1
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Bruce G, Bagherpour S, Duch M, Plaza JA, Stolnik S, Pérez-García L. Exploring the influence of silicon oxide microchips shape on cellular uptake using imaging flow cytometry. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:554. [PMID: 39168870 PMCID: PMC11339096 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Nano- and micro-carriers of therapeutic molecules offer numerous advantages for drug delivery, and the shape of these particles plays a vital role in their biodistribution and their interaction with cells. However, analysing how microparticles are taken up by cells presents methodological challenges. Qualitative methods like microscopy provide detailed imaging but are time-consuming, whereas quantitative methods such as flow cytometry enable high-throughput analysis but struggle to differentiate between internalised and surface-bound particles. Instead, imaging flow cytometry combines the best of both worlds, offering high-resolution imaging with the efficiency of flow cytometry, allowing for quantitative analysis at the single-cell level. This study focuses on fluorescently labelled silicon oxide microchips of various morphologies but related surface areas and volumes: rectangular cuboids and apex-truncated square pyramid microchips fabricated using photolithography techniques, offering a reliable basis for comparison with the more commonly studied spherical particles. Imaging flow cytometry was utilised to evaluate the effect of particle shape on cellular uptake using RAW 264.7 cells and revealed phagocytosis of particles with all shapes. Increasing the particle dose enhanced the uptake, while macrophage stimulation had minimal effect. Using a ratio particle:cell of 10:1 cuboids and spheres showed an uptake rate of approximately 50%, in terms of the percentage of cells with internalised particles, and the average number of particles taken up per cell ranging from about 1-1.5 particle/cell for all the different shapes. This study indicates how differently shaped micro-carriers offer insights into particle uptake variations, demonstrating the potential of non-spherical micro-carriers for precise drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Bruce
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2, UK
| | - Saman Bagherpour
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia I Ciències de L'Alimentació, Toxicologia I Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Duch
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Plaza
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Snow Stolnik
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2, UK
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2, UK.
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia I Ciències de L'Alimentació, Toxicologia I Química Terapèutica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Jiang W, Liu Y, Wu Y, Zhang L, Zhang B, Zhou S, Zhang P, Xu T, Wu M, Lv S. Polystyrene nanoplastics of different particle sizes regulate the polarization of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16329. [PMID: 39009713 PMCID: PMC11251024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm in size, and nanoplastics (NPs) are those MPs with a particle size of less than 1000 nm or 100 nm. The prevalence of MPs in the environment and human tissues has raised concerns about their potential negative effects on human health. Macrophages are the major defence against foreign substances in the intestine, and can be polarized into two types: the M1 phenotype and the M2 phenotype. However, the effect of NPs on the polarization of macrophages remains unclear. Herein, we selected polystyrene, one of the most plastics in the environment and controlled the particle sizes at 50 nm and 500 nm respectively to study the effects on the polarization of macrophages. We used mouse RAW264.7 cell line models in this macrophage-associated study. Experiments on cell absorption showed that macrophages could quickly ingest polystyrene nanoplastics of both diameters with time-dependent uptake. Compared to the untreated group and 10 μg/mL treatment group, macrophages exposed to 50 μg/mL groups (50 nm and 500 nm) had considerably higher levels of CD86, iNOS, and TNF-α, but decreased levels of aCD206, IL-10, and Arg-1. According to these findings, macrophage M1 and M2 polarization can both be induced and inhibited by 50 μg/mL 50 nm and 500 nm polystyrene nanoplastics. This work provided the first evidence of a possible MPs mode of action with appropriate concentration and size through the production of polarized M1, providing dietary and environmental recommendations for people, particularly those with autoimmune and autoinflammatory illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlan Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Biqing Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Shiliang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University), Changzhou, 213003, China.
| | - Songwei Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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3
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Sambre P, Ho JCS, Parikh AN. Intravesicular Solute Delivery and Surface Area Regulation in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles Driven by Cycles of Osmotic Stresses. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3250-3261. [PMID: 38266489 PMCID: PMC10859933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipid bilayers are dynamic cellular components that undergo constant changes in their topology, facilitating a broad diversity of physiological functions including endo- and exocytosis, cell division, and intracellular trafficking. These shape transformations consume energy, supplied invariably by the activity of proteins. Here, we show that cycles of oppositely directed osmotic stresses─unassisted by any protein activity─can induce well-defined remodeling of giant unilamellar vesicles, minimally recapitulating the phenomenologies of surface area homeostasis and macropinocytosis. We find that a stress cycle consisting of deflationary hypertonic stress followed by an inflationary hypotonic one prompts an elaborate sequence of membrane shape changes ultimately transporting molecular cargo from the outside into the intravesicular milieu. The initial osmotic deflation produces microscopic spherical invaginations. During the subsequent inflation, the first subpopulation contributes area to the swelling membrane, thereby providing a means for surface area regulation and tensional homeostasis. The second subpopulation vesiculates into the lumens of the mother vesicles, producing pinocytic vesicles. Remarkably, the gradients of solute concentrations between the GUV and the daughter pinocytic vesicles create cascades of water current, inducing pulsatory transient poration that enable solute exchange between the buds and the GUV interior. This results in an efficient water-flux-mediated delivery of molecular cargo across the membrane boundary. Our findings suggest a primitive physical mechanism for communication and transport across protocellular compartments driven only by osmotic stresses. They also suggest plausible physical routes for intravesicular, and possibly intracellular, delivery of ions, solutes, and molecular cargo stimulated simply by cycles of osmotic currents of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi
D. Sambre
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C. S. Ho
- Singapore
Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921 Singapore
- Institute
for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551Singapore
| | - Atul N. Parikh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Singapore
Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921 Singapore
- Institute
for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551Singapore
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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4
