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Cao V, Sukanadi IP, Loeanurit N, Suroengrit A, Paunrat W, Vibulakhaopan V, Hengphasatporn K, Shigeta Y, Chavasiri W, Boonyasuppayakorn S. A sulfonamide chalcone inhibited dengue virus with a potential target at the SAM-binding site of viral methyltransferase. Antiviral Res 2023; 220:105753. [PMID: 37967754 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Dengue infection is a global health problem as climate change facilitates the spread of mosquito vectors. Infected patients could progress to severe plasma leakage and hemorrhagic shock, where current standard treatment remains supportive. Previous reports suggested that several flavonoid derivatives inhibited mosquito-borne flaviviruses. This work aimed to explore sulfonamide chalcone derivatives as dengue inhibitors and to identify molecular targets. We initially screened 27 sulfonamide chalcones using cell-based antiviral and cytotoxic screenings. Two potential compounds, SC22 and SC27, were identified with DENV1-4 EC50s in the range of 0.71-0.94 and 3.15-4.46 μM, and CC50s at 14.63 and 31.02 μM, respectively. The compounds did not show any elevation in ALT or Cr in C57BL/6 mice on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th days after being administered intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg SC22 or SC27 in a single dose. Moreover, the SAM-binding site of NS5 methyltransferase was a potential target of SC27 identified by computational and enzyme-based assays. The main target of SC22 was in a late stage of viral replication, but the exact target molecule had yet to be identified. In summary, a sulfonamide chalcone, SC27, was a potential DENV inhibitor that targeted viral methyltransferase. Further investigation should be the study of the structure-activity relationship of SC27 derivatives for higher potency and lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Cao
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Interdisciplinary Program in Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; DaNang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, DaNang, 50200, Viet Nam
| | - I Putu Sukanadi
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Naphat Loeanurit
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Aphinya Suroengrit
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wattamon Paunrat
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Vipanee Vibulakhaopan
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Interdisciplinary Program in Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Interdisciplinary Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University (Chula-VRC), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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2
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Cao V, Loeanurit N, Hengphasatporn K, Hairani R, Wacharachaisurapol N, Prompila N, Wittayalertpanya S, Shigeta Y, Khotavivattana T, Chavasiri W, Boonyasuppayakorn S. The 8-bromobaicalein alleviated chikungunya-induced musculoskeletal inflammation and reduced the viral load in healthy adult mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2270074. [PMID: 37842770 PMCID: PMC10653753 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2270074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is a re-emerging arbovirus that has caused epidemic outbreaks in recent decades. Patients in older age groups with high viral load and severe immunologic response during acute infection are likely to develop chronic arthritis and severe joint pain. Currently, no antiviral drug is available. Previous studies suggested that a flavone derivative, 8-bromobaicalein, was a potential dengue and Zika replication inhibitor in a cell-based system targeting flaviviral polymerase. Here we characterized that 8-bromobaicalein inhibited chikungunya virus replication with EC50 of 0.49 ± 0.11 µM in Vero cells. The molecular target predicted at viral nsP1 methyltransferase using molecular binding and fragment molecular orbital calculation. Additionally, oral administration of 250 mg/kg twice daily treatment alleviated chikungunya-induced musculoskeletal inflammation and reduced viral load in healthy adult mice. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that the 250 mg/kg administration maintained the compound level above EC99.9 for 12 h. Therefore, 8-bromobaicalein should be a potential candidate for further development as a pan-arboviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Cao
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- DaNang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, DaNang, Vietnam
| | - Naphat Loeanurit
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Rita Hairani
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Noppadol Wacharachaisurapol
- Clinical Pharmakokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nantaporn Prompila
- Chula Pharmacokinetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supeecha Wittayalertpanya
- Clinical Pharmakokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Chula Pharmacokinetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tanatorn Khotavivattana
