukushima M, Kameyama KI, Kokuho T, Nakahira Y, Takeuchi K. Novel bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) virus-like particle vaccine candidates presenting the E2 protein using the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system induce a robust neutralizing antibody response in mice. Arch Virol 2023; 168:49. [PMID: 36609880 PMCID: PMC9825097 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen of commercial consequence in cattle. Although many modified live and killed vaccines are commercially available, their drawbacks precipitate the need for new effective vaccines. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a safe and powerful technology used in several human and veterinary vaccines; however, it is difficult to produce large amounts of BVDV VLPs. In this study, we generated red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) VLPs presenting the BVDV E2 protein (domain I to IIIb) of the Nose (BVDV-1) or KZ-91-CP (BVDV-2) strain by exploiting SpyTag/SpyCatcher technology. Mice immunized twice with 30 μg of RGNNV VLPs conjugated with 10 μg of E2 proteins of the Nose or KZ-91-CP strain with a 14-day interval elicited high (1:512,000 to 1:1,024,000) and moderate (1:25,600 to 1:102,400) IgG titers against E2 proteins of homologous and heterologous strains, respectively. In addition, this prime-boost regimen induced strong (1:800 to 1:3,200) and weak (~1:10) neutralization titers against homologous and heterologous BVDV strains, respectively. Our results indicate that conjugation of the E2 protein to RGNNV VLPs strongly enhances the antigenicity of the E2 protein and that RGNNV VLPs presenting the E2 protein are promising BVDV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Katsura
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575 Japan
| | - Masaki Fukushima
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575 Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Kameyama
- grid.416882.10000 0004 0530 9488Exotic Disease Research Group, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 6-20-1 Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022 Japan
| | - Takehiko Kokuho
- grid.416882.10000 0004 0530 9488Exotic Disease Research Group, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 6-20-1 Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022 Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakahira
- grid.410773.60000 0000 9949 0476College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332 Japan
| | - Kaoru Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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Immunization with recombinant E rns-LTB fusion protein elicits protective immune responses against bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109084. [PMID: 34153721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a major infectious pathogen and is associated with major economic losses and significant impact on animal welfare worldwide. Here, recombinant Erns-LTB protein vaccine containing MF59 adjuvant was prepared and assessed using a mouse model. The recombinant plasmid (pET32a-Erns-LTB) was constructed and transformed into BL21 (DE3) cells to produce Erns-LTB protein. The Erns-LTB protein was formulated with MF59 adjuvant, when delivered intraperitoneally in mice, exhibited higher immunogenic and induced superior levels of anti-BVDV IgG compared with the MF59 adjuvanted Erns protein. Importantly, after challenged with different BVDV BJ175170 and BJ1305 isolate strains, mice inoculated with Erns-LTB protein displayed alleviated pathological damage and decreased plasma virus shedding compared with mice inoculated with Erns protein. The enhanced protection from Erns-LTB protein is mediated by T cell immunity and primarily based on CD4+ T helper (Th) and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), these results suggest that Erns-LTB protein has potential to protect against a broad range of BVDV strains thereby providing a novel direction for developing broadly protective vaccines.