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Wieland S, Ramsperger AFRM, Gross W, Lehmann M, Witzmann T, Caspari A, Obst M, Gekle S, Auernhammer GK, Fery A, Laforsch C, Kress H. Nominally identical microplastic models differ greatly in their particle-cell interactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:922. [PMID: 38297000 PMCID: PMC10830523 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the abundance of microplastics in the environment, research about its possible adverse effects is increasing exponentially. Most studies investigating the effect of microplastics on cells still rely on commercially available polystyrene microspheres. However, the choice of these model microplastic particles can affect the outcome of the studies, as even nominally identical model microplastics may interact differently with cells due to different surface properties such as the surface charge. Here, we show that nominally identical polystyrene microspheres from eight different manufacturers significantly differ in their ζ-potential, which is the electrical potential of a particle in a medium at its slipping plane. The ζ-potential of the polystyrene particles is additionally altered after environmental exposure. We developed a microfluidic microscopy platform to demonstrate that the ζ-potential determines particle-cell adhesion strength. Furthermore, we find that due to this effect, the ζ-potential also strongly determines the internalization of the microplastic particles into cells. Therefore, the ζ-potential can act as a proxy of microplastic-cell interactions and may govern adverse effects reported in various organisms exposed to microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wieland
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anja F R M Ramsperger
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gross
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Moritz Lehmann
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling - Theoretical Physics VI, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Witzmann
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Caspari
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Obst
- Experimental Biogeochemistry, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Gekle
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling - Theoretical Physics VI, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Günter K Auernhammer
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Dresden, Germany
- Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Holger Kress
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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5
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Tang D, Liu Y, Wang C, Li L, Al-Farraj SA, Chen X, Yan Y. Invasion by exogenous RNA: cellular defense strategies and implications for RNA inference. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:573-584. [PMID: 38045546 PMCID: PMC10689678 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous RNA poses a continuous threat to genome stability and integrity across various organisms. Accumulating evidence reveals complex mechanisms underlying the cellular response to exogenous RNA, including endo-lysosomal degradation, RNA-dependent repression and innate immune clearance. Across a variety of mechanisms, the natural anti-sense RNA-dependent defensive strategy has been utilized both as a powerful gene manipulation tool and gene therapy strategy named RNA-interference (RNAi). To optimize the efficiency of RNAi silencing, a comprehensive understanding of the whole life cycle of exogenous RNA, from cellular entry to its decay, is vital. In this paper, we review recent progress in comprehending the recognition and elimination of foreign RNA by cells, focusing on cellular entrance, intracellular transportation, and immune-inflammatory responses. By leveraging these insights, we highlight the potential implications of these insights for advancing RNA interference efficiency, underscore the need for future studies to elucidate the pathways and fates of various exogenous RNA forms, and provide foundational information for more efficient RNA delivery methods in both genetic manipulation and therapy in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxu Tang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Chundi Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Lifang Li
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiao Chen
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Ying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity (Ministry of Education) and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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6
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Adrian M, Weber M, Tsai MC, Glock C, Kahn OI, Phu L, Cheung TK, Meilandt WJ, Rose CM, Hoogenraad CC. Polarized microtubule remodeling transforms the morphology of reactive microglia and drives cytokine release. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6322. [PMID: 37813836 PMCID: PMC10562429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial reactivity is a pathological hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases. During stimulation, microglia undergo complex morphological changes, including loss of their characteristic ramified morphology, which is routinely used to detect and quantify inflammation in the brain. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the relation between microglial morphology and their pathophysiological function are unknown. Here, proteomic profiling of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-reactive microglia identifies microtubule remodeling pathways as an early factor that drives the morphological change and subsequently controls cytokine responses. We find that LPS-reactive microglia reorganize their microtubules to form a stable and centrosomally-anchored array to facilitate efficient cytokine trafficking and release. We identify cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk-1) as a critical upstream regulator of microtubule remodeling and morphological change in-vitro and in-situ. Cdk-1 inhibition also rescues tau and amyloid fibril-induced morphology changes. These results demonstrate a critical role for microtubule dynamics and reorganization in microglial reactivity and modulating cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Adrian
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Martin Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ming-Chi Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Caspar Glock
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Olga I Kahn
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lilian Phu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tommy K Cheung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - William J Meilandt
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Christopher M Rose
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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7
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Zhang QA, Ma S, Li P, Xie J. The dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome and the fate of infection. Cell Signal 2023; 108:110715. [PMID: 37192679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phagosomes are vesicles produced by phagocytosis of phagocytes, which are crucial in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. After the phagocyte ingests the pathogen, it activates the phagosomes to recruit a series of components and process proteins, to phagocytose, degrade and kill Mtb. Meanwhile, Mtb can resist acid and oxidative stress, block phagosome maturation, and manipulate host immune response. The interaction between Mtb and phagocytes leads to the outcome of infection. The dynamic of this process can affect the cell fate. This article mainly reviews the development and maturation of phagosomes, as well as the dynamics and modifications of Mtb effectors and phagosomes components, and new diagnostic and therapeutic markers involved in phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaying Ma
- Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing the Fourth Hospital, Jiankang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Peibo Li
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
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8
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Ussia M, Urso M, Kratochvilova M, Navratil J, Balvan J, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Vyskocil J, Masarik M, Pumera M. Magnetically Driven Self-Degrading Zinc-Containing Cystine Microrobots for Treatment of Prostate Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2208259. [PMID: 36703532 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed tumor disease in men, and its treatment is still a big challenge in standard oncology therapy. Magnetically actuated microrobots represent the most promising technology in modern nanomedicine, offering the advantage of wireless guidance, effective cell penetration, and non-invasive actuation. Here, new biodegradable magnetically actuated zinc/cystine-based microrobots for in situ treatment of prostate cancer cells are reported. The microrobots are fabricated via metal-ion-mediated self-assembly of the amino acid cystine encapsulating superparamagnetic Fe3 O4 nanoparticles (NPs) during the synthesis, which allows their precise manipulation by a rotating magnetic field. Inside the cells, the typical enzymatic reducing environment favors the disassembly of the aminoacidic chemical structure due to the cleavage of cystine disulfide bonds and disruption of non-covalent interactions with the metal ions, as demonstrated by in vitro experiments with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In this way, the cystine microrobots served for site-specific delivery of Zn2+ ions responsible for tumor cell killing via a "Trojan horse effect". This work presents a new concept of cell internalization exploiting robotic systems' self-degradation, proposing a step forward in non-invasive cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ussia