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University (Chula-VRC), Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Acchioni C, Acchioni M, Mancini F, Amendola A, Marsili G, Tirelli V, Gwee CP, Chan KWK, Sandini S, Bisbocci M, Mysara M, ElHefnawi M, Sanchez M, Venturi G, Barreca ML, Manfroni G, Bresciani A, Vasudevan SG, Sgarbanti M. A cellular screening platform, stably expressing DENV2 NS5, defines a novel anti-DENV mechanism of action of Apigenin based on STAT2 activation. Virology 2023; 583:1-13. [PMID: 37060797 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) evasion by Dengue virus (DENV) is key in DENV pathogenesis. The non-structural protein 5 (NS5) antagonizes IFN-I response through the degradation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2). We developed a K562 cell-based platform, for high throughput screening of compounds potentially counteracting the NS5-mediated antagonism of IFN-I signaling. Upon a screening with a library of 1220 approved drugs, 3 compounds previously linked to DENV inhibition (Apigenin, Chrysin, and Luteolin) were identified. Luteolin and Apigenin determined a significant inhibition of DENV2 replication in Huh7 cells and the restoration of STAT2 phosphorylation in both cell systems. Apigenin and Luteolin were able to stimulate STAT2 even in the absence of infection. Despite the "promiscuous" and "pan-assay-interfering" nature of Luteolin, Apigenin promotes STAT2 Tyr 689 phosphorylation and activation, highlighting the importance of screening for compounds able to interact with host factors, to counteract viral proteins capable of dampening innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marta Acchioni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Flavia Mancini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Tirelli
- Core Facility Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chin Piaw Gwee
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8-College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Kitti Wing-Ki Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8-College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Silvia Sandini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Bisbocci
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Mohamed Mysara
- Bioinformatics Group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud ElHefnawi
- Biomedical Informatics and Chemoinformatics Group, Informatics and Systems Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Core Facility Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulietta Venturi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Via Del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Via Del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alberto Bresciani
- Department of Translational and Discovery Research, IRBM S.p.A., Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8-College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Boonyasuppayakorn S, Saelee T, Huynh TNT, Hairani R, Hengphasatporn K, Loeanurit N, Cao V, Vibulakhaophan V, Siripitakpong P, Kaur P, Chu JJH, Tunghirun C, Choksupmanee O, Chimnaronk S, Shigeta Y, Rungrotmongkol T, Chavasiri W. The 8-bromobaicalein inhibited the replication of dengue, and Zika viruses and targeted the dengue polymerase. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4891. [PMID: 36966240 PMCID: PMC10039358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue and Zika viruses are mosquito-borne flaviviruses burdening millions every year with hemorrhagic fever and neurological symptoms. Baicalein was previously reported as a potential anti-flaviviral candidate and halogenation of flavones and flavanones potentiated their antiviral efficacies. Here, we reported that a chemically modified 8-bromobaicalein effectively inhibited all dengue serotypes and Zika viruses at 0.66-0.88 micromolar in cell-based system. The compound bound to dengue serotype 2 conserved pocket and inhibited the dengue RdRp activity with 6.93 fold more than the original baicalein. Moreover, the compound was mildly toxic against infant and adult C57BL/6 mice despite administering continuously for 7 days. Therefore, the 8-bromobaicalein should be investigated further in pharmacokinetics and efficacy in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thanaphon Saelee
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thao Nguyen Thanh Huynh
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rita Hairani
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Naphat Loeanurit
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Graduate School, Interdisciplinary Program in Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Van Cao
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Graduate School, Interdisciplinary Program in Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Vipanee Vibulakhaophan
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panattida Siripitakpong
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parveen Kaur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Medicine BSL3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chairat Tunghirun
- The Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Opas Choksupmanee
- The Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sarin Chimnaronk
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Lichen-Derived Diffractaic Acid Inhibited Dengue Virus Replication in a Cell-Based System. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030974. [PMID: 36770642 PMCID: PMC9918999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes 21,000 deaths annually. Depsides and depsidones of lichens have previously been reported to be antimicrobials. In this study, our objective was to identify lichen-derived depsides and depsidones as dengue virus inhibitors. The 18 depsides and depsidones of Usnea baileyi, Usnea aciculifera, Parmotrema dilatatum, and Parmotrema tsavoense were tested against dengue virus serotype 2. Two depsides and one depsidone inhibited dengue virus serotype 2 without any apparent cytotoxicity. Diffractaic acid, barbatic acid, and Parmosidone C were three active compounds further characterized for their efficacies (EC50), cytotoxicities (CC50), and selectivity index (SI; CC50/EC50). Their EC50 (SI) values were 2.43 ± 0.19 (20.59), 0.91 ± 0.15 (13.33), and 17.42 ± 3.21 (8.95) μM, respectively. Diffractaic acid showed the highest selectivity index, and similar efficacies were also found in dengue serotypes 1-4, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Cell-based studies revealed that the target was mainly in the late stage with replication and the formation of infectious particles. This report highlights that a lichen-derived diffractaic acid could become a mosquito-borne antiviral lead as its selectivity indices ranged from 8.07 to 20.59 with a proposed target at viral replication.