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Sangewar N, Waghela SD, Yao J, Sang H, Bray J, Mwangi W. Novel Potent IFN-γ-Inducing CD8 + T Cell Epitopes Conserved among Diverse Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Strains. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1709-1718. [PMID: 33762324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies of immune responses elicited by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccines have primarily focused on the characterization of neutralizing B cell and CD4+ T cell epitopes. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines for decades, BVDV prevalence in cattle has remained largely unaffected. There is limited knowledge regarding the role of BVDV-specific CD8+ T cells in immune protection, and indirect evidence suggests that they play a crucial role during BVDV infection. In this study, the presence of BVDV-specific CD8+ T cells that are highly cross-reactive in cattle was demonstrated. Most importantly, novel potent IFN-γ-inducing CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified from different regions of BVDV polyprotein. Eight CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified from the following structural BVDV Ags: Erns, E1, and E2 glycoproteins. In addition, from nonstructural BVDV Ags Npro, NS2-3, NS4A-B, and NS5A-B, 20 CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified. The majority of these IFN-γ-inducing CD8+ T cell epitopes were found to be highly conserved among more than 200 strains from BVDV-1 and -2 genotypes. These conserved epitopes were also validated as cross-reactive because they induced high recall IFN-γ+CD8+ T cell responses ex vivo in purified bovine CD8+ T cells isolated from BVDV-1- and -2-immunized cattle. Altogether, 28 bovine MHC class I-binding epitopes were identified from key BVDV Ags that can elicit broadly reactive CD8+ T cells against diverse BVDV strains. The data presented in this study will lay the groundwork for the development of a contemporary CD8+ T cell-based BVDV vaccine capable of addressing BVDV heterogeneity more effectively than current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sangewar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506; and
| | - Suryakant D Waghela
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Jianxiu Yao
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506; and
| | - Huldah Sang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506; and
| | - Jocelyn Bray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506; and
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Chung JY, Thone MN, Kwon YJ. COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:1-25. [PMID: 33359141 PMCID: PMC7759095 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence and long incubation periods often without symptoms, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals globally, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even with the recent approval of the anti-viral drug, remdesivir, and Emergency Use Authorization of monoclonal antibodies against S protein, bamlanivimab and casirimab/imdevimab, efficient and safe COVID-19 vaccines are still desperately demanded not only to prevent its spread but also to restore social and economic activities via generating mass immunization. Recent Emergency Use Authorization of Pfizer and BioNTech’s mRNA vaccine may provide a pathway forward, but monitoring of long-term immunity is still required, and diverse candidates are still under development. As the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and interactions with the immune system continues to evolve, a variety of drug candidates are under investigation and in clinical trials. Potential vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 include repurposed drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral and antigenic proteins, peptides, and genetically engineered viruses. This paper reviews the virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, alternative therapies for COVID-19 to vaccination, principles and design considerations in COVID-19 vaccine development, and the promises and roles of vaccine carriers in addressing the unique immunopathological challenges presented by the disease.
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Abstract
The development of vaccines is one of the greatest medical interventions in the history of global infectious diseases and has contributed to the annual saving of at least 2 to 3 million lives worldwide. However, many diseases are not preventable through currently available vaccines, and the potential of modulating the immune response during vaccination has not been fully exploited. The first golden age of vaccines was based on the germ theory and the use of live, attenuated, inactivated pathogens or toxins. New strategies and formulations (e.g., adjuvants) with an immunomodulatory capacity to enhance the protective qualities and duration of vaccines have been incompletely exploited. These strategies can prevent disease and improve protection against infectious diseases, modulate the course of some noncommunicable diseases, and increase the immune responses of patients at a high risk of infection, such as the elderly or immunocompromised patients. In this minireview, we focus on how metabolic and epigenetic modulators can amplify and enhance the function of immunity in a given vaccine. We propose the term “amplifier” for such additives, and we pose that future vaccines will have three components: antigen, adjuvant, and amplifier.
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Maina TW, Grego EA, Boggiatto PM, Sacco RE, Narasimhan B, McGill JL. Applications of Nanovaccines for Disease Prevention in Cattle. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:608050. [PMID: 33363134 PMCID: PMC7759628 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.608050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most important tools available to prevent and reduce the incidence of infectious diseases in cattle. Despite their availability and widespread use to combat many important pathogens impacting cattle, several of these products demonstrate variable efficacy and safety in the field, require multiple doses, or are unstable under field conditions. Recently, nanoparticle-based vaccine platforms (nanovaccines) have emerged as promising alternatives to more traditional vaccine platforms. In particular, polymer-based nanovaccines provide sustained release of antigen payloads, stabilize such payloads, and induce enhanced antibod- and cell-mediated immune responses, both systemically and locally. To improve vaccine administrative strategies and efficacy, they can be formulated to contain multiple antigenic payloads and have the ability to protect fragile proteins from degradation. Nanovaccines are also stable at room temperature, minimizing the need for cold chain storage. Nanoparticle platforms can be synthesized for targeted delivery through intranasal, aerosol, or oral administration to induce desired mucosal immunity. In recent years, several nanovaccine platforms have emerged, based on biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, liposomes, and virus-like particles. While most nanovaccine candidates have not yet advanced beyond testing in rodent models, a growing number have shown promise for use against cattle infectious diseases. This review will highlight recent advancements in polymeric nanovaccine development and the mechanisms by which nanovaccines may interact with the bovine immune system. We will also discuss the positive implications of nanovaccines use for combating several important viral and bacterial disease syndromes and consider important future directions for nanovaccine development in beef and dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia W. Maina