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Urso
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kratochvilova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Navratil
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vyskocil
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University/Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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9
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Eisentraut M, Sabri A, Kress H. The spatial resolution limit of phagocytosis. Biophys J 2023; 122:868-879. [PMID: 36703557 PMCID: PMC10027436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-opsonized bacteria interact with Fc receptors in macrophages and trigger signaling cascades, which induce phagocytosis. The signaling pathways ultimately lead to actin polymerization that induces the protrusion of the membrane around the bacterium until it is completely engulfed. Although many proteins involved in the phagocytic cup formation have already been identified, it is still unclear how far the initial stimulus created by the bacterium-cell contact propagates in the cell. We hypothesize that this spreading distance is closely related to the spatial resolution limit of phagocytosis, the smallest distance in which two stimuli can be differentiated. Here, we probe this resolution limit by using holographic optical tweezers to attach pairs of immunoglobulin G-coated polystyrene microparticles (as models for opsonized bacteria) to murine macrophages in distances ranging from zero to several micrometers. By using 2-μm-sized particles, we found that the particles can be internalized jointly into one phagosome if they are attached to the cell very close together, but that they are taken up separately if they are attached far from each other. To explain this, we developed a model of the signaling process, which predicts the probabilities for separate uptake for different particle sizes and distances using cellular parameters including the average receptor distance. We tested the model by measuring the separate uptake probabilities for particles with a diameter of 1 to 3 μm and for cells with reduced numbers of Fcγ receptors and found very good agreement. Our model shows that the phagocytic uptake behavior can be explained by assuming an effective phagocytic signaling range of about 500 nm. Interestingly, this value corresponds to the lower size limit of phagocytosis. Our work provides quantitative access to spatial parameters of cellular signaling during phagocytosis and thereby contributes to a more quantitative understanding of cellular information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adal Sabri
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Kress
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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10
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Ghavami M, Fairn GD. Endoplasmic reticulum-Phagosome contact sites from the cradle to the grave. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1074443. [PMID: 36619860 PMCID: PMC9813420 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1074443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a key component of the innate immune system used to ingest apoptotic cells and microorganisms for their destruction and recycling of macromolecules and the presentation of antigens to adaptive immune system cells. The newly formed vacuole or nascent phagosome undergoes a maturation process reminiscent of the classical endocytic maturation process, reaching a highly degradative phagolysosome stage before its tubulovesicular breakdown into lysosomes. The process is highly regulated and can be disrupted by various pathogenic organisms. The exchange of proteins, lipids, and other metabolites between organelles, including maturing phagosomes, is enabled by two processes, vesicular and non-vesicular transport at membrane contact sites (MCS). For decades the specific role(s) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in phagocytosis has been the subject of much debate. In parallel, the last two decades have seen a burst in research on the numerous roles of ER contact sites and resident proteins in all aspects of organelle biology. Here, in this minireview, we describe ER-phagosome contact sites' functions from the early stages of particle engulfment to the phagolysosome dissolution into lysosomes. We also discuss several aspects of ER-phagosome contact sites that remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlegha Ghavami
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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11
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Tashima T. Delivery of Drugs into Cancer Cells Using Antibody-Drug Conjugates Based on Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11040078. [PMID: 36546903 PMCID: PMC9774242 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innumerable people worldwide die of cancer every year, although pharmaceutical therapy has actualized many benefits in human health. For background, anti-cancer drug development is difficult due to the multifactorial pathogenesis and complicated pathology of cancers. Cancer cells excrete hydrophobic low-molecular anti-cancer drugs by overexpressed efflux transporters such as multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) at the apical membrane. Mutation-driven drug resistance is also developed in cancer. Moreover, the poor distribution of drug to cancer cells is a serious problem, because patients suffer from off-target side effects. Thus, highly selective and effective drug delivery into solid cancer cells across the membrane should be established. It is known that substances (10-100 nm in diameter) such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (approximately 14.2 nm in diameter) or nanoparticles spontaneously gather in solid tumor stroma or parenchyma through the capillary endothelial fenestration, ranging from 200-2000 nm, in neovasculatures due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Furthermore, cancer antigens, such as HER2, Nectin-4, or TROP2, highly selectively expressed on the surface of cancer cells act as a receptor for receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) using mAbs against such antigens. Thus, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising anti-cancer pharmaceutical agents that fulfill accurate distribution due to the EPR effect and due to antibody-antigen binding and membrane permeability owing to RME. In this review, I introduce the implementation and possibility of highly selective anti-cancer drug delivery into solid cancer cells based on the EPR effect and RME using anti-cancer antigens ADCs with payloads through suitable linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tashima
- Tashima Laboratories of Arts and Sciences, 1239-5 Toriyama-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-0035, Japan
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12
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Guan J. A Theoretical Model for Phagocytic Capacity of Phagocytes. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiao Guan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering FAMU‐FSU College of Engineering Florida State University 2525 Pottsdamer Street Tallahassee FL 32310‐2870 USA
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13