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Design, synthesis, in vitro, in silico, and SAR studies of flavone analogs towards anti-dengue activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21646. [PMID: 36517573 PMCID: PMC9751290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavone has recently been proved as a promising scaffold for the development of a novel drug against dengue fever, one of the major health threats globally. However, the structure-activity relationship study of flavones on the anti-dengue activity remains mostly limited to the natural-occuring analogs. Herein, 27 flavone analogs were successfully synthesized, of which 5 analogs (5e, 5h, 5o, 5q, and 5r) were novel. In total, 33 analogs bearing a diverse range of substituents were evaluated for their efficacy against DENV2-infected LLC/MK2 cells. The introduction of electron-withdrawing groups on ring B such as Br (5m) or NO2 (5n and 5q) enhanced the activity significantly. In particular, the tri-ester 5d and di-ester 5e exhibited low toxicity against normal cell, and exceptional DENV2 inhibition with the EC50 as low as 70 and 68 nM, respectively, which is over 300-fold more active compared to the original baicalein reference. The viral targets for these potent flavone analogs were predicted to be NS5 MTase and NS5 RdRp, as suggested by the likelihood ratios from the molecular docking study. The great binding interaction energy of 8-bromobaicalein (5f) confirms the anti-dengue activity at atomistic level. The physicochemical property of all the synthetic flavone analogs in this study were predicted to be within the acceptable range. Moreover, the QSAR model showed the strong correlation between the anti-dengue activity and the selected molecular descriptors. This study emphasizes the great potential of flavone as a core structure for further development as a novel anti-dengue agent in the future.
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Dharmapalan BT, Biswas R, Sankaran S, Venkidasamy B, Thiruvengadam M, George G, Rebezov M, Zengin G, Gallo M, Montesano D, Naviglio D, Shariati MA. Inhibitory Potential of Chromene Derivatives on Structural and Non-Structural Proteins of Dengue Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122656. [PMID: 36560664 PMCID: PMC9787897 DOI: 10.3390/v14122656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has become a serious health issue across the globe. It is caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family, and it comprises five different serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-5). As there is no specific medicine or effective vaccine for controlling dengue fever, there is an urgent need to develop potential inhibitors against it. Traditionally, various natural products have been used to manage dengue fever and its co-morbid conditions. A detailed analysis of these plants revealed the presence of various chromene derivatives as the major phytochemicals. Inspired by these observations, authors have critically analyzed the anti-dengue virus potential of various 4H chromene derivatives. Further, in silico, in vitro, and in vivo reports of these scaffolds against the dengue virus are detailed in the present manuscript. These analogues exerted their activity by interfering with various stages of viral entry, assembly, and replications. Moreover, these analogues mainly target envelope protein, NS2B-NS3 protease, and NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, etc. Overall, chromene-containing analogues exerted a potent activity against the dengue virus and the present review will be helpful for the further exploration of these scaffolds for the development of novel antiviral drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babitha Thekkiniyedath Dharmapalan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Sathianarayanan Sankaran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Karpagam University, Pollachi Main Road, Eachanari Post, Coimbatore 641021, India
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ginson George
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- Department of Scientific Research, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), 73 Zemlyanoy Val, 109004 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Scientific Research, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Ural State Agricultural University, 42 Karl Liebknecht Str., 620075 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Naviglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Department of Scientific Research, K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), 73 Zemlyanoy Val, 109004 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Scientific Research, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 49 Timiryazevskaya Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Fong YD, Chu JJH. Natural products as Zika antivirals. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1739-1780. [PMID: 35593443 PMCID: PMC9540820 DOI: 10.1002/med.21891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus belonging to the flavivirus genus and is transmitted in Aedes mosquito vectors. Since its discovery in humans in 1952 in Uganda, ZIKV has been responsible for many outbreaks in South America, Africa, and Asia. Patients infected with ZIKV are usually asymptomatic; mild symptoms include fever, joint and muscle pain, and fatigue. However, severe infections may have neurological implications, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and fetal microcephaly. To date, there are no existing approved therapeutic drugs or vaccines against ZIKV infections; treatments mainly target the symptoms of infection. Preventive measures against mosquito breeding are the main strategy for limiting the spread of the virus. Antiviral drug research for the treatment of ZIKV infection has been rapidly developing, with many drug candidates emerging from drug repurposing studies, and compound screening. In particular, several studies have demonstrated the potential of natural products as antivirals for ZIKV infection. Hence, this paper will review recent advances in natural products in ZIKV antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Deborah Fong