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Grego
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paola M. Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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8
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Sangewar N, Hassan W, Lokhandwala S, Bray J, Reith R, Markland M, Sang H, Yao J, Fritz B, Waghela SD, Abdelsalam KW, Chase CCL, Mwangi W. Mosaic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Antigens Elicit Cross-Protective Immunity in Calves. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589537. [PMID: 33281819 PMCID: PMC7690067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen that plays a significant role in initiating Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) in cattle. The disease causes multi-billion dollar losses globally due to high calf mortality and increased morbidity leading to heavy use of antibiotics. Current commercial vaccines provide limited cross-protection with several drawbacks such as safety, immunosuppression, potential reversion to virulence, and induction of neonatal pancytopenia. This study evaluates two prototype vaccines containing multiple rationally designed recombinant mosaic BVDV antigens for their potential to confer cross-protection against diverse BVDV strains. Genes encoding three novel mosaic antigens, designated E2123, NS2-31, and NS2-32, were designed in silico and expressed in mammalian cells for the formulation of a prototype protein-based vaccine. The mosaic antigens contain highly conserved protective epitopes from BVDV-1a, -1b, and -2, and included unique neutralizing epitopes from disparate strains to broaden coverage. We tested immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Expi293TM-expressed mosaic antigens (293F-E2123, 293F-NS2-31, and 293F-NS2-32), and baculovirus-expressed E2123 (Bac-E2123) mosaic antigen in calves. The Expi293TM-expressed antigen cocktail induced robust BVDV-specific cross-reactive IFN-γ responses, broadly neutralizing antibodies, and following challenge with a BVDV-1b strain, the calves had significantly (p < 0.05) reduced viremia and clinical BVD disease compared to the calves vaccinated with a commercial killed vaccine. The Bac-E2123 antigen was not as effective as the Expi293TM-expressed antigen cocktail, but it protected calves from BVD disease better than the commercial killed vaccine. The findings support feasibility for development of a broadly protective subunit BVDV vaccine for safe and effective management of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sangewar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Wisam Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Shehnaz Lokhandwala
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jocelyn Bray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Rachel Reith
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Mary Markland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Huldah Sang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jianxiu Yao
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Bailey Fritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Suryakant D Waghela
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Karim W Abdelsalam
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Christopher C L Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Riitho V, Strong R, Larska M, Graham SP, Steinbach F. Bovine Pestivirus Heterogeneity and Its Potential Impact on Vaccination and Diagnosis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101134. [PMID: 33036281 PMCID: PMC7601184 DOI: 10.3390/v12101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Pestiviruses A and B, formerly known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses. Bovine viral diarrhoea control programmes are in effect in several high-income countries but less so in low- and middle-income countries where bovine pestiviruses are not considered in disease control programmes. However, bovine pestiviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse, which affects the efficiency of the control programmes. The emergence of atypical ruminant pestiviruses (Pestivirus H or BVDV-3) from various parts of the world and the detection of Pestivirus D (border disease virus) in cattle highlights the challenge that pestiviruses continue to pose to control measures including the development of vaccines with improved cross-protective potential and enhanced diagnostics. This review examines the effect of bovine pestivirus diversity and emergence of atypical pestiviruses in disease control by vaccination and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Riitho
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Rebecca Strong
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Magdalena Larska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Simon P. Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (V.R.); (R.S.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence:
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Kwak JS, Kim KH. Enhancing immunogenicity of a reporter protein by fusion to glycoprotein and nucleoprotein of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) particles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:35-40. [PMID: 32619626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of reverse genetic technology to generate recombinant VHSVs (rVHSVs) has contributed to the uncovering of functional roles of viral genes and to the development of attenuated prophylactic vaccines. In this study, to assess the possible use of rVHSVs as a tool of combined vaccines, we newly rescued rVHSVs that harbor viral envelop-studded eGFP (rVHSV-A-SGT) or nucleoprotein-fused eGFP (rVHSV-A-NLG), and the ability of these rVHSVs to induce adaptive humoral immunity in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was compared with that of rVHSV-A-eGFP that expresses eGFP as a soluble form in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The results showed that antibodies against eGFP were efficiently induced by the immunization of olive flounder with rVHSV-A-SGT and rVHSV-A-NLG, while rVHSV-A-eGFP was poor in the ability to induce antibody response against eGFP. These results suggest that the display of heterologous antigens on VHSV envelop is a good way to develop efficient combined vaccines and the fusion of foreign antigen with N protein can also be a way to enhance immunogenicity of a foreign antigen. The present recombinant VHSVs - rVHSV-A-SGT and rVHSV-A-NLG - not only express foreign antigens in host cell cytoplasm but also display antigens in or on the virus particles. Further researches on the availability of recombinant VHSVs as combined vaccines against multiple fish pathogens are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Soung Kwak
