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Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Effects of Soybean Isoflavones and Their Metabolites for Humans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071064. [PMID: 34209224 PMCID: PMC8301030 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are rich in proteins and lipids and have become a staple part of the human diet. Besides their nutritional excellence, they have also been shown to contain various functional components, including isoflavones, and have consequently received increasing attention as a functional food item. Isoflavones are structurally similar to 17-β-estradiol and bind to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). The estrogenic activity of isoflavones ranges from a hundredth to a thousandth of that of estrogen itself. Isoflavones play a role in regulating the effects of estrogen in the human body, depending on the situation. Thus, when estrogen is insufficient, isoflavones perform the functions of estrogen, and when estrogen is excessive, isoflavones block the estrogen receptors to which estrogen binds, thus acting as an estrogen antagonist. In particular, estrogen antagonistic activity is important in the breast, endometrium, and prostate, and such antagonistic activity suppresses cancer occurrence. Genistein, an isoflavone, has cancer-suppressing effects on estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers, including breast cancer. It suppresses the function of enzymes such as tyrosine protein kinase, mitogen-activated kinase, and DNA polymerase II, thus inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Genistein is the most biologically active and potent isoflavone candidate for cancer prevention. Furthermore, among the various physiological functions of isoflavones, they are best known for their antioxidant activities. S-Equol, a metabolite of genistein and daidzein, has strong antioxidative effects; however, the ability to metabolize daidzein into S-equol varies based on racial and individual differences. The antioxidant activity of isoflavones may be effective in preventing dementia by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Alzheimer's-related tau proteins. Genistein also reduces allergic responses by limiting the expression of mast cell IgE receptors, which are involved in allergic responses. In addition, they have been known to prevent and treat various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, osteoporosis, diabetes, brain-related diseases, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and inflammation. Further, it also has positive effects on menstrual irregularity in non-menopausal women and relieving menopausal symptoms in middle-aged women. Recently, soybean consumption has shown steep increasing trend in Western countries where the intake was previously only 1/20-1/50 of that in Asian countries. In this review, I have dealt with the latest research trends that have shown substantial interest in the biological efficacy of isoflavones in humans and plants, and their related mechanisms.
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Lu R, Zheng Z, Yin Y, Jiang Z. Genistein prevents bone loss in type 2 diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Food Nutr Res 2021; 64:3666. [PMID: 33447176 PMCID: PMC7778425 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic osteoporosis has become a severe public health problem in the aging societies. Genistein has been reported to play an important role in preventing and treating metabolic diseases via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-estrogenic, and estrogen-like functions. Objective We aimed to investigate whether genistein exerts bone-protective effect on diabetic rats induced by 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) plus a 4-week high-fat diet. Design Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control group, (2) type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model group, (3) T2DM with 10 mg/kg genistein, and (4) T2DM with 30 mg/kg genistein. After an 8-week treatment with genistein, the femurs, tibias, and blood were collected from all rats for further analysis. Results Genistein at 10 mg/kg showed little effect on diabetic osteoporosis, whereas genistein at 30 mg/kg significantly improved glucose and bone metabolisms compared with diabetic rats. Our results showed that 30 mg/kg genistein significantly increased bone mineral density, serum osteocalcin, and bone alkaline phosphatase. Genistein also effectively lowered fasting blood glucose, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and numbers of adipocytes and osteoclasts. Compared with the T2DM group, protein levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were decreased, while protein levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG), β-catenin, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2) were increased after genistein intervention. Conclusion Genistein could effectively improve abnormal bone metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats; the underlying molecular mechanisms might be related to OPG/RANKL, PPAR-γ, and β-catenin/Runx-2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Lu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zicong Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Yin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoqin Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Liu ZM, Chen B, Li S, Li G, Zhang D, Ho SC, Chen YM, Ma J, Qi H, Ling WH. Effect of whole soy and isoflavones daidzein on bone turnover and inflammatory markers: a 6-month double-blind, randomized controlled trial in Chinese postmenopausal women who are equol producers. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820920555. [PMID: 32595918 PMCID: PMC7303504 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820920555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of soy or isoflavones on bone metabolism. However, conflicting data remain. Equol is the intestinal metabolite of the isoflavone daidzein. The health benefits of soy are more pronounced in equol producers than those not producing equol. This 6-month randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effect of whole soy (soy flour) and purified daidzein on bone turnover markers (BTMs) in Chinese postmenopausal women who are equol producers. METHODS A total of 270 eligible women were randomized to either one of the three isocaloric supplements as follows: 40 g soy flour (whole soy group), 40 g low-fat milk powder + 63 mg daidzein (daidzein group), or 40 g low-fat milk powder (placebo group) given as a solid beverage daily for 6 months. The following fasting venous samples were collected at the baseline and end of the trial to analyze BTMs: serum cross-linked C-telopeptides of type I collagen, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide, and 25(OH)D3. Inflammation-related biomarkers, such as serum interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, transferrin, and homocysteine, were also tested to explore potential mechanisms. RESULTS A total of 253 subjects validly completed the study protocol. Urinary isoflavones suggested a good compliance to the treatments. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses indicated no significant difference in the 6-month or percentage changes in the parameters of bone metabolism and inflammatory markers among the three treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Whole soy and purified daidzein at provided dosages exhibited no significant effect on the bone metabolism and inflammation levels among Chinese equol-producing postmenopausal women. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01270737.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bailing Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, the First
Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR
China
| | - Shuyi Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public
Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR
China
| | - Guoyi Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public
Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR
China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public
Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR
China
| | - Suzanne C. Ho
- Department of Epidemiology, Jockey Club School
of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, New
Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Yu-ming Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public
Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR
China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public
Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR
China
| | - Huang Qi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public
Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR
China
| | - Wen-hua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public
Health, Sun Yat-sen University (North Campus), Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR
China
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Šošić-Jurjević B, Ajdžanović V, Filipović B, Severs W, Milošević V. Thyroid Mediation of the Isoflavone Effects on Osteoporotic Bone: The Endocrine Interference With a Beneficial Outcome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:688. [PMID: 31681166 PMCID: PMC6798150 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Branka Šošić-Jurjević
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ajdžanović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Filipović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Walter Severs
- College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Verica Milošević
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Carbonel AAF, Vieira MC, Simões RS, Lima PDA, Fuchs LFP, Girão ERC, Cicivizzo GP, Sasso GRS, de Moraes LOC, Soares Junior JM, Baracat EC, Simões MJ, Girão MJBC. Isoflavones improve collagen I and glycosaminoglycans and prevent bone loss in type 1 diabetic rats. Climacteric 2019; 23:75-83. [DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2019.1627314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. F. Carbonel
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Paulista School of Medicine/Federal University of São Paulo – EPM/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. C. Vieira
- Department of Gynecology, Paulista School of Medicine/Federal University of São Paulo – EPM/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. S. Simões
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine Faculty of University of São Paulo – FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P. D. A. Lima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L. F. P. Fuchs
- Department of Gynecology, Paulista School of Medicine/Federal University of São Paulo – EPM/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E. R. C. Girão
- Department of Gynecology, Paulista School of Medicine/Federal University of São Paulo – EPM/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G. P. Cicivizzo
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Paulista School of Medicine/Federal University of São Paulo – EPM/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G. R. S. Sasso
- Department of Gynecology, Paulista School of Medicine/Federal University of São Paulo – EPM/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. O. Carvalho de Moraes
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Paulista School of Medicine/Federal University of São Paulo – EPM/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J. M. Soares Junior
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine Faculty of University of São Paulo – FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E. C. Baracat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine Faculty of University of São Paulo – FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. J. Simões
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Paulista School of Medicine/Federal University of São Paulo – EPM/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. J. B. C. Girão
- Department of Gynecology, Paulista School of Medicine/Federal University of São Paulo – EPM/UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Filipović B, Šošić-Jurjević B, Ajdžanović V, Živanović J, Manojlović-Stojanoski M, Nestorović N, Ristić N, Trifunović S, Milošević V. The phytoestrogen genistein prevents trabecular bone loss and affects thyroid follicular cells in a male rat model of osteoporosis. J Anat 2018; 233:204-212. [PMID: 29761487 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major phytoestrogen of soy, genistein effectively prevents bone loss in both humans and rat models of osteoporosis. However, although the bone-sparing effects of genistein are achieved directly through estrogen receptors, its mode of action on bone by modulation of other endocrine functions is not entirely clear. Thus, thyroid hormones and calcitonin (CT) have an essential influence on bone metabolism. Besides its action on bones, in this study we examined the effect of genistein on the activity of two different endocrine cell populations, thyroid follicular and C-cells. Fifteen-month-old Wistar rats were either bilaterally orchidectomized (Orx) or sham-operated (SO). Two weeks after surgery, half of the Orx rats were treated chronically with 30 mg kg-1 b.w. genistein (Orx + G) subcutaneously (s.c.) every day for 3 weeks, while the remaining Orx rats and the SO rats were given the same volume of sterile olive oil to serve as controls. For histomorphometrical analysis of the trabecular bone microarchitecture an ImageJ public domain image processing programme was used. Thyroid sections were analysed histologically and stereologically after visualization of follicular and C-cells by immunohistochemical staining for thyroglobulin and CT. Thyroid follicular epithelium, interstitium, colloid and CT-immunopositive C-cells were examined morphometrically. Serum concentrations of osteocalcin (OC), triiodothyronine (T3 ), thyroxine (T4 ) and CT were determined as well as urinary calcium (Ca2+ ) concentrations. Genistein treatment significantly increased cancellous bone area (B.Ar), trabecular thickness (TbTh) and trabecular number (TbN) (P < 0.05), but trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) was decreased (P < 0.05) compared with control Orx rats. In the thyroid, genistein treatment significantly elevated the relative volume density (Vv) of the follicular cells (P < 0.05) compared with Orx, whereas Vv of the colloid was lower (P < 0.05) than in the Orx. Evaluation of the biochemical parameters showed significant reductions in serum OC, T3 , T4 and urinary Ca2+ concentrations (P < 0.05), compared with Orx rats. These data indicate that genistein treatment improves the trabecular microarchitecture of proximal tibia, induces histomorphometrical changes in thyroid glands, and decreases circulating thyroid hormone levels in orchidectomized rat model of male osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Filipović
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Šošić-Jurjević
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ajdžanović
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Živanović
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nataša Nestorović
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Ristić
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Trifunović
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Milošević
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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