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate School (NUSGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate School (NUSGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Li C, Dai T, Chen J, Chen M, Liang R, Liu C, Du L, McClements DJ. Modification of flavonoids: methods and influences on biological activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10637-10658. [PMID: 35687361 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2083572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are important active ingredients in plant-based food, which have many beneficial effects on health. But the low solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and inferior stability of many flavonoids may limit their applications in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Structural modification can overcome these shortcomings to improve and extend the application of flavonoids. The study of how to modify flavonoids and the influence of various modifications on biological activity have drawn great interest in the current literature. In this review, the working principles and operating conditions of modification methods were summarized along with their potential and limitations in terms of operational safety, cost, and productivity. The influence of various modifications on biological activities and the structure-activity relationships of flavonoids derivatives were discussed and highlighted, which may give guidance for the synthesis of highly effective active agents. In addition, the safety of flavonoids derivatives is reviewed, and future research directions of flavonoid modification research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Taotao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingshun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ruihong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chengmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liqing Du
- China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Zhanjiang China
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10
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Hengphasatporn K, Wilasluck P, Deetanya P, Wangkanont K, Chavasiri W, Visitchanakun P, Leelahavanichkul A, Paunrat W, Boonyasuppayakorn S, Rungrotmongkol T, Hannongbua S, Shigeta Y. Halogenated Baicalein as a Promising Antiviral Agent toward SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:1498-1509. [PMID: 35245424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease pandemic is a constant reminder that global citizens are in imminent danger of exposure to emerging infectious diseases. Therefore, developing a technique for inhibitor discovery is essential for effective drug design. Herein, we proposed fragment molecular orbital (FMO)-based virtual screening to predict the molecular binding energy of potential severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease inhibitors. The integration of quantum mechanical approaches and trajectory analysis from a microsecond molecular dynamics simulation was used to identify potential inhibitors. We identified brominated baicalein as a potent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease and confirmed its inhibitory activity in an in vitro assay. Brominated baicalein did not demonstrate significant toxicity in either in vitro or in vivo studies. The pair interaction energy from FMO-RIMP2/PCM and inhibitory constants based on the protease enzyme assay suggested that the brominated baicalein could be further developed into novel SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Patcharin Wilasluck
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Peerapon Deetanya
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wattamon Paunrat
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supot Hannongbua
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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11
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Sun ZG, Li ZN, Zhang JM, Hou XY, Yeh SM, Ming X. Recent Development of Flavonoids with Various Activities. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:305-329. [PMID: 35040404 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220117111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a series of compounds with C6-C3-C6 structure, mostly originate from plant metabolism. Flavonoids have shown beneficial effects on many aspects of human physiology and health. Recently, many flavonoids with various activities have been discovered, which has led to more and more studies focusing on their physiological and pharmacodynamic activities. The anti-cancer and anti-viral activities especially have attracted the attention of many researchers. Therefore, the discovery and development of flavonoids as anti-disease drugs has great potential and may make significant contribution to fighting diseases. This review focus on the discovery and development of flavonoids in medicinal chemistry in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Sun
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Zhi-Na Li
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
| | - Jin-Mai Zhang
- Room 205, BIO-X white house, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Hou
- Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 8888 Lvyou Road, High-tech Zone, Jinan, 250104, P.R. China
| | - Stacy Mary Yeh
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xin Ming
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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12
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Gangireddy MSR, Badavath VN, Velez C, Loeanurit N, Thakur A, Maddipati VC, Katari NK, Acevedo O, Boonyasuppayakorn S, Gundla R. Discovery of 3-chlorobenzyl-linked 1,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane derivatives, a lead for dengue virus type 2 infection. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02453a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus is a worldwide health threat with 400 million yearly infections. Given a lack in specific therapeutics, the current work reports DENV2 inhibitory activity in newly designed compounds that are more potent than the standard drug ribavirin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishnu Nayak Badavath
- Department of Microbiology, Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok-10330, Thailand
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Caroline Velez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA
| | - Naphat Loeanurit
- Department of Microbiology, Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok-10330, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok-10330, Thailand
| | - Abhishek Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA
| | | | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad 502329, Telangana, India
| | - Orlando Acevedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA
| | - Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn
- Department of Microbiology, Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok-10330, Thailand
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad 502329, Telangana, India
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13