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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Simón-Vázquez R, Peleteiro M, González-Fernández Á. Polymeric nanostructure vaccines: applications and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1007-1023. [PMID: 32476491 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1776259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of biocompatible polymers, from natural or synthetic sources, opened the door for a new era in vaccine research. These polymers offer the possibility to develop nanostructured antigen carriers that can be easily internalized by antigen-presenting cells, due to their nanometric size. Besides, the incorporation of an adjuvant allows increasing and modulating the immune response for both, polymers with or without self-adjuvant properties. AREAS COVERED The historical background and the state-of-the-art in the use of polymers as antigen carriers are addressed in the first part of this review. Then, an overview of the immunology of vaccination is provided. Finally, the main advances in the field, based on the prototypes that are licensed or undergoing clinical trials, but also the challenges that limit the translation of many polymer-based nanostructure vaccines with promising preclinical results, are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Polymeric nanostructured vaccines have a great potential in modern vaccinology. However, the translation into the market is hampered due to several limitations. Studies on correlates of protection to provide suitable biomarkers, new and better methods of synthesis to produce more reproducible nanovaccines, a deeper knowledge in the immune system and in the physiopathology of the infectious diseases will surely improve and boost the field in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Simón-Vázquez
- Immunology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas Marcosende , Vigo, Spain.,Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada Clara Campoamor , Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mercedes Peleteiro
- Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada Clara Campoamor , Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Flow Cytometry Core Facility, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Immunology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas Marcosende , Vigo, Spain.,Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Estrada Clara Campoamor , Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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12
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Wu J, Ma G. Biomimic strategies for modulating the interaction between particle adjuvants and antigen-presenting cells. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:2366-2375. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm02098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The design strategies of particle adjuvants by mimicking natural pathogens to strengthen their interaction with antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P.R. China
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13
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Wetzel D, Barbian A, Jenzelewski V, Schembecker G, Merz J, Piontek M. Bioprocess optimization for purification of chimeric VLP displaying BVDV E2 antigens produced in yeast Hansenula polymorpha. J Biotechnol 2019; 306:203-212. [PMID: 31634510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric virus-like particles (VLP) are known as promising tools in the development of safe and effective subunit vaccines. Recently, a technology platform to produce VLP based on the small surface protein (dS) of the duck hepatitis B virus was established. In this study, chimeric VLP were investigated displaying the 195 N-terminal amino acids derived from the glycoprotein E2 of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) on their surface. Isolation of the VLP from methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha was allowed upon co-expression of wild-type dS and a fusion protein composed of the BVDV-derived antigen N-terminally fused to the dS. It was shown the VLP could be purified by a process adapted from the production of a recombinant hepatitis B VLP vaccine. However, the process essentially depended on costly ultracentrifugation which is critical for low cost production. In novel process variants, this step was avoided after modification of the initial batch capture step, the introduction of a precipitation step and adjusting the ion exchange chromatography. The product yield could be improved by almost factor 8 to 93 ± 12 mg VLP protein per 100 g dry cell weight while keeping similar product purity and antigenicity. This allows scalable and cost efficient VLP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wetzel
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Strasse 9, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany; Technical University of Dortmund, Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Andreas Barbian
- Duesseldorf University Hospital, Institute for anatomy I, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Jenzelewski
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Strasse 9, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schembecker
- Technical University of Dortmund, Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juliane Merz
- Evonik Technology & Infrastructure GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau, Germany
| | - Michael Piontek
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Strasse 9, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany
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14
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Vijayan V, Mohapatra A, Uthaman S, Park IK. Recent Advances in Nanovaccines Using Biomimetic Immunomodulatory Materials. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E534. [PMID: 31615112 PMCID: PMC6835828 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines plays a vital role in the effective control of several fatal diseases. However, effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines have yet to be developed for completely curing deadly diseases, such as cancer, malaria, HIV, and serious microbial infections. Thus, suitable vaccine candidates need to be designed to elicit appropriate immune responses. Nanotechnology has been found to play a unique role in the design of vaccines, providing them with enhanced specificity and potency. Nano-scaled materials, such as virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), and protein NPs, have received considerable attention over the past decade as potential carriers for the delivery of vaccine antigens and adjuvants, due to their beneficial advantages, like improved antigen stability, targeted delivery, and long-time release, for which antigens/adjuvants are either encapsulated within, or decorated on, the NP surface. Flexibility in the design of nanomedicine allows for the programming of immune responses, thereby addressing the many challenges encountered in vaccine development. Biomimetic NPs have emerged as innovative natural mimicking biosystems that can be used for a wide range of biomedical applications. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in biomimetic nanovaccines, and their use in anti-bacterial therapy, anti-HIV therapy, anti-malarial therapy, anti-melittin therapy, and anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Vijayan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea.