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Zhang Y, Shen W, Ding J, Gao X, Wu X, Zhu J. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Head Kidney of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected Hypoxia-tolerant and Normal Large Yellow Croaker. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:1039-1054. [PMID: 36129638 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the most economically important marine fish on the southeast coast of China and much of its yield is usually lost by hypoxia. To address this problem and lay a foundation for culturing a new strain of large yellow croaker with hypoxia tolerance, our research group screened a hypoxia-tolerant population of L. crocea. Surprisingly, we also found that hypoxia-tolerant population exhibited higher survival when infected with pathogens compared to the normal population during the farming operation. In order to understand the mechanism underlying the higher survival rate of the hypoxia-tolerant population and enrich the head kidney immune mechanism of L. crocea infected with pathogens, we compared and analyzed the head kidney transcriptome of the hypoxia-tolerant and normal individuals under Aeromonas hydrophila infection. We obtained 159.68 GB high-quality reads, of which more than 87.61% were successfully localized to the reference genome of L. crocea. KEGG analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in the signaling pathways involving immunity, cell growth and death, transport and catabolism, and metabolism. Among these, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Nod-like receptor signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, phagosome, apoptosis, and OXPHOS pathways were enriched in both groups after infection compared to before, and were enriched in infected tolerant individuals compared to normal individuals. In addition, we found that the expression of hif1α and its downstream genes were higher in the hypoxia-sensitive group of fish than in the normal group. In conclusion, our results showed some signaling pathways and hub genes, which may participate in A. hydrophila defense in the head kidney of two populations, and may contribute to the higher survival rate in the hypoxia-tolerant population. Overall, these findings increase our understanding of the defense mechanism within the head kidney of L. crocea under A. hydrophila infection, and suggest a preliminary hypothesis for why hypoxia-tolerant individuals may exhibit a higher survival rates after infection. Our study provides scientific evidence for the breeding of a new hypoxia-tolerant strain of L. crocea for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiongfei Wu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Groborz O, Kolouchová K, Pankrác J, Keša P, Kadlec J, Krunclová T, Pierzynová A, Šrámek J, Hovořáková M, Dalecká L, Pavlíková Z, Matouš P, Páral P, Loukotová L, Švec P, Beneš H, Štěpánek L, Dunlop D, Melo CV, Šefc L, Slanina T, Beneš J, Van Vlierberghe S, Hoogenboom R, Hrubý M. Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscularly Administered Thermoresponsive Polymers. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201344. [PMID: 36153823 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of some polymers exhibit a lower critical solution temperature (LCST); that is, they form phase-separated aggregates when heated above a threshold temperature. Such polymers found many promising (bio)medical applications, including in situ thermogelling with controlled drug release, polymer-supported radiotherapy (brachytherapy), immunotherapy, and wound dressing, among others. Yet, despite the extensive research on medicinal applications of thermoresponsive polymers, their biodistribution and fate after administration remained unknown. Thus, herein, they studied the pharmacokinetics of four different thermoresponsive polyacrylamides after intramuscular administration in mice. In vivo, these thermoresponsive polymers formed depots that subsequently dissolved with a two-phase kinetics (depot maturation, slow redissolution) with half-lives 2 weeks to 5 months, as depot vitrification prolonged their half-lives. Additionally, the decrease of TCP of a polymer solution increased the density of the intramuscular depot. Moreover, they detected secondary polymer depots in the kidneys and liver; these secondary depots also followed two-phase kinetics (depot maturation and slow dissolution), with half-lives 8 to 38 days (kidneys) and 15 to 22 days (liver). Overall, these findings may be used to tailor the properties of thermoresponsive polymers to meet the demands of their medicinal applications. Their methods may become a benchmark for future studies of polymer biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Groborz
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, Prague 6, Prague, 162 06, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542, Prague 6, Prague, 160 00, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Salmovská 1, Prague 2, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Kolouchová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, Prague 6, Prague, 162 06, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Jan Pankrác
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 3, Prague 2, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Keša
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 3, Prague 2, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic.,FUJIFILM VisualSonics, Inc., Joop Geesinkweg 140 1114 AB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kadlec
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Brain Sciences, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Tereza Krunclová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, Prague 6, Prague, 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Pierzynová
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, Prague 2, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Šrámek
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, Prague 2, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Hovořáková
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, Prague 2, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Dalecká
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, Prague 2, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Pavlíková
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, Prague 2, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Matouš
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 3, Prague 2, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Páral
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 3, Prague 2, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Loukotová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542, Prague 6, Prague, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Švec
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542, Prague 6, Prague, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Beneš
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, Prague 6, Prague, 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Štěpánek
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Salmovská 1, Prague 2, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - David Dunlop
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542, Prague 6, Prague, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos V Melo
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Šefc
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 3, Prague 2, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542, Prague 6, Prague, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Beneš
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Salmovská 1, Prague 2, Prague, 120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, Prague 6, Prague, 162 06, Czech Republic
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15
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Yu Y, Zhang Z, Walpole GFW, Yu Y. Kinetics of phagosome maturation is coupled to their intracellular motility. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1014. [PMID: 36163370 PMCID: PMC9512794 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells degrade internalized pathogens in phagosomes through sequential biochemical changes. The degradation must be fast enough for effective infection control. The presumption is that each phagosome degrades cargos autonomously with a distinct but stochastic kinetic rate. However, here we show that the degradation kinetics of individual phagosomes is not stochastic but coupled to their intracellular motility. By engineering RotSensors that are optically anisotropic, magnetic responsive, and fluorogenic in response to degradation activities in phagosomes, we monitored cargo degradation kinetics in single phagosomes simultaneously with their translational and rotational dynamics. We show that phagosomes that move faster centripetally are more likely to encounter and fuse with lysosomes, thereby acidifying faster and degrading cargos more efficiently. The degradation rates increase nearly linearly with the translational and rotational velocities of phagosomes. Our results indicate that the centripetal motion of phagosomes functions as a clock for controlling the progression of cargo degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7102, USA
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7102, USA
| | - Glenn F W Walpole
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7102, USA.