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Hengphasatporn K, Kaewmalai B, Jansongsaeng S, Badavath VN, Saelee T, Chokmahasarn T, Khotavivattana T, Shigeta Y, Rungrotmongkol T, Boonyasuppayakorn S. Alkyne-Tagged Apigenin, a Chemical Tool to Navigate Potential Targets of Flavonoid Anti-Dengue Leads. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226967. [PMID: 34834059 PMCID: PMC8618255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A flavonoid is a versatile core structure with various cellular, immunological, and pharmacological effects. Recently, flavones have shown anti-dengue activities by interfering with viral translation and replication. However, the molecular target is still elusive. Here we chemically modified apigenin by adding an alkyne moiety into the B-ring hydroxyl group. The alkyne serves as a chemical tag for the alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction for subcellular visualization. The compound located at the perinuclear region at 1 and 6 h after infection. Interestingly, the compound signal started shifting to vesicle-like structures at 6 h and accumulated at 24 and 48 h after infection. Moreover, the compound treatment in dengue-infected cells showed that the compound restricted the viral protein inside the vesicles, especially at 48 h. As a result, the dengue envelope proteins spread throughout the cells. The alkyne-tagged apigenin showed a more potent efficacy at the EC50 of 2.36 ± 0.22, and 10.55 ± 3.37 µM, respectively, while the cytotoxicities were similar to the original apigenin at the CC50 of 70.34 ± 11.79, and 82.82 ± 11.68 µM, respectively. Molecular docking confirmed the apigenin binding to the previously reported target, ribosomal protein S9, at two binding sites. The network analysis, homopharma, and molecular docking revealed that the estrogen receptor 1 and viral NS1 were potential targets at the late infection stage. The interactions could attenuate dengue productivity by interfering with viral translation and suppressing the viral proteins from trafficking to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowit Hengphasatporn
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; (K.H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Benyapa Kaewmalai
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (B.K.); (V.N.B.); (T.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somruedee Jansongsaeng
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.J.); (T.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Vishnu Nayak Badavath
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (B.K.); (V.N.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Thanaphon Saelee
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (B.K.); (V.N.B.); (T.S.)
| | - Thamonwan Chokmahasarn
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.J.); (T.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Tanatorn Khotavivattana
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.J.); (T.C.); (T.K.)
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; (K.H.); (Y.S.)
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Boonyasuppayakorn
- Applied Medical Virology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (B.K.); (V.N.B.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Fakhri S, Mohammadi Pour P, Piri S, Farzaei MH, Echeverría J. Modulating Neurological Complications of Emerging Infectious Diseases: Mechanistic Approaches to Candidate Phytochemicals. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:742146. [PMID: 34764869 PMCID: PMC8576094 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.742146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing studies are revealing the critical manifestations of influenza, dengue virus (DENV) infection, Zika virus (ZIKV) disease, and Ebola virus disease (EVD) as emerging infectious diseases. However, their corresponding mechanisms of major complications headed for neuronal dysfunction are not entirely understood. From the mechanistic point of view, inflammatory/oxidative mediators are activated during emerging infectious diseases towards less cell migration, neurogenesis impairment, and neuronal death. Accordingly, the virus life cycle and associated enzymes, as well as host receptors, cytokine storm, and multiple signaling mediators, are the leading players of emerging infectious diseases. Consequently, chemokines, interleukins, interferons, carbohydrate molecules, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and tyrosine kinases are leading orchestrates of peripheral and central complications which are in near interconnections. Some of the resulting neuronal manifestations have attracted much attention, including inflammatory polyneuropathy, encephalopathy, meningitis, myelitis, stroke, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), radiculomyelitis, meningoencephalitis, memory loss, headaches, cranial nerve abnormalities, tremor, and seizure. The complex pathophysiological mechanism behind the aforementioned complications urges the need for finding multi-target agents with higher efficacy and lower side effects. In recent decades, the natural kingdom has been highlighted as promising neuroprotective natural products in modulating several dysregulated signaling pathways/mediators. The present study provides neuronal manifestations of some emerging infectious diseases and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Besides, a mechanistic-based strategy is developed to introduce candidate natural products as promising multi-target agents in combating major dysregulated pathways towards neuroprotection in influenza, DENV infection, ZIKV disease, and EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pardis Mohammadi Pour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sana Piri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Nanotechnology Applications of Flavonoids for Viral Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111895. [PMID: 34834309 PMCID: PMC8625292 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of several viral diseases, including various zoonotic diseases such as the current pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Other viruses, which possess pandemic-causing potential include avian flu, Ebola, dengue, Zika, and Nipah virus, as well as the re-emergence of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) coronaviruses. Notably, effective drugs or vaccines against these viruses are still to be discovered. All the newly approved vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2-induced disease COVID-19 possess real-time possibility of becoming obsolete because of the development of ‘variants of concern’. Flavonoids are being increasingly recognized as prophylactic and therapeutic agents against emerging and old viral diseases. Around 10,000 natural flavonoid compounds have been identified, being phytochemicals, all plant-based. Flavonoids have been reported to have lesser side effects than conventional anti-viral agents and are effective against more viral diseases than currently used anti-virals. Despite their abundance in plants, which are a part of human diet, flavonoids have the problem of low bioavailability. Various attempts are in progress to increase the bioavailability of flavonoids, one of the promising fields being nanotechnology. This review is a narrative of some anti-viral dietary flavonoids, their bioavailability, and various means with an emphasis on the nanotechnology system(s) being experimented with to deliver anti-viral flavonoids, whose systems show potential in the efficient delivery of flavonoids, resulting in increased bioavailability.