| | - Adityanarayan Mohapatra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea.
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea.
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15
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Park MH, You JW, Kim HJ, Kim HJ. IgG and IgM responses to human papillomavirus L1 virus-like particle as a function of dosing schedule and vaccine formulation. J Microbiol 2019; 57:821-827. [PMID: 31452045 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-9308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Most commercialized virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines use aluminum salt as adjuvant, even though VLPs provoke adequate antibody responses without adjuvant. We do not have detailed knowledge of how adjuvant affects the profile of anti-VLP antibodies. Meanwhile, there is evidence that differences between vaccination protocols influence the glycosylation of antibodies, which may alter their effector functions. In the present study a murine model was used to investigate the effects of dosing schedule and adjuvant on the antibody profiles and glycosylation levels of antigen-specific antibody responses to human papillomavirus type 16 L1 (HPV16 L1) VLPs. Mice received subcutaneously 2,000 ng of antigen divided into 4 or 7 doses. The HPV16 L1 VLPs elicited > 4 log10 anti-HPV16 L1 IgG titers without adjuvant, and aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant increased IgG titers 1.3- to 4-fold and reduced the anti-HPV16 L1 IgG2a / anti-HPV16 L1 IgG1 ratio value (use of aluminum hydroxide reduced the ratio of the IgG2a). Immunization with HPV16 L1 VLPs in combination with Freund's adjuvant enhanced IgG titers 5- to 12-fold. Seven-dose immunization markedly increased anti-HPV16 L1 IgM titers compared to four-dose immunization, as well as increasing the proportion of glycosylated antibodies. Our results suggest that antibody glycosylation can be controlled immunologically, and IgG and IgM profiles and glycosylation profiles of the vaccine-induced antibodies can be used as indicators reflecting the vaccine characteristics. These results indicate that the HPV16 L1 VLP dosing schedule can affect the quality of antigen-specific antibody responses. We suggest that dosing schedules should be noted in vaccination protocols for VLP-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hye Park
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won You
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Grumezescu V, Gherasim O, Negut I, Banita S, Holban AM, Florian P, Icriverzi M, Socol G. Nanomagnetite-embedded PLGA Spheres for Multipurpose Medical Applications. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12162521. [PMID: 31398805 PMCID: PMC6719237 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and evaluation of biopolymeric spheres of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) containing different amounts of magnetite nanoparticles and Ibuprofen (PLGA-Fe3O4-IBUP), but also chitosan (PLGA-CS-Fe3O4-IBUP), to be considered as drug delivery systems. Besides morphological, structural, and compositional characterizations, the PLGA-Fe3O4-IBUP composite microspheres were subjected to drug release studies, performed both under biomimetically-simulated dynamic conditions and under external radiofrequency magnetic fields. The experimental data resulted by performing the drug release studies evidenced that PLGA-Fe3O4-IBUP microspheres with the lowest contents of Fe3O4 nanoparticles are optimal candidates for triggered drug release under external stimulation related to hyperthermia effect. The as-selected microspheres and their chitosan-containing counterparts were biologically assessed on macrophage cultures, being evaluated as biocompatible and bioactive materials that are able to promote cellular adhesion and proliferation. The composite biopolymeric spheres resulted in inhibited microbial growth and biofilm formation, as assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans microbial strains. Significantly improved antimicrobial effects were reported in the case of chitosan-containing biomaterials, regardless of the microorganisms' type. The nanostructured composite biopolymeric spheres evidenced proper characteristics as prolonged and controlled drug release platforms for multipurpose biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Grumezescu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma, and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Oana Gherasim
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma, and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Negut
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma, and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Stefan Banita
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma, and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 77206 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paula Florian
- Ligand-Receptor Interactions Department, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Icriverzi
- Ligand-Receptor Interactions Department, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Socol
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma, and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania.