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16
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Wieland S, Balmes A, Bender J, Kitzinger J, Meyer F, Ramsperger AF, Roeder F, Tengelmann C, Wimmer BH, Laforsch C, Kress H. From properties to toxicity: Comparing microplastics to other airborne microparticles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128151. [PMID: 35042167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) debris is considered as a potentially hazardous material. It is omnipresent in our environment, and evidence that MP is also abundant in the atmosphere is increasing. Consequently, the inhalation of these particles is a significant exposure route to humans. Concerns about potential effects of airborne MP on human health are rising. However, currently, there are not enough studies on the putative toxicity of airborne MP to adequately assess its impact on human health. Therefore, we examined potential drivers of airborne MP toxicity. Physicochemical properties like size, shape, ζ-potential, adsorbed molecules and pathogens, and the MP's bio-persistence have been proposed as possible drivers of MP toxicity. Since their role in MP toxicity is largely unknown, we reviewed the literature on toxicologically well-studied non-plastic airborne microparticles (asbestos, silica, soot, wood, cotton, hay). We aimed to link the observed health effects and toxicology of these microparticles to the abovementioned properties. By comparing this information with studies on the effects of airborne MP, we analyzed possible mechanisms of airborne MP toxicity. Thus, we provide a basis for a mechanistic understanding of airborne MP toxicity. This may enable the assessment of risks associated with airborne MP pollution, facilitating effective policymaking and product design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wieland
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Aylin Balmes
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julian Bender
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jonas Kitzinger
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Meyer
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja Frm Ramsperger
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Franz Roeder
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Caroline Tengelmann
- Medical Faculty, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Laforsch
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Holger Kress
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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17
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Qi Q, Li Q, Li J, Mo J, Tian Y, Guo J. Transcriptomic analysis and transgenerational effects of ZnO nanoparticles on Daphnia magna: Endocrine-disrupting potential and energy metabolism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133362. [PMID: 34933032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The widespread application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has raised concerns over the adverse effects on aquatic species. In this study, transcriptomic analysis was applied to evaluate the chronic toxicity of ZnO NPs on the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna and the intergenerational effects were then further investigated. Parent daphnia (F0) were exposed to ZnO NPs at 3, 60, and 300 μg L-1 for 21 days. ZnO NPs significantly inhibited the reproduction (first pregnancy and spawning time, total number of offspring) and growth (molting frequency and body length) of F0. Here, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in lysosomal and phagosome, energy metabolism and endocrine disruption pathways were significantly downregulated. Furthermore, disruption on the transport and catabolic processes probably resulted in the particle accumulation. The inhibited pathways related to energy metabolism may partially account for the body length, molting and reproductive restriction. The suppression of growth and reproduction may attribute to the down-regulation of insulin secretion and ovarian steroidogenesis pathways, respectively. Partial recovery of growth and reproductive inhibition in F1 - F3 descended from the F0 generation exposure did not support constant transgenerational effects. This study unravels the molecular mechanisms and transgenerational consequences of the toxicity of nanoparticles on Daphnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianju Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Qi Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yulu Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
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18
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Cellular Uptake of Silica and Gold Nanoparticles Induces Early Activation of Nuclear Receptor NR4A1. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040690. [PMID: 35215018 PMCID: PMC8877036 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The approval of new nanomedicines requires a deeper understanding of the interaction between cells and nanoparticles (NPs). Silica (SiO2) and gold (Au) NPs have shown great potential in biomedical applications, such as the delivery of therapeutic agents, diagnostics, and biosensors. NP-cell interaction and internalization can trigger several cellular responses, including gene expression regulation. The identification of differentially expressed genes in response to NP uptake contributes to a better understanding of the cellular processes involved, including potential side effects. We investigated gene regulation in human macrophages and lung epithelial cells after acute exposure to spherical 60 nm SiO2 NPs. SiO2 NPs uptake did not considerably affect gene expression in epithelial cells, whereas five genes were up-regulated in macrophages. These genes are principally related to inflammation, chemotaxis, and cell adhesion. Nuclear receptor NR4A1, an important modulator of inflammation in macrophages, was found to be up-regulated. The expression of this gene was also increased upon 1 h of macrophage exposure to spherical 50 nm AuNPs and 200 nm spherical SiO2 NPs. NR4A1 can thus be an important immediate regulator of inflammation provoked by NP uptake in macrophages.
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19
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Mzyk A, Ong Y, Ortiz Moreno AR, Padamati SK, Zhang Y, Reyes-San-Martin CA, Schirhagl R. Diamond Color Centers in Diamonds for Chemical and Biochemical Analysis and Visualization. Anal Chem 2022; 94:225-249. [PMID: 34841868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Mzyk
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Yori Ong
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ari R Ortiz Moreno
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep K Padamati
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A Reyes-San-Martin
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Sun J, Vyas P, Mann S, Paganini-Hill A, Nunes ACF, Lau WL, Cribbs DH, Fisher MJ, Sumbria RK. Insights Into the Mechanisms of Brain Endothelial Erythrophagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672009. [PMID: 34409026 PMCID: PMC8365766 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial cells which form the inner cellular lining of the vasculature can act as non-professional phagocytes to ingest and remove emboli and aged/injured red blood cells (RBCs) from circulation. We previously demonstrated an erythrophagocytic phenotype of the brain endothelium for oxidatively stressed RBCs with subsequent migration of iron-rich RBCs and RBC degradation products across the brain endothelium in vivo and in vitro, in the absence of brain endothelium disruption. However, the mechanisms contributing to brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis are not well defined, and herein we elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis. Murine brain microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3 cells) were incubated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP, oxidative stressor to induce RBC aging in vitro)- or PBS (control)-treated mouse RBCs. tBHP increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and phosphatidylserine exposure in RBCs, which were associated with robust brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis. TNFα treatment potentiated the brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis of tBHP-RBCs in vitro. Brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis was significantly reduced by RBC phosphatidylserine cloaking with annexin-V and with RBC-ROS and phosphatidylserine reduction with vitamin C. Brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis did not alter the bEnd.3 viability, and tBHP-RBCs were localized with early and late endosomes. Brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis increased the bEnd.3 total iron pool, abluminal iron levels without causing brain endothelial monolayer disruption, and ferroportin levels. In vivo, intravenous tBHP-RBC injection in aged (17–18 months old) male C57BL/6 mice significantly increased the Prussian blue-positive iron-rich lesion load compared with PBS-RBC-injected mice. In conclusion, RBC phosphatidylserine exposure and ROS are key mediators of brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis, a process which is associated with increased abluminal iron in vitro. tBHP-RBCs result in Prussian blue-positive iron-rich lesions in vivo. Brain endothelial erythrophagocytosis may provide a new route for RBC/RBC degradation product entry into the brain to produce iron-rich cerebral microhemorrhage-like lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Prema Vyas
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Samar Mann
- Pitzer College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Annlia Paganini-Hill
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ane C F Nunes
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mark J Fisher
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States.,Departments of Neurology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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21
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Berghoff K, Gross W, Eisentraut M, Kress H. Using blinking optical tweezers to study cell rheology during initial cell-particle contact. Biophys J 2021; 120:3527-3537. [PMID: 34181902 PMCID: PMC8391049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an important part of innate immunity and describes the engulfment of bacteria and other extracellular objects on the micrometer scale. The protrusion of the cell membrane around the bacteria during this process is driven by a reorganization of the actin cortex. The process has been studied on the molecular level to great extent during the past decades. However, a deep, fundamental understanding of the mechanics of the process is still lacking, in particular because of a lack of techniques that give access to binding dynamics below the optical resolution limit and cellular viscoelasticity at the same time. In this work, we propose a technique to characterize the mechanical properties of cells in a highly localized manner and apply it to investigate the early stages of phagocytosis. The technique can simultaneously resolve the contact region between a cell and an external object (in our application, a phagocytic target) even below the optical resolution limit. We used immunoglobulin-G-coated microparticles with a size of 2 μm as a model system and attached the particles to the macrophages with holographic optical tweezers. By switching the trap on and off, we were able to measure the rheological properties of the cells in a time-resolved manner during the first few minutes after attachment. The measured viscoelastic cellular response is consistent with power law rheology. The contact radius between particle and cell increased on a timescale of ∼30 s and converged after a few minutes. Although the binding dynamics are not affected by cytochalasin D, we observed an increase of the cellular compliance and a significant fluidization of the cortex after addition of cytochalasin D treatment. Furthermore, we report upper boundaries for the length- and timescale, at which cortical actin has been hypothesized to depolymerize during early phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Berghoff
- Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gross
- Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Holger Kress
- Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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22
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Bovyn M, Janakaloti Narayanareddy BR, Gross S, Allard J. Diffusion of kinesin motors on cargo can enhance binding and run lengths during intracellular transport. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:984-994. [PMID: 33439674 PMCID: PMC8108528 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-10-0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cargoes, including lipid droplets and mitochondria, are transported along microtubules using molecular motors such as kinesins. Many experimental and computational studies focused on cargoes with rigidly attached motors, in contrast to many biological cargoes that have lipid surfaces that may allow surface mobility of motors. We extend a mechanochemical three-dimensional computational model by adding coupled-viscosity effects to compare different motor arrangements and mobilities. We show that organizational changes can optimize for different objectives: Cargoes with clustered motors are transported efficiently but are slow to bind to microtubules, whereas those with motors dispersed rigidly on their surface bind microtubules quickly but are transported inefficiently. Finally, cargoes with freely diffusing motors have both fast binding and efficient transport, although less efficient than clustered motors. These results suggest that experimentally observed changes in motor organization may be a control point for transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bovyn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | | | - Steven Gross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Department of Mathematics, and
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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23
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Nguyen JA, Yates RM. Better Together: Current Insights Into Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636078. [PMID: 33717183 PMCID: PMC7946854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following phagocytosis, the nascent phagosome undergoes maturation to become a phagolysosome with an acidic, hydrolytic, and often oxidative lumen that can efficiently kill and digest engulfed microbes, cells, and debris. The fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes is a principal driver of phagosomal maturation and is targeted by several adapted intracellular pathogens. Impairment of this process has significant consequences for microbial infection, tissue inflammation, the onset of adaptive immunity, and disease. Given the importance of phagosome-lysosome fusion to phagocyte function and the many virulence factors that target it, it is unsurprising that multiple molecular pathways have evolved to mediate this essential process. While the full range of these pathways has yet to be fully characterized, several pathways involving proteins such as members of the Rab GTPases, tethering factors and SNAREs have been identified. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge to clarify the ambiguities in the field and construct a more comprehensive phagolysosome formation model. Lastly, we discuss how other cellular pathways help support phagolysosome biogenesis and, consequently, phagocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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24
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Transcriptomic analysis of early stages of intestinal regeneration in Holothuria glaberrima. Sci Rep 2021; 11:346. [PMID: 33431961 PMCID: PMC7801731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms comprise a group of animals with impressive regenerative capabilities. They can replace complex internal organs following injury or autotomy. In holothurians or sea cucumbers, cellular processes of intestinal regeneration have been extensively studied. The molecular machinery behind this faculty, however, remains to be understood. Here we assembled and annotated a de novo transcriptome using RNA-seq data consisting of regenerating and non-regenerating intestinal tissues from the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Comparisons of differential expression were made using the mesentery as a reference against 24 h and 3 days regenerating intestine, revealing a large number of differentially expressed transcripts. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis showed evidence of increasing transcriptional activity. Further analysis of transcripts associated with transcription factors revealed diverse expression patterns with mechanisms involving developmental and cancer-related activity that could be related to the regenerative process. Our study demonstrates the broad and diversified gene expression profile during the early stages of the process using the mesentery as the focal point of intestinal regeneration. It also establishes the genes that are the most important candidates in the cellular processes that underlie regenerative responses.
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25
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Ramsperger AFRM, Narayana VKB, Gross W, Mohanraj J, Thelakkat M, Greiner A, Schmalz H, Kress H, Laforsch C. Environmental exposure enhances the internalization of microplastic particles into cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/50/eabd1211. [PMID: 33298447 PMCID: PMC7725476 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic particles ubiquitously found in the environment are ingested by a huge variety of organisms. Subsequently, microplastic particles can translocate from the gastrointestinal tract into the tissues likely by cellular internalization. The reason for cellular internalization is unknown, since this has only been shown for specifically surface-functionalized particles. We show that environmentally exposed microplastic particles were internalized significantly more often than pristine microplastic particles into macrophages. We identified biomolecules forming an eco-corona on the surface of microplastic particles, suggesting that environmental exposure promotes the cellular internalization of microplastics. Our findings further indicate that cellular internalization is a key route by which microplastic particles translocate into tissues, where they may cause toxicological effects that have implications for the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F R M Ramsperger
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - V K B Narayana
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - W Gross
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - J Mohanraj
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, Applied Functional Polymers and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - M Thelakkat
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, Applied Functional Polymers and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - A Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - H Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - H Kress
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - C Laforsch
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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26
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The macrophage microtubule network acts as a key cellular controller of the intracellular fate of Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008396. [PMID: 32722702 PMCID: PMC7386624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) that insulate Leishmania spp. in host macrophages are vacuolar compartments wherein promastigote forms differentiate into amastigote that are the replicative form of the parasite and are also more resistant to host responses. We revisited the biogenesis of tight-fitting PVs that insulate L. infantum in promastigote-infected macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells by time-dependent confocal laser multidimensional imaging analysis. Pharmacological disassembly of the cellular microtubule network and silencing of the dynein gene led to an impaired interaction of L. infantum-containing phagosomes with late endosomes and lysosomes, resulting in the tight-fitting parasite-containing phagosomes never transforming into mature PVs. Analysis of the shape of the L. infantum parasite within PVs, showed that factors that impair promastigote-amastigote differentiation can also result in PVs whose maturation is arrested. These findings highlight the importance of the MT-dependent interaction of L. infantum-containing phagosomes with the host macrophage endolysosomal pathway to secure the intracellular fate of the parasite. Kinetoplastid parasites of the genus Leishmania are responsible for a diverse spectrum of mammalian infectious diseases, the leishmaniases, including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and mucosal pathologies. Infectious metacyclic promastigotes of infected female Phlebotomus sandflies are injected into the host at the site of the bite during the sandfly blood meal, after which they are internalized by host professional phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages. Leishmania infantum is an etiological agent of potentially fatal visceral pathology. This study molecularly dissects the maturation of L. infantum-containing phagosomes/parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs) in host macrophages. We reveal the requirement of vacuolar movement along macrophage microtubule tracks for the phagosome trafficking toward the endolysosomal pathway necessary for the development of the mature tight-fitting PV crucial for L. infantum survival and proliferation.
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27
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Manley HR, Potter DL, Heddleston JM, Chew TL, Keightley MC, Lieschke GJ. Frontline Science: Dynamic cellular and subcellular features of migrating leukocytes revealed by in vivo lattice lightsheet microscopy. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:455-468. [PMID: 32323898 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hi0120-589r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil and macrophage (Mϕ) migration underpin the inflammatory response. However, the fast velocity, multidirectional instantaneous movement, and plastic, ever-changing shape of phagocytes confound high-resolution intravital imaging. Lattice lightsheet microscopy (LLSM) captures highly dynamic cell morphology at exceptional spatiotemporal resolution. We demonstrate the first extensive application of LLSM to leukocytes in vivo, utilizing optically transparent zebrafish, leukocyte-specific reporter lines that highlighted subcellular structure, and a wounding assay for leukocyte migration. LLSM revealed details of migrating leukocyte morphology, and permitted intricate, volumetric interrogation of highly dynamic activities within their native physiological setting. Very thin, recurrent uropod extensions must now be considered a characteristic feature of migrating neutrophils. LLSM resolved trailing uropod extensions, demonstrating their surprising length, and permitting quantitative assessment of cytoskeletal contributions to their evanescent form. Imaging leukocytes in blood vessel microenvironments at LLSM's spatiotemporal resolution displayed blood-flow-induced neutrophil dynamics and demonstrated unexpected leukocyte-endothelial interactions such as leukocyte-induced endothelial deformation against the intravascular pressure. LLSM of phagocytosis and cell death provided subcellular insights and uncovered novel behaviors. Collectively, we provide high-resolution LLSM examples of leukocyte structures (filopodia lamellipodia, uropod extensions, vesicles), and activities (interstitial and intravascular migration, leukocyte rolling, phagocytosis, cell death, and cytoplasmic ballooning). Application of LLSM to intravital leukocyte imaging sets the stage for transformative studies into the cellular and subcellular complexities of phagocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R Manley
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Potter
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M Heddleston
- Advanced Imaging Center, HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Advanced Imaging Center, HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - M Cristina Keightley
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Current address: Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Latrobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, Latrobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham J Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Rohrbach A, Meyer T, Stelzer EHK, Kress H. Measuring Stepwise Binding of Thermally Fluctuating Particles to Cell Membranes without Fluorescence. Biophys J 2020; 118:1850-1860. [PMID: 32229315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal motions enable a particle to probe the optimal interaction state when binding to a cell membrane. However, especially on the scale of microseconds and nanometers, position and orientation fluctuations are difficult to observe with common measurement technologies. Here, we show that it is possible to detect single binding events of immunoglobulin-G-coated polystyrene beads, which are held in an optical trap near the cell membrane of a macrophage. Changes in the spatial and temporal thermal fluctuations of the particle were measured interferometrically, and no fluorophore labeling was required. We demonstrate both by Brownian dynamic simulations and by experiments that sequential stepwise increases in the force constant of the bond between a bead and a cell of typically 20 pN/μm are clearly detectable. In addition, this technique provides estimates about binding rates and diffusion constants of membrane receptors. The simple approach of thermal noise tracking points out new strategies in understanding interactions between cells and particles, which are relevant for a large variety of processes, including phagocytosis, drug delivery, and the effects of small microplastics and particulates on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rohrbach
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Photonics, University of Freiburg, Department of Microsystems Engineering, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Tim Meyer
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Photonics, University of Freiburg, Department of Microsystems Engineering, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt Main, Germany
| | - Holger Kress
- Department of Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a pivotal immunological process, and its discovery by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 was a step toward the establishment of the innate immune system as a separate branch of immunology. Elia Metchnikoff received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for this discovery in 1908. Since its discovery almost 140 years before, phagocytosis remains the hot topic of research in immunology. The phagocytosis research has seen a great advancement since its first discovery. Functionally, phagocytosis is a simple immunological process required to engulf and remove pathogens, dead cells and tumor cells to maintain the immune homeostasis. However, mechanistically, it is a very complex process involving different mechanisms, induced and regulated by several pattern recognition receptors, soluble pattern recognition molecules, scavenger receptors (SRs) and opsonins. These mechanisms involve the formation of phagosomes, their maturation into phagolysosomes causing pathogen destruction or antigen synthesis to present them to major histocompatibility complex molecules for activating an adaptive immune response. Any defect in this mechanism may predispose the host to certain infections and inflammatory diseases (autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases) along with immunodeficiency. The article is designed to discuss its mechanistic complexity at each level, varying from phagocytosis induction to phagolysosome resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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30
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Zhang L, Wang C, Liu H, Fu P. The important role of phagocytosis and interleukins for nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to defense infection of Aeromonas hydrophila based on transcriptome analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:54-63. [PMID: 31152843 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia is an important economic fish worldwide. It is vital to understand the mechanism of immune response for the prevention and treatment the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Based on high-throughput sequencing of Illumina HiSeq™, we found differentially expressed genes in the immune-related pathway were classified into phagosome, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Gene Ontology terms were divided into three categories of transporting function, DNA replication activity and energy supply activity. The first one was related to phagocytosis and the process or transporting of antigen driven by tubulins; the second one was to differentiation and proliferation of lymphocyte activated by cytokines; and the former two both needed energy provided by the third one. According to colchicine assay, cross-immune assay, ELISA of interleukins and classical phagocytosis assay, phagocytosis and interleukins were verified to be most important to defense the infection of A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longgang Zhang
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Freshwater Aquatic Products Quality Inspection Center, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Freshwater Aquatic Products Quality Inspection Center, Jinan, 250013, China.
| | - Han Liu
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Freshwater Aquatic Products Quality Inspection Center, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Peisheng Fu
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Freshwater Genetics and Breeding, Jinan, 250013, China; Shandong Provincial Freshwater Aquatic Products Quality Inspection Center, Jinan, 250013, China
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31
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Clearance by Microglia Depends on Packaging of Phagosomes into a Unique Cellular Compartment. Dev Cell 2019; 49:77-88.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Hasegawa S, Sagawa T, Ikeda K, Okada Y, Hayashi K. Investigation of multiple-dynein transport of melanosomes by non-invasive force measurement using fluctuation unit χ. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5099. [PMID: 30911050 PMCID: PMC6433852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment organelles known as melanosomes disperse or aggregate in a melanophore in response to hormones. These movements are mediated by the microtubule motors kinesin-2 and cytoplasmic dynein. However, the force generation mechanism of dynein, unlike that of kinesin, is not well understood. In this study, to address this issue, we investigated the dynein-mediated aggregation of melanosomes in zebrafish melanophores. We applied the fluctuation theorem of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics to estimate forces acting on melanosomes during transport by dynein, given that the energy of a system is related to its fluctuation. Our results demonstrate that multiple force-producing units cooperatively transport a single melanosome. Since the force is generated by dynein, this suggests that multiple dyneins carry a single melanosome. Cooperative transport has been reported for other organelles; thus, multiple-motor transport may be a universal mechanism for moving organelles within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Sagawa
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeda
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics Observation, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Dynamics Observation, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Physics and Universal Biology Institute, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physics, Universal Biology Institute, and the International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Hayashi
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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33
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Cargo diffusion shortens single-kinesin runs at low viscous drag. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4104. [PMID: 30858425 PMCID: PMC6411862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular motors such as kinesin-1 drive active, long-range transport of cargos along microtubules in cells. Thermal diffusion of the cargo can impose a randomly directed, fluctuating mechanical load on the motor carrying the cargo. Recent experiments highlighted a strong asymmetry in the sensitivity of single-kinesin run length to load direction, raising the intriguing possibility that cargo diffusion may non-trivially influence motor run length. To test this possibility, here we employed Monte Carlo-based simulations to evaluate the transport of cargo by a single kinesin. Our simulations included physiologically relevant viscous drag on the cargo and interrogated a large parameter space of cytoplasmic viscosities, cargo sizes, and motor velocities that captures their respective ranges in living cells. We found that cargo diffusion significantly shortens single-kinesin runs. This diffusion-based shortening is countered by viscous drag, leading to an unexpected, non-monotonic variation in run length as viscous drag increases. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of a significant effect of cargo diffusion on motor-based transport. Our study highlights the importance of cargo diffusion and load-detachment kinetics on single-motor functions under physiologically relevant conditions.
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34
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Wang X, Lee JH, Li R, Liao YP, Kang J, Chang CH, Guiney LM, Mirshafiee V, Li L, Lu J, Xia T, Hersam MC, Nel AE. Toxicological Profiling of Highly Purified Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Different Lengths in the Rodent Lung and Escherichia Coli. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703915. [PMID: 29733549 PMCID: PMC6239219 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit a number of physicochemical properties that contribute to adverse biological outcomes. However, it is difficult to define the independent contribution of individual properties without purified materials. A library of highly purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) of different lengths is prepared from the same base material by density gradient ultracentrifugation, designated as short (318 nm), medium (789 nm), and long (1215 nm) SWCNTs. In vitro screening shows length-dependent interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production, in order of long > medium > short. However, there are no differences in transforming growth factor-β1 production in BEAS-2B cells. Oropharyngeal aspiration shows that all the SWCNTs induce profibrogenic effects in mouse lung at 21 d postexposure, but there are no differences between tube lengths. In contrast, these SWCNTs demonstrate length-dependent antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli, with the long SWCNT exerting stronger effects than the medium or short tubes. These effects are reduced by Pluronic F108 coating or supplementing with glucose. The data show length-dependent effects on proinflammatory response in macrophage cell line and antibacterial effects, but not on collagen deposition in the lung. These data demonstrate that over the length scale tested, the biological response to highly purified SWCNTs is dependent on the complexity of the nano/bio interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruibin Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Joohoon Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Linda M. Guiney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vahid Mirshafiee
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Linjiang Li
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jianqin Lu
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Departments of Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - André E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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