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16
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Cataneo AHD, Ávila EP, Mendes LADO, de Oliveira VG, Ferraz CR, de Almeida MV, Frabasile S, Duarte Dos Santos CN, Verri WA, Bordignon J, Wowk PF. Flavonoids as Molecules With Anti- Zika virus Activity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:710359. [PMID: 34566915 PMCID: PMC8462986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.710359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-born virus that is mainly transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes spp. Since its first isolation in 1947, only a few human cases had been described until large outbreaks occurred on Yap Island (2007), French Polynesia (2013), and Brazil (2015). Most ZIKV-infected individuals are asymptomatic or present with a self-limiting disease and nonspecific symptoms such as fever, myalgia, and headache. However, in French Polynesia and Brazil, ZIKV outbreaks led to the diagnosis of congenital malformations and microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. These new clinical presentations raised concern from public health authorities and highlighted the need for anti-Zika treatments and vaccines to control the neurological damage caused by the virus. Despite many efforts in the search for an effective treatment, neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs have become available to control ZIKV infection and/or replication. Flavonoids, a class of natural compounds that are well-known for possessing several biological properties, have shown activity against different viruses. Additionally, the use of flavonoids in some countries as food supplements indicates that these molecules are nontoxic to humans. Thus, here, we summarize knowledge on the use of flavonoids as a source of anti-ZIKV molecules and discuss the gaps and challenges in this area before these compounds can be considered for further preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eloah Pereira Ávila
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Rodrigues Ferraz
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Frabasile
- Sección Virologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Waldiceu Aparecido Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bordignon
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Brazil
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17
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Menezes JCJMDS, Campos VR. Natural biflavonoids as potential therapeutic agents against microbial diseases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:145168. [PMID: 33493916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbes broadly constitute several organisms like viruses, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi present in our biosphere. Fast-paced environmental changes have influenced contact of human populations with newly identified microbes resulting in diseases that can spread quickly. These microbes can cause infections like HIV, SARS-CoV2, malaria, nosocomial Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), or Candida infection for which there are no available vaccines/drugs or are less efficient to prevent or treat these infections. In the pursuit to find potential safe agents for therapy of microbial infections, natural biflavonoids like amentoflavone, tetrahydroamentoflavone, ginkgetin, bilobetin, morelloflavone, agathisflavone, hinokiflavone, Garcinia biflavones 1 (GB1), Garcinia biflavones 2 (GB2), robustaflavone, strychnobiflavone, ochnaflavone, dulcisbiflavonoid C, tetramethoxy-6,6″-bigenkwanin and other derivatives isolated from several species of plants can provide effective starting points and become a source of future drugs. These biflavonoids show activity against influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), dengue, HIV-AIDS, coxsackieviral, hepatitis, HSV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), protozoal (Leishmaniasis, Malaria) infections, bacterial and fungal infections. Some of the biflavonoids can provide antiviral and protozoal activity by inhibition of neuraminidase, chymotrypsin-like protease, DV-NS5 RNA dependant RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase (RT), fatty acid synthase, DNA polymerase, UL54 gene expression, Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation, recombinant cysteine protease type 2.8 (r-CPB2.8), Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase or cause depolarization of parasitic mitochondrial membranes. They may also provide anti-inflammatory therapeutic activity against the infection-induced cytokine storm. Considering the varied bioactivity of these biflavonoids against these organisms, their structure-activity relationships are derived and wherever possible compared with monoflavones. Overall, this review aims to highlight these natural biflavonoids and briefly discuss their sources, reported mechanism of action, pharmacological uses, and comment on resistance mechanism, flavopiridol repurposing and the bioavailability aspects to provide a starting point for anti-microbial research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C J M D S Menezes
- Section of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan.
| | - Vinícius R Campos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-141 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Chrysin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by suppressing the IRE1α/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 68:102018. [PMID: 33771723 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) remains a serious challenge in the intensive care unit. Inflammation plays a key role in the progression of ALI. Chrysin (CHR) is a natural flavonoid with anti-inflammatory functions. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of ALI induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and identified the underlying mechanisms of its action. Following CHR administration, mice were challenged with LPS intratracheally for 6 h to induce ALI. Compared to mice challenged with LPS alone, the presence of CHR showed a reduction in the development of lung injuries, as confirmed by histopathological observation. Pre-treatment with CHR attenuated inflammation by reducing the production of myeloperosidase (MPO), and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Furthermore, CHR improved lung edema by reducing the vascular permeability, as demonstrated by less evans blue staining in the lung tissue and low levels of protein in BALF. In addition, our results proved that CHR improved the antioxidant capacity by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the lung tissue. Results of western blot assays suggested that CHR suppressed the LPS-induced expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (p-IRE1α). We also found that CHR suppressed the expression of thioredoxin interaction protein (TXNIP), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and cleaved caspase-1. In conclusion, CHR improved vascular permeability and mitigated the inflammatory response of lung tissue by suppressing the IRE1α/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway, thereby alleviating LPS-induced ALI in the lungs of mice.
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19
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Felicetti T, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V, Cannalire R. Broad-Spectrum Flavivirus Inhibitors: a Medicinal Chemistry Point of View. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2391-2419. [PMID: 32961008 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections by flaviviruses, such as Dengue, West Nile, Yellow Fever and Zika viruses, represent a growing risk for global health. There are vaccines only for few flaviviruses while no effective treatments are available. Flaviviruses share epidemiological, structural, and ecologic features and often different viruses can co-infect the same host. Therefore, the identification of broad-spectrum inhibitors is highly desirable either for known flaviviruses or for viruses that likely will emerge in the future. Strategies targeting both virus and host factors have been pursued to identify broad-spectrum antiflaviviral agents. In this review, we describe the most promising and best characterized targets and their relative broad-spectrum inhibitors, identified by drug repurposing/libraries screenings and by focused medicinal chemistry campaigns. Finally, we discuss about future strategies to identify new broad-spectrum antiflavivirus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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20
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Dibromopinocembrin and Dibromopinostrobin Are Potential Anti-Dengue Leads with Mild Animal Toxicity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184154. [PMID: 32932762 PMCID: PMC7571160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue infection is one of the most deleterious public health concerns for two-billion world population being at risk. Plasma leakage, hemorrhage, and shock in severe cases were caused by immunological derangement from secondary heterotypic infection. Flavanone, commonly found in medicinal plants, previously showed potential as anti-dengue inhibitors for its direct antiviral effects and suppressing the pro-inflammatory cytokine from dengue immunopathogenesis. Here, we chemically modified flavanones, pinocembrin and pinostrobin, by halogenation and characterized them as potential dengue 2 inhibitors and performed toxicity tests in human-derived cells and in vivo animal model. Dibromopinocembrin and dibromopinostrobin inhibited dengue serotype 2 at the EC50s of 2.0640 ± 0.7537 and 5.8567 ± 0.5074 µM with at the CC50s of 67.2082 ± 0.9731 and >100 µM, respectively. Both of the compounds also showed minimal toxicity against adult C57BL/6 mice assessed by ALT and Cr levels in day one, three, and eight post-intravenous administration. Computational studies suggested the potential target be likely the NS5 methyltransferase at SAM-binding pocket. Taken together, these two brominated flavanones are potential leads for further drug discovery investigation.
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21
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Multiple Virtual Screening Strategies for the Discovery of Novel Compounds Active Against Dengue Virus: A Hit Identification Study. Sci Pharm 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue infection is caused by a mosquito-borne virus, particularly in children, which may even cause death. No effective prevention or therapeutic agents to cure this disease are available up to now. The dengue viral envelope (E) protein was discovered to be a promising target for inhibition in several steps of viral infection. Structure-based virtual screening has become an important technique to identify first hits in a drug screening process, as it is possible to reduce the number of compounds to be assayed, allowing to save resources. In the present study, pharmacophore models were generated using the common hits approach (CHA), starting from trajectories obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the E protein complexed with the active inhibitor, flavanone (FN5Y). Subsequently, compounds presented in various drug databases were screened using the LigandScout 4.2 program. The obtained hits were analyzed in more detail by molecular docking, followed by extensive MD simulations of the complexes. The highest-ranked compound from this procedure was then synthesized and tested on its inhibitory efficiency by experimental assays.
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22
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Wang L, Liang R, Gao Y, Li Y, Deng X, Xiang R, Zhang Y, Ying T, Jiang S, Yu F. Development of Small-Molecule Inhibitors Against Zika Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2725. [PMID: 31866959 PMCID: PMC6909824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the outbreak of infectious disease caused by Zika virus (ZIKV) has posed a major threat to global public health, calling for the development of therapeutics to treat ZIKV disease. Here, we have described the different stages of the ZIKV life cycle and summarized the latest progress in the development of small-molecule inhibitors against ZIKV infection. We have also discussed some general strategies for the discovery of small-molecule ZIKV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yaning Gao
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbai Li
- College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yina Zhang
- College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life and Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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23
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Cataneo AHD, Kuczera D, Koishi AC, Zanluca C, Silveira GF, Arruda TBD, Suzukawa AA, Bortot LO, Dias-Baruffi M, Verri WA, Robert AW, Stimamiglio MA, Duarte Dos Santos CN, Wowk PF, Bordignon J. The citrus flavonoid naringenin impairs the in vitro infection of human cells by Zika virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16348. [PMID: 31705028 PMCID: PMC6841724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family. The ZIKV infection is usually asymptomatic or is associated with mild clinical manifestations; however, increased numbers of cases of microcephaly and birth defects have been recently reported. To date, neither a vaccine nor an antiviral treatment has become available to control ZIKV replication. Among the natural compounds recognized for their medical properties, flavonoids, which can be found in fruits and vegetables, have been found to possess biological activity against a variety of viruses. Here, we demonstrate that the citrus flavanone naringenin (NAR) prevented ZIKV infection in human A549 cells in a concentration-dependent and ZIKV-lineage independent manner. NAR antiviral activity was also observed when primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were infected by ZIKV. NAR displayed its antiviral activity when the cells were treated after infection, suggesting that NAR acts on the viral replication or assembly of viral particles. Moreover, a molecular docking analysis suggests a potential interaction between NAR and the protease domain of the NS2B-NS3 protein of ZIKV which could explain the anti-ZIKV activity of NAR. Finally, the results support the potential of NAR as a suitable candidate molecule for developing anti-ZIKV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diogo Kuczera
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cristine Koishi
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Zanluca
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Bonato de Arruda
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andréia Akemi Suzukawa
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leandro Oliveira Bortot
- Laboratório de Física Biológica, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Laboratório de Glicoimunologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu Aparecido Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Anny Waloski Robert
- Laboratório de Células Tronco, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Juliano Bordignon
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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24
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Cardol triene inhibits dengue infectivity by targeting kl loops and preventing envelope fusion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16643. [PMID: 30413789 PMCID: PMC6226472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus causes a global burden that specific chemotherapy has not been established. A previous report suggested that anacardic acid inhibited hepatitis C virus infection. Here, we explored structure activity relationship of anacardic acid, cardanol, and cardol homologues with anti-DENV cellular infectivities. Cardol triene showed the highest therapeutic index at 29.07 with the CC50 and EC50 of 207.30 ± 5.24 and 7.13 ± 0.72 µM, respectively. Moreover, we observed that the more unsaturated the hydrocarbon tail, the higher the CC50s in all head groups. High CC50s were also found in HepG-2, THP-1, and HEK-293 cell lines where cardol triene CC50s were 140.27 ± 8.44, 129.77 ± 12.08, and 92.80 ± 3.93 µM, respectively. Cardol triene expressed pan-dengue inhibition with the EC50s of 5.35 to 8.89 µM and kl loops of dengue envelope proteins were major targets. The strong binding energy at T48, E49, A50, P53, K128, V130, L135, M196, L198, Q200, W206, L207, I270, and L277 prevented cellular pH-dependent fusion. Zika virus kl loops were aligned in the closed position preventing cardol triene to bind and inhibit fusion and infectivity. This study showed for the first time that cardol triene had a potential for further development as anti-dengue inhibitors.
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25
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Arora N, Banerjee AK, Narasu ML. Zika outbreak aftermath: status, progress, concerns and new insights. Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zika, a neurotrophic virus belonging to Flaviviridae family of viruses and transmitted by vector mosquitoes of Aedes species, took the world by storm during its recent outbreak. Its spread to newer territories, unprecedented pace of transmission, lack of existing therapeutic agents and vaccines and an empty drug pipeline raised an alarm. Uncertainty about full spectrum of diseases and its long-term consequences, newly discovered modes of transmission and controversies over vector status of mosquito species like Culex quinquefasciatus led to layers of complexity and presented new hurdles and challenges in Zika virus research. This review summarizes the progress and updates of efforts, concerns, financial burden and available resources in light of newly acquired knowledge in Zika virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Arora
- Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science & Technology (Autonomous), Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University-Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500085, Telangana, India
| | - Amit K Banerjee
- Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Mangamoori L Narasu
- Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science & Technology (Autonomous), Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University-Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500085, Telangana, India
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