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17
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Graham SP, El-Sharif HF, Hussain S, Fruengel R, McLean RK, Hawes PC, Sullivan MV, Reddy SM. Evaluation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Synthetic Virus Neutralizing Antibody Mimics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:115. [PMID: 31179277 PMCID: PMC6542949 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development of antibody-based therapeutics are crucial to the agenda of innovative manufacturing of macromolecular therapies to combat emergent diseases. Although highly specific, antibody therapies are costly to produce. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) constitute a rapidly-evolving class of antigen-recognition materials that act as synthetic antibodies. We report here on the virus neutralizing capacity of hydrogel-based MIPs. We produced MIPs using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV-1), as a model mammalian virus. Assays were performed to evaluate the specificity of virus neutralization, the effect of incubation time and MIP concentration. Polyacrylamide and N-hydroxymethylacrylamide based MIPs produced a highly significant reduction in infectious viral titer recovered after treatment, reducing it to the limit of detection of the assay. MIP specificity was tested by comparing their neutralizing effects on PRRSV-1 to the effects on the unrelated bovine viral diarrhea virus-1; no significant cross-reactivity was observed. The MIPs demonstrated effective virus neutralization in just 2.5 min and their effect was concentration dependent. These data support the further evaluation of MIPs as synthetic antibodies as a novel approach to the treatment of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Graham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Hazim F. El-Sharif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Sabha Hussain
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Rieke Fruengel
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark V. Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Subrayal M. Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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18
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Harmatys KM, Chen J, Charron DM, MacLaughlin CM, Zheng G. Multipronged Biomimetic Approach To Create Optically Tunable Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara M. Harmatys
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Danielle M. Charron
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Christina M. MacLaughlin
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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19
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Harmatys KM, Chen J, Charron DM, MacLaughlin CM, Zheng G. Multipronged Biomimetic Approach To Create Optically Tunable Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8125-8129. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara M. Harmatys
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Danielle M. Charron
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Christina M. MacLaughlin
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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20
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Riitho V, Larska M, Strong R, La Rocca SA, Locker N, Alenius S, Steinbach F, Liu L, Uttenthal Å, Graham SP. Comparative analysis of adaptive immune responses following experimental infections of cattle with bovine viral diarrhoea virus-1 and an Asiatic atypical ruminant pestivirus. Vaccine 2018; 36:4494-4500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Frey S, Castro A, Arsiwala A, Kane RS. Bionanotechnology for vaccine design. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 52:80-88. [PMID: 29597075 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the design of nanostructured scaffolds for eliciting robust immune responses. One method to produce strong immune responses is to emulate the appearance of a pathogen. Since pathogens such as viruses and bacteria often display multiple copies of ligands on their surfaces, the immune system is particularly sensitive towards multivalent displays of antigens. Consequently, when designing a vaccine, it is advantageous to decorate a nanostructured surface with multiple copies of an antigen. This review highlights the design and efficacy of a diverse set of recently developed nanostructured vaccine scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Frey
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ana Castro
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ammar Arsiwala
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ravi S Kane
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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22
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Snapper CM. Distinct Immunologic Properties of Soluble Versus Particulate Antigens. Front Immunol 2018; 9:598. [PMID: 29619034 PMCID: PMC5871672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigens in particulate form have distinct immunologic properties relative to soluble antigens. An understanding of the mechanisms and functional consequences of the distinct immunologic pathways engaged by these different forms of antigen is particularly relevant to the design of vaccines. It is also relevant regarding the use of therapeutic human proteins in clinical medicine that have been shown to aggregate, and perhaps as a result, elicit autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford M Snapper